Main Types Of Economic Activity Research Articles

Изменение отраслевой структуры занятости в Казахстане: тенденции и перспективы

The subject of the study is the processes of changing the sectoral structure of employment in Kazakhstan. The purpose of the work is to analyze these changes and forecast the structure of employment by economic activity in the medium term. The relevance of the study is due to the need to understand the intensive dynamics of the sectoral structure of employment and predict its changes under the influence of many different factors. The scientific novelty consists in identifying a weak relationship between changes in the structure of employment and the economic structure in Kazakhstan, which allows forecasting employment based on extrapolation of the prevailing trends. The research methods are: dynamic series analysis, comparative analysis, deduction, modeling. In the course of the study, the author obtained the following results: a weak relationship between changes in the structure of employment by economic activity and the structure of Kazakhstan's GDP was revealed; the main trends of changes in the share of employment of the main types of economic activity are revealed; a forecast assessment of the structure of employment by economic activity in the medium term is given. The author draws conclusions about a further reduction in the aggregate share of employment in the sectors of production of goods and an increase in employment in the service sector; about the outstripping growth of employment in activities with predominantly government financing; about the lagging growth of employment in the manufacturing industry and the continued decline in employment in agriculture in Kazakhstan.

Comparative assessment of the professional health of workers in the main types of economic activity and mining of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Bashkortostan

An analysis of occupational risks to the health of workers, the fundamental components of which are injuries and occupational morbidity, is extremely relevant, primarily for those industries where working conditions remain difficult and harmful and there are restrictions on hiring for health reasons, including at mining enterprises mineral. The purpose of the work is to study the consequences of exposure to harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions for employees of the main types of economic activity and mining of the Republic of Bashkortostan for the period 2011–2020. and comparing them with similar data for the Russian Federation. Sources of information — statistical reports, reports and materials published on the official websites rosstat.gov.ru, rospotrebnadzor.ru, 02.rospotrebnadzor.ru, bashstat.gks.ru, mintrud.gov.ru, mintrud.bashkortostan.ru. The average long-term level of occupational morbidity in Russia for the study period was 1.45 per 10 thousand workers, in the Republic of Bashkortostan — 0.910/000. A steady decrease in intensive indicators of occupational morbidity in dynamics by 2.5 times in Russia and almost 3 times in the republic was noted. The average annual rates of occupational morbidity in the production of minerals in the country ranged from 21.2 in 2019 to 32.75 in 2013 per 10 thousand employees (average 29.04 0/000), in the republic — 6.0 per 10 thousand employees, which is 7.3 times higher than the national average. The average number of victims with disability for all types of economic activity in Russia was 1.2 times higher than the national indicator, the average injury severity indicator in the region exceeded the same value in the country by 11.4 %. An excess of the average long-term indicator of the frequency and severity of injuries at the country's mining enterprises in comparison with the indicators of general injuries was noted. The data convincingly testify to the existing problems in the production of minerals, causing increased rates of occupational morbidity and occupational injuries with severe outcomes.

Dynamic assessment of the situation with the working conditions of employees of the main types of economic activity and mining of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Bashkortostan

The priority task of the state policy is to preserve the labor activity of the population by ensuring safe working conditions, which, according to official reports, are not considered as such in most enterprises of the country, including in mining operations. The goal is monitor the state of working conditions of workers in the extraction of minerals in the Republic of Bashkortostan, comparing them with similar data for the Russian Federation and for the main types of economic activity. According to Rosstat data, at mining enterprises in the Russian Federation, the share of the number of employees employed in jobs with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions increased by 9.8 % compared to 2011, in the Republic of Bashkortostan — by 13, 4 %, amounting to 55.1 % and 45.0 % of the total number of employees in the industry by 2020, respectively. For comparison with data on the main types of economic activity in Russia, the indicators increased by 6.8 %, in the republic — by 4 %. and noise. In addition, there has been a significant increase in the proportion of people working in contact with vibration and chemical factors in excess of the allowable values in the region. Studies show unresolved problems in the production of minerals, causing an increase in the proportion of workers with harmful working conditions, including certain factors of production, which will undoubtedly be reflected in the indicators of occupational and production-related morbidity, industrial injuries, including severe outcomes.

