Maintaining Family Integration Research Articles

Kanserli Çocukların Annelerinin Başa Çıkma Davranışlarının İncelenmesi

It is extremely important to provide psychosocial support to mothers have a primary caregiver role in the children's diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Before providing this support, we planned this study to determine the coping behaviors that mothers used the most and believed to be the most beneficial. Mothers of 23 children aged 0-9 years with different cancer types were included in the study. Coping Health Inventory for Parents (CHIP) was used to evaluate mothers' coping behavior. The most useful behaviors for mothers were determined by calculating the total score of each sub-dimension and the scores per item in these sub-dimensions with the descriptive statistics calculations. The relationships between sub-dimensions were examined with Spearman Correlation analysis. Coping behaviors mothers find most useful, “Telling myself I have many things I should be thankful for” in the dimension of family integration; “Talking with other individuals/parents in my same situation" in the social support dimension; "Reading more about the medical problem which concerns me" in understanding the medical situation. Points per item were calculated as 2.02 for family integration, 1.5 for social support and 2.01 for understanding medical situation. All sub-dimensions show a positive relationship (p<0.05) with each other, the dimensions of maintaining family integration and understanding the medical situation show relationship strongly (p<0.01). Multidisciplinary studies are required for approaches that strengthen family relations and improve mothers' knowledge of medical issues as much as possible. Keywords: Family, Coping, Childhood Cancer

Pekerja Migran Indonesia dan Potensi Masalah Keluarga yang Ditinggalkan (Family Left-Behind)

This study aims to determine the potential problems of families left by Indonesian migrant workers. The method used is a literature review as a guide for finding research articles obtained from the internet using the Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Researchgate sites. Details of the article eligibility search strategy using the PRISMA format (Identification, Screening, Eligibility, Included). Results From the analysis of 10 selected research articles, it shows that the potential problems that can arise as a result of families becoming migrants are: (1) capital management/remittances from work abroad which tend to be used for consumptive purposes; (2) increasing cases of rift in household relations, such as increasing infidelity, even leading to increased divorce and neglect of children; (3) problems with their children's development. Children of migrant workers who are left behind usually have problems in parenting. This can be avoided by implementing four aspects of PMI's family efforts in maintaining family integration, which are a manifestation of the conditions for the family system to run, namely: 1) Continuity of action in changing the division of labor represents adaptation. 2) Cooperation in achieving goals for the decision to become PMI represents goal attainment. 3) Coordination between husband and wife when problems arise represents integration. 4) The suitability of husband and wife actions with a set of values and norms in maintaining family integration represents a latent pattern of maintenance.

Health-Related Quality of Life and Related Factors among Primary Caregivers of Children with Disabilities in Shanghai, China: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of caregivers of children with disabilities (CWD) is important for both children’s rehabilitation and caregivers’ life, but the corresponding attention is far from enough in mainland China. Thus, we investigated the HRQOL of 170 caregivers and related factors in Shanghai. The 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) was used to measure HRQOL. The potential factors were collected, including child characteristics, caregiver characteristics, and environmental factors. Univariate analysis and multiple linear regression were performed to identify the key factors that could be intervened. Compared with the general population, caregivers of CWD had a slightly higher score on the physical component summary (PCS, 52.57 ± 8.41), but the score of mental component summary (MCS, 31.58 ± 7.72) was extremely low. Caregiver’s illness condition, family size, and household income were significant factors of physical HRQOL. Caregivers with illness and caregivers living in an extended family were associated with higher mental HRQOL. Whereas these two factors had opposite effects on physical HRQOL. This finding indicated poor mental HRQOL among caregivers of CWD in Shanghai and thus requiring urgent attention and intervention. Improving physical fitness, maintaining family integration, and providing financial support should be considered when developing intervention for this population.

Maternal coping strategies in response to child’s oncological diseases in Sri Lanka

Introduction: Parents with cancer children face multiple and unexpected difficulties and apply coping strategies to minimize stressful conditions. The objective of this study was to assess maternal coping strategies in response to their children with cancer in Sri Lanka.Material and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 mothers having children with cancers. Coping Health Inventory for Parents instrument was used to collect information about coping strategies.Results: More than 75% children were diagnosed as cancer more than 6 months before when starting this study. Maintaining family integration, cooperation, optimistic definition of the situation was the most helpful coping strategy while seeking medical helps through communication with parents and consultation with medical staff was the least helpful coping strategy among mothers. Gender of the child and current condition of the disease were significantly associated with social support and medical support. Type of disease was significantly associated with family support and the number of other children per mother was significantly associated with social support.Conclusions: Relaxation and counseling programs to modify less desirable coping strategies are emphasized for mothers who were with cancer children. More researches need to identify coping strategies and its impact on psychological and physical adjustment as well.