ІНФОРМАЦІЙНЕ ПІДҐРУНТЯ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ІНВЕСТИЦІЙНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ МАШИНОБУДІВНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ

In the conditions of the implementation of the fourth industrial revolution, the importance of effective engineering activities is growing, which should be aimed at creating high-tech means of labor, based on the need to more fully satisfy the needs of consumers in the face of growing limitations in natural resources. The purpose of the study was to carry out a thorough analysis of the main parameters of the investment activity of machine-building enterprises in order to form an information base for ensuring their investment security. In order to create an information basis for ensuring the investment security of machine-building enterprises, the following methods were used: induction and deduction, comparison and systematization – when studying the differences in the investment activity of machine-building enterprises according to the main types of economic activity; synthesis and analysis – to consider the dynamics of the main indicators characterizing the investment activity of enterprises and the structure of capital investment sources in 2010–2021; morphological analysis – to identify the impact of the main factors limiting the investment activity of machine-building enterprises; graphic – for visual representation of theoretical and methodical material; abstract-logical – for theoretical generalizations and research conclusions. The current conditions of the economic activity of Ukrainian enterprises are burdened not only by the results of previously implemented privatization processes and transformations of the national economy, but also by the modern influence of military actions and the latest pandemic, which in general both limits their competitive position on the domestic and foreign markets and actualizes the problem of ensuring investment security. Solving the complex problems of limited investment resources and effective investing in conditions of high investment risks requires, as a priority, the creation of an informational basis for the further development of adequate and effective measures on the part of security entities. It is proposed to create such a foundation not only in relation to the investment activity of a certain enterprise, but based on the general situation in mechanical engineering, that is, a holistic idea of the content of all related processes. The basis of the study is the consideration of the dynamics of capital investments in terms of the main types of economic activity of mechanical engineering, the scale of operation of enterprises, sources of investments and financial results. The result was a critical assessment with the identification of the level of influence of key factors as objects of attention of security subjects for the development of adequate and effective measures.

Short-term forecasting of gross domestic product

In the article, a set of appropriate model tools was developed and presented, which allows to assess the relationship between the economic confidence index and GDP, calculated on the main types of economic activity, and to make a short-term forecast on GDP. The research examines the main hypothesis about the cyclical sensitivity of the composite indices, especially the economic confidence index in relation to the dynamics of the physical volume of GDP. The authors calculate a composite index of aggregate economic confidence and, based on a consistent analysis of the relationship between the index of the physical volume of GDP and the index of economic confidence, have determined aggregate empirical regularities and characteristics of its cyclical development. The nature of the Economic Confidence Index calculated in the work was determined, and its forecasting capabilities for monthly and annual real growth rates of GDP were studied using autoregression and seasonal filters. The authors used the DEMETRA+ statistical package.

Экономическая конъюнктура в Дальневосточном федеральном округе в 2022 г.

The socio-economic situation in the Far Eastern Federal District in 2022 is analyzed by main types of economic activity and territorial administrative regions on the basis of operative statistical, analytical and expert information. The paper considers the problems of functioning of the real sector of the economy, social sphere, foreign economic activity in conditions of aggravation of the geopolitical situation and imposition of sanctions. The positive dynamics of investment activity was noted, but its growth rate was lower than the level of 2021. The main volume of investment resources is still accumulated in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and the Amur Oblast, where the implementation of major investment projects in the field of mining, transport, gas chemistry and energy continue. The decline in industrial output in the Far Eastern Federal District was caused by a drop in mining, especially in the Sakhalin Oblast, and a decline in the manufacturing sector. The construction sector of the Far Eastern Federal District demonstrated positive dynamics, connected, among other things, with the expansion of housing construction. But high rates of housing construction in the regions of the Far Eastern Federal District cannot yet compensate for the chronic lag in housing commissioning per capita compared with the average Russian parameters. The transport complex of the Far Eastern Federal District has faced an increase in demand for transportation of foreign trade goods. This aggravated competition for access to the export-import infrastructure (railroads, seaports) with limited carrying capacity, increased shippers’ costs and uncertainty of transportation conditions. The negative impact of various restrictive measures did not affect the structure of Far Eastern Federal District foreign trade. A decrease in the physical volume of exports of fuel and energy products was leveled out by high world prices for energy resources. A decrease in economic activity was substantially influenced by a contraction of the domestic demand against the background of a decline in the population’s real income. The decline in the population, both due to natural decrease and migration outflow, remains an acute problem

Formation of Entrepreneurial Competence of Master's Students in Pedagogical Specialties as an Important Factor in increasing their competitiveness in conditions of Constant Changes

The article examines and substantiates the phenomenon of entrepreneurial education as a tool for increasing human competitiveness in conditions of uncertainty during life. Entrepreneurship education is defined as an open socio-economic system that takes into account individual, collective, local, regional, public and national aspects; as a dynamic system of knowledge, practical actions, aspects, methods and psychological-pedagogical technologies, which are oriented towards the formation of an active personality for life in the business environment, which constantly and independently develops. It is noted that entrepreneurship education in Ukraine is oriented towards the solution of urgent tasks of improving the quality of training of specialists in various fields, in particular teachers, which involves the formation of a spectrum of entrepreneurial qualities necessary for their competitiveness in modern economic realities. The nature of the economic activity of modern teachers, the characteristic features of entrepreneurial activity in the field of providing educational services and the main types of economic activity that teachers can carry out are defined and substantiated. The results of the conducted research are presented, which confirm the positive attitude of the students of education towards entrepreneurship, while the future teachers are not sufficiently aware of the content and their own possibilities of professional self-realization in the entrepreneurial vector of pedagogical activity, which proved the need for the formation of their entrepreneurial competence. It was determined that the implementation of entrepreneurship programs in the process of professional training of future teachers will ensure: a creative attitude to professional self-realization in new forms; development of the ability to create social, cultural, economic values; formation of a system of knowledge, methods and innovative forms of presentation of own innovative inventions and activity products; the formation of an entrepreneurial style of activity and the development of entrepreneurship as character traits; formation of entrepreneurial competence and entrepreneurial worldview, which is an indicator of his high competitiveness and will ensure his competitiveness as a specialist in conditions of uncertainty throughout his life.

Investigation of the relationship between the dynamics of GDP and economic sentiment index

The paper develops and presents an appropriate model toolkit that allows assessing the relationship between the calculated indices of economic sentiment and confidence for the main types of economic activity. The aim of the study is to experimentally substantiate the relevance of data on the opinions of technological economic agents and assess the value of this information for the statistical description and analysis of macroeconomic trends, including economic cycles and unforeseen and prolonged crises. The main hypothesis about the cyclical sensitivity of composite indices, in particular the index of economic sentiment in relation to the dynamics of the physical volume of GDP, is tested. The authors calculate a composite indicator of aggregate economic sentiment and, based on a consistent analysis of the relationship between the index of physical volume of GDP and the indicator of economic sentiment, identify aggregate empirical patterns and features of the cyclical development of technological enterprises. Accordingly, the turning points of the business cycle are discussed and the leading nature of the proposed index of economic sentiment is affirmed. The importance of the composite indicators in the economic analysis of entrepreneurial behavior in the implementation of technological innovations is shown. The nature of the calculated Economic Sentiment Index was established, and its predictive capabilities for monthly and annual real GDP growth rates using autoregression and error correction models were investigated. The stages of calculating and setting indices with the application of the DEMETRA+ statistical package were implemented.