Coping Strategies among Caregivers of Children with Acute Leukemia at Nanakali Hospital in Erbil City

Background and objectives: Childhood with leukemia is one of the developing global health issues, which has negative psychological, social, and physical consequences on care-givers, and affects the quality of long-term care of leukemic children. The current study aimed to assess coping strategies among caregivers of children with acute leukemia in Erbil City in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.Methods: A descriptive study was carried out at the Nanakali Hospital for Blood Diseases and cancer in Erbil City from 10th October 2018 to 10th June 2019. The research sample involved 54 caregivers of leukemic children undergoing chemotherapy that were purposively recruited for the study. The researchers used a standard tool of “Coping Health Inventory for Parents” after verifying its validity and reliability. The data were collected by interviewing the participants and analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, chi-square, and Fisher's exact test.Results: More than half, 28 (52%) of the children were female and the majority, 48 (88.9%) of them were diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The mean age of caregivers was 36.53± 7.53 years, and the majority of chief caregivers (87%) were mothers, mainly illiterate and secondary school graduates. Regarding the overall levels of coping patterns scores among caregivers, the highest percentage (61.1%) of them were at the medium level. Concerning each of the three levels of coping patterns score; for 87% of care-givers, maintaining family integration was within the medium level, while social support and self-esteem and an understanding medical situation, had lower percentages of 59.3% and 63% retrospectively. The results of the study revealed that there is a significant relationship between levels of coping and caregiver’s education.Conclusion: According to the findings of the study, the majority of caregivers of children with leukemia undergoing chemotherapy treatment had a low level of coping in most of the coping patterns domains.

The Improvement of Family Coping in Taking Care of Patient Mental Disorder with Spiritual Therapy; Direction, Obedience and Acceptance (Doa)

Introduction: Mental disorder remains a stigma in society, even until now. A family who have a member with mental disorder, will experience continues objective and subjective burden, experience serious stress for a lifetime, which may cause ineffective coping.Method: Design used in this study was experimental (pre post test control group design). The population was every family of patient with mental disorder in Menur Mental Hospital along the year of 2010, has been taking care there twice, in minimum, lived in Surabaya. The samples were chosen by allocation simple random. Samples were 13 persons in each treatment and control group. The intervention was given in 60–120 minute in 8 times meeting with average interval about 1 week. Data analysis was done using paired t-test and independent t-test.Result: Results in this study showed that there was significant change in total of family coping (p = 0.040), maintaining family integration, cooperation and an optimistic definition of the stuation (p = 0.009), maintaining social support, self esteem, and psychological stability (p = 0.230), understanding the medical situations through communication with other parents and concultation with medical staff (p = 0.025).Discussion: The provision of family therapy with spiritual approach (DOA) can increase family coping in taking care of patient with mental disorder.

Psychometric Properties of the Portuguese Version of the Coping Health Inventory for Parents (CHIP) of Adolescents With Chronic Illness

Parental coping allows the family of adolescents with chronic illness to manage their daily activities, provide the care that the adolescent needs to control the disease and influence illness adaptation and family wellbeing. This study analyzed the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Coping Health Inventory for Parents (CHIP). The sample consisted of 226 parents of adolescents (between 12 and 19years old) with type 1 diabetes, asthma or obesity, diagnosed more than a year ago, who accompanied the teenager during a routine visit. Participants answered the Coping Health Inventory for Parents (CHIP) and Illness Perception Questionnaire ((Brief-IPQ)). The Portuguese version consists of one less item than the original version (44 items) organized in the same three components - Maintaining Family Integration, Maintaining Social Support and Understanding the Medical Situation - with internal consistency of .80, .82 and .76, respectively. The components of parental coping were related to illness perceptions (personal control, treatment control and concerns) in adolescents with type 1 diabetes, revealing that parental coping was associated with a more threatening perception of the illness. No significant differences were observed on parental coping based on the adolescent's gender, parent's gender, age and education level, type of chronic illness, or single versus two parent families except for adolescence stage, showing that parents of younger teenagers presented higher parental coping than parents of older teenagers. The Portuguese version of the CHIP showed good psychometric properties to be used with parents of adolescents with chronic illness.

Psychological distress and coping strategies in parents of children with cancer in Lebanon.

To determine the prevalence of psychological distress (PD) among parents of Lebanese children with cancer and to investigate the associated stressors and coping strategies. A cross-sectional study conducted at the American University of Beirut Medical Center-Children Cancer Center of Lebanon in 2012. Parents of all children with cancer admitted for treatment were eligible participants. The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) was used to estimate the prevalence of PD. Coping strategies were measured via the Coping Health Inventory for Parents (CHIP). Bivariate and multiple regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the relationship between GHQ-12 (scores 0-36), stressors, family/social support, and coping strategies. One hundred fourteen parents (68.2%) completed the anonymous questionnaire. Based on GHQ-12, significant PD was considered among 56.0% of the parents. It was found to be significantly positively associated with the degree of family financial problems and significantly negatively associated with the child's disease duration. A significant negative relationship was also found between PD and Coping (CHIP) scale, coping pattern I (Maintaining Family Integration and an Optimistic Outlook for the Situation), pattern II (Seeking Social Support), yet not with pattern III (Seeking Information). PD is prevalent among parents of Lebanese children hospitalized because of cancer. Screening for PD in the latter population is feasible, would identify those who are at risk for disruptive PD, and facilitate the provision of support towards better adjustment and coping. Alleviating parental PD may facilitate the realization of optimal health outcomes.

Stress and coping in parents of children with Prader-Willi syndrome: Assessment of the impact of a structured plan of care.

Hyperphagia, developmental delays, and maladaptive behaviors are common in Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) likely resulting in heightened parental stress. Objectives were to evaluate stress, describe usefulness of coping behaviors, and assess the impact of a structured Plan of Care (PC) on parents with children with PWS. Parents answered Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14), Coping Health Inventory for Parents (CHIP), and narrative/demographic surveys. The PC was introduced to a cohort of parents after completion of the PSS-14 and CHIP and re-administered 4-6 month after the introduction of the PC. Higher parental stress (n = 57) was observed compared to the general population, and associated with parent's age, number of children living at home, and child's age and residential setting. "Maintaining family integration, cooperation, and an optimistic definition of the situation" was the most useful coping pattern. Thirty-eight parents answered the PSS-14 and CHIP after the PC. Parental stress decreased after the PC (P = 0.035). Coping behaviors related to "maintaining family integration" increased after the PC (P = 0.042). Women and men preferred different coping patterns before and after the PC. In conclusion, parental stress is increased in PWS, and a PC decreased stress and increased coping behaviors related to family stability for parents with children with PWS.

Measuring coping in parents of children with disabilities: a rasch model approach.

BackgroundParents of a child with disability must cope with greater demands than those living with a healthy child. Coping refers to a person’s cognitive or behavioral efforts to manage the demands of a stressful situation. The Coping Health Inventory for Parents (CHIP) is a well-recognized measure of coping among parents of chronically ill children and assesses different coping patterns using its three subscales. The purpose of this study was to provide further insights into the psychometric properties of the CHIP subscales in a sample of parents of children with disabilities.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, 220 parents (mean age, 33.4 years; 85% mothers) caring for a child with disability enrolled in special schools as well as in mainstream schools completed the 45-item CHIP. Rasch analysis was applied to the CHIP data and the psychometric performance of each of the three subscales was tested. Subscale revision was performed in the context of Rasch analysis statistics.ResultsResponse categories were not used as intended, necessitating combining categories, thereby reducing the number from 4 to 3. The subscale – ‘maintaining social support’ satisfied all the Rasch model expectations. Four item misfit the Rasch model in the subscale –maintaining family integration’, but their deletion resulted in a 15-item scale with items that fit the Rasch model well. The remaining subscale – ‘understanding the healthcare situation’ lacked adequate measurement precision (<2.0 logits).ConclusionsThe current Rasch analyses add to the evidence of measurement properties of the CHIP and show that the two of its subscales (one original and the other revised) have good psychometric properties and work well to measure coping patterns in parents of children with disabilities. However the third subscale is limited by its inadequate measurement precision and requires more items.

Stressors, coping strategies, and psychosocial state in parents of children with chronic diseases

Objective To explore the stressors, coping strategies, and psychosocial state in parents of children with chronic diseases. Methods Two hundred and eighty parents of children with chronic diseases were administered a semi-structured interview identifying their stressors. Parents were asked to complete the Coping Health Inventory for Parents scale (CHIP), the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS). Results The stressors in parents mainly included six aspects: child' s health, medical treatment of children, financial problems, medical care of child, parental role function, and communication. The parents more used the coping strategies of maintaining family integration, cooperation and less used maintaining social support, psychological stability. The prevalence of anxiety disorders of parents was 58.6%, the prevalence of depression disorders was 56.8%, and 49.6% of the parents had both anxiety and depression disorders. For parents, the more stressors they had, the less active coping strategies they used; active coping strategies were positively related to the well psychosocial states. Conclusions Parents of children with chronic diseases have many stressors while they use hmited active coping strategies. In addition, the prevalence of anxiety disorders and the prevalence of depression disorders among them were high. Key words: Chronic Disease; Child; Parent; Stressor; Coping Strategy; Psychosocial State

Is parental coping associated with quality of life in juvenile idiopathic arthritis?

Parents of children with a chronic condition such as juvenile arthritis must cope with greater demands than those living with a healthy child. They must adopt different behaviours in order to lessen the impact on the family structure. Parental coping refers to the parent's specific cognitive and behavioural efforts to reduce or manage a demand on the family system. The aims of this study were: to describe coping in a cohort of parents of children with JIA; to determine whether quality of life is associated with parental coping; to explore whether socio-demographic factors such as child's age, family socioeconomic status and family structure are associated with parental coping. One hundred eighty-two parents caring for a child with JIA completed a postal survey at three times over a one-year period, which included the Juvenile Arthritis Quality of Life Questionnaire (JAQQ), the Coping Health Inventory for Parents (CHIP) and questionnaires describing socio-demographic characteristics. Linear mixed models were employed to analyse the association between the child's quality of life and parental coping. Mean total QoL scores (JAQQ) showed that children experienced difficulty in completing specified activities at most just below 25% of the time and results fall off slightly following the 6 month time point. Mean parental coping scores for the CHIP subscales at baseline were 38.4 ± 9.0, 33.4 ± 11.6, 16.5 ± 6.1, for Maintaining Family Integration (maximum score 57), Maintaining Social Support (maximum score 54) and Understanding the Medical Situation (maximum score 24), respectively. Understanding the Medical Situation was deemed most useful. The child's QoL was associated with parental coping. Parents of children with greater psychosocial dysfunction used more coping behaviours related to Understanding the Medical Situation (β coefficient, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.01, 1.45). These findings underscore the importance of helping parents of children with JIA better understand their child's medical situation.

The report of coping strategies and psychosocial adjustment in Korean mothers of children with cancer

Parents of children with cancer must cope with multiple challenges over time. As most research on parental coping has been conducted in Western countries, little information is available on the parental experience of coping in non-Western countries. Using a new cultural sample of Korean mothers, this study describes their coping strategies. In addition, the association of particular coping patterns with mothers' report of psychosocial adjustment is investigated. A total of 200 Korean mothers of children with cancer participated in the study. Coping strategies were measured by the Coping Health Inventory for Parents in the following three categories: Maintaining Family Integration and an Optimistic Outlook for the Situation, Seeking Social Support, and Seeking Information. Maternal psychosocial adjustment was measured by psychological distress, family relationship, and social relationship subscales from the Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale. Korean mothers reported coping strategies related to Maintaining Family Integration and an Optimistic Outlook for the Situation as being most helpful. More frequent use of coping pattern, Maintaining Family Integration and an Optimistic Outlook for the Situation, and less frequent use of coping pattern, Information-Seeking were significantly associated with lower psychological distress and better family relationship after children's medical and maternal characteristics were controlled for. Coping pattern, Seeking Social Support was only predictive of social relationships. This study suggests that culture may play a significant role in the report of coping among Korean mothers. Future studies should consider culturally preferred coping methods and available resources as they relate to different adjustment outcomes.

COPING BEHAVIORS OF PARENTS OF SCHOOL AGE/LATENCY AGE CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES

Purpose/Hypothesis: This study identified the coping behaviors parents use to adjust to raising a latent/school age child with a disability. The differences in coping behaviors between mothers and fathers were investigated as well as differences between single and married parents of children with disabilities. Number of Subjects: Approximately 250 survey packets were distributed to program directors, physical therapists, occupational therapists and parents. Twenty-five of these surveys were returned. Participation was also solicited by placing a link to an electronic version of the survey on support group websites. Five electronic surveys were received bringing the total sample size to 30 (n = 30). Materials/Methods: Two instruments were used in this study. The Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation Scales (FCOPES) identifies coping strategies utilized by families in difficult or problematic situations. The Coping Health Inventory for Parent (CHIP) measures the parents' appraisal of the coping behaviors they use to manage raising a child with a serious of chronic illness. In addition to the survey instruments, a demographics page was included to identify pertinent information regarding the parent and child. Results: When analyzing the data from the FCOPES, spiritual support was found to be utilized most often followed by passive appraisal, reframing, mobilizing family to acquire and accept help, and acquiring social support. Social support was found to be used significantly less than other coping behaviors (P < 0.05). The CHIP revealed maintaining family integration, cooperation, and an optimistic definition of the situation was the most helpful coping behavior, followed by understanding the medical situation through communication with other parents and consultation with medical staff. Maintaining social support, self-esteem and psychological stability was found to be significantly less helpful than the other subscales (P < 0.05). No significant differences were found between coping behaviors of mothers and fathers, nor married and single parents. Conclusions: This study revealed social support was used less frequently and reported less helpful than the other coping behaviors. This finding contradicts much of the current literature which reports that social support is one of the most commonly cited coping strategies for parents of physically and/or intellectually disabled children. This study has shown that parents are not utilizing social support services. It is unknown however, if this is because the parents view social support as not helpful, they do not have enough time to engage, or they are not aware the available services. Clinical Relevance: Physical therapists have more frequent and prolonged contact with both the family and the child than most healthcare professionals. It is pertinent for physical therapists to understand the stress these families are facing in order to help them develop effective coping behaviors and to be able to provide information regarding available resources.

Maternal Health-Related Coping Patterns and Health and Adjustment Outcomes in Children With Type 1 Diabetes

Parental coping patterns can influence health outcomes of a child with a chronic illness. As part of a longitudinal study of 8- to 13-year-old children with newly diagnosed diabetes, we examined the relation between maternal health-related coping strategies and rehospitalizations and psychopathology in the child with diabetes. Forty-two pairs of children and their mothers were evaluated separately by means of a comprehensive assessment battery including a semistructured psychiatric interview, self-rated questionnaires, and overall diabetes course and management. Although results of this study suggest that mothers' coping patterns have no detectable impact on short-term health outcomes of children with diabetes, mothers considered maintaining family integration and understanding the medical situation as very helpful coping strategies. Suggestions for research using a longer follow-up period and implications for health care providers are discussed.

Families of children with developmental disabilities: An examination of family hardiness

Using the Typology Model of Adjustment and Adaptation, a family stress model, relationships among family hardiness, family stressors, family appraisal, coping, social support, and satisfaction with family functioning were examined in a sample of 57 families of children with developmental disabilities. Family hardiness was associated with family appraisal, social support, parental coping related to maintaining family integration, and satisfaction with family functioning. Higher satisfaction with family functioning was correlated with coping-integration, network support, functional support, and hardiness. Lower satisfaction with family functioning was associated with higher family stressor scores, social support loss, and increased parental age. Over 42% of the variance in family functioning was accounted for by family hardiness, functional support, family stressors, and parental age. The results highlight the value of continued investigations of hardiness in families.

Family stress and family strengths: a comparison of single- and two-parent families with handicapped children.

Using the Typology Model of Adjustment and Adaptation, a family stress model, the differences in family stressors, resources, family types, parental coping patterns, and child health indices were examined in 27 single-parent families and 27 two-parent families who had a child with cerebral palsy. The two groups of families were matched on the severity of the child's handicap and the age and gender of the parent. There was no significant difference between the two groups of families on the accumulation of stressors and demands, resource strains, family types, family cohesion, family resources of esteem/communication, mastery/health, extended family social support, and the child health indices of overall physical health status and health improvement. Single-parent families were significantly lower on financial well-being and the mother's coping related to maintaining family integration, cooperation, and optimism about the situation. Single-parent families also were higher on family adaptability than two-parent families, reflecting an ability to be more flexible in family rules, power structure, and role relationships.

Parental attitude and coping behaviors in families of children with epilepsy.

This study investigated the relationship between parental attitudes toward their children's epilepsy and parental coping patterns. Subjects were 27 parents whose children had epilepsy. Parental attitude was measured using the Fishbein Expectancy-Value Model, while coping was measured using the Coping Health Inventory for Parents. Significant positive correlations were found between parental attitude and the coping pattern of Maintaining Family Integration, Cooperation and Optimistic Definition of the Situation (r = .42, p less than .02). Parental attitude was also positively related to the coping pattern of Maintaining Social Support, Self-esteem and Psychological Stability (r = .32, p less than .05). Results suggest parents with positive attitudes toward their children's epilepsy use more positive coping behaviors than parents with less positive attitudes.

Family Life and the Police Profession: Coping Patterns Wives Employ in Managing Job Stress and the Family Environment

Family life in the police profession is stressful. This study examines the coping strategies wives employ in the management of the hardships associated with this style of life. The coping patterns of Developing Self Reliance, Accepting the Demands of the Profession, Building Social Support, and Maintaining Family Integration, reported by 42 wives, were associated with specific dimensions of family functioning-Interpersonal Relationships, Personal Growth and System Maintenance. The importance of coping as a meaningful target for family counselors and prevention oriented family life educators is underscored.