SYSTEMATIZATION OF ECONOMYKO-TECHNOLOGICAL STATIONS OF PASSENGER CARS IN OPERATION

The efficiency of passenger transportation by rail depends on the level of technical condition of the passenger rolling stock. The repair and maintenance system is also important. The authors analyzed the technological states of a passenger car can during operation. It is shown that the time spent in these states and the set of technological operations that are performed at the same time do not fully reflect the relationship between the resources consumed for their implementation, the operating costs of these resources and the results. The article presents the results of systematization of the technological states of passenger cars. At the same time, the procedure for accounting for operating costs for the main types of economic activity of Ukrainian railway transport was used. A system of technical and economic indicators is proposed. It characterizes the availability and efficiency of the use of operating costs for the operation and maintenance of passenger cars in a technically sound condition. The concept of "economic and technological state of a passenger car" is substantiated. The systematization made it possible to combine, on a scientific basis, the technological and economic aspects of the operation and maintenance of passenger cars in a technically sound condition in the conditions of JSC "Ukrzaliznytsia". This will improve the system of indicators for the technical and economic evaluation of the effectiveness of the use of existing passenger cars. The proposed system will be used to justify options for updating the fleet of passenger cars through the acquisition of new models or the modernization of existing ones, taking into account the cost of the life cycle.

Implementation of the provisions of the methodological platform standards for the assessment and management of occupational health risk for employees

Introduction. To substantiate and practical use of optimal management solutions to reduce risk levels, it is necessary to continue research on solving the main tasks of the scientific medical platform "Preventive Environment", aimed at creating technologies for early diagnosis of occupational and production-related diseases, an objective assessment of modern working conditions and the labor process, the development of biological monitoring system and risk management. The study aims to scientifically substantiate the model of interaction of individual elements of the working condition system and health of employees based on the risk level assessment of risk depending on the complex of harmful and/or dangerous factors of the production environment and the labor process in the main types of economic activity. Materials and methods. We have analyzed the results of a special assessment of working conditions at the workplaces of mining and coal industry enterprises, ferrous metallurgy plants and aluminum production. Experts have summarized the materials of occupational morbidity and its structure. To assess the risk of developing chronic general somatic diseases in workers the researchers have performed a cross-sectional epidemiological study. We have studied changes in biomarkers of exposure and effect in the conditions of professional exposure to mercury on the employee's body. Results. The analysis of modern working conditions of workers employed in mining (underground and open-pit mining), metallurgical enterprises (ferrous metallurgy plants, aluminum production), coal industry enterprises indicates that working conditions were and remain difficult and harmful, especially when performing underground mining operations. The assessment of occupational risk to the health of employees of mining and processing plants showed that the constant exposure to high levels of harmful factors - vibration, the severity of labor and the intensity of the labor process. This contributes to an increased risk of development and high spread of diseases of the circulatory system and diseases of the musculoskeletal system, as well as a significant increase in these indicators with an increase in work experience in harmful working conditions, which allows us to consider these diseases as production-related. Occupational morbidity at enterprises of the leading sectors of the economy decreased in 2020, most significantly at ferrous metallurgy plants. A comprehensive analysis of changes in biomarkers of exposure and effect in the conditions of professional exposure to mercury on the employee's body made it possible to identify groups at increased risk of developing health disorders. The analysis of a special assessment of working conditions, occupational and production-related morbidity of workers in certain sectors of the economy, as elements of the health risk assessment system, allowed us to develop Standards for enterprises in the mining and coal sectors of the economy, ensuring the preservation of workers' lives and health. Limitations. The studies have certain limitations, since they do not concern all sectors of the economy, but only the mining, coal industry, ferrous metallurgy plants and aluminum production. The period for which occupational morbidity was analyzed is 5 years (2016-2020). These limitations open the way for further research. Conclusion. The implementation of the developed provisions of the standards provides a risk-oriented approach in occupational health, being an important and necessary element of the formation of a preventive and preventive model of occupational risk management. Ethics. This study did not require the conclusion of the Ethics Committee.

МЕТОДОЛОГИЯ РАЗРАБОТКИ И ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ РЕЙТИНГА ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИЯ РЕГИОНОВ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ

The development of a rating for the environmental development of the regions of the Republic of Belarus is conditioned by the necessity of a comprehensive assessment of the environmental state of the country’s regions for the implementation of the state policy of the country in the field of sustainable development and improvement of environmental quality, as well as for increasing the efficiency of application of environmental instruments in the framework of international cooperation. Based on the analysis of international approaches to the formation and use of various environmental ratings, the concept of the rating of environmental development of the regions of Belarus at the level of administrative-territorial units (regions) and large cities (regional centers and the city of Minsk) has been developed, scientific and methodological approaches to the formation and maintenance of rating of ecological development. The ranking methodology is based on the ranking of regions according to a set of indicators grouped into three categories. For the rating of cities, 31 indicators were determined, for regions - 37 indicators, which allow for a comprehensive assessment of the current state of the components of the natural environment, the impact of the main types of economic activity on the environment and issues of the effectiveness of environmental policy at the regional level. The methodology for the rating of ecological development of regions was formalized in 2021 in the form of a technical regulatory legal act - TCP 17.02-19-2021 «Environmental Protection and Nature Management. Rating of ecological development of regions of the Republic of Belarus. Technical requirements». Scientific, methodological and practical support for the functioning of the rating of ecological development of regions will be carried out by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus. An annual update of the rating of regions and cities of the Republic of Belarus and the publication of rating data are provided. In 2021, RUE «Central Research Institute for Complex Use of Water Resources», based on the developed methodology, created the information resource «Ranking of the Environmental Development of the Regions of the Republic of Belarus», which allows automating the procedure for calculating the rating of the ecological development of the regions of Belarus, and calculated and compiled the environmental rating for 2020 year in the context of regional centers and the city of Minsk, the results of which are given in the article.

ДИНАМІКА ГАЛУЗЕВОЇ СТРУКТУРИ ЗАКЛАДІВ ПРОФЕСІЙНОЇ (ПРОФЕСІЙНО-ТЕХНІЧНОЇ) ОСВІТИ ЛЬВІВСЬКОЇ ОБЛАСТІ

This paper is devoted to the study of the problem of changing the sectoral structure of vocational education and training (hereinafter - VET) institutions in Ukraine. An analysis of the statistics of this category of students and official information from the state websites of education is presented. The strengths and weaknesses of vocational and technical education institutions in the Lviv region were analysed. The article provides a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the VET network as of today, namely 72 VET institutions of various types, including 5 higher vocational schools; 67 vocational and technical schools, which were gradually reorganized into 53 VET institutions. This confirms the need to provide the region with capable working junior specialists. Attention is focused on the problem that the level of Ukrainian VET institutions often does not correspond to the realities because there are gaps between them. With this in mind, education policy faces the challenge of reducing these gaps and developing the skills needed by entrepreneurs specialties are offered by institutions and those in need of business. Entrepreneurs note that they have long felt a shortage of workers, so they are ready to cooperate with the use of production facilities for student internships to stimulate the production of the necessary staff. This will reduce the outflow of personnel abroad, and work for the business that responded to the offer together to develop vocational education. The article also noted that business representatives should be more actively involved in the process of establishing Supervisory Boards at VET institutions. This will make it possible to introduce in institutions methods of improving practical training in which entrepreneurs are interested. Providing enterprises with workers, namely car repairmen, builders, truck drivers, electric welders, cooks, confectioners, waiters, carvers, hairdressers, stylists, manicurists, and IT specialists allows forming personnel of enterprises for the main types of economic activity of Lviv region (industry, trade, agriculture, construction, IT-sphere). In this regard, we recommend the practice of reorganization and creation of educational and practical centers in the Lviv region with the involvement of grants and employers for other regions of Ukraine.

“Regulatory guillotine” in education: Issues of legal regulation and implementation practice

In the Russian Federation, as in all developed countries, reforming the activities of the political machine is a permanent process, where every phase has the emphasis on the most topical issues. If the administrative reform of 2004 solved the problem of structuring the system of executive authorities, then the reform of control supervision activity, which is currently ongoing, aims to revise the system of requirements for the main types of economic activity, reduce administrative barriers and other obstacles faced by individuals, who carried out such activity. Educational activity, as a single process of training and education, is one of the most important types of economic activity, and cannot keep out of the designated reforms. This article analyzes the practice of implementing reforms of control supervision activity, the provisions of the “regulatory guillotine” related to the education system. Attention is focused on such issues as mandatory requirements and mandatory requirements in education, systematization of legislation and the abolition of acts containing outdated norms and excess requirements. The concept of a system of mandatory requirements in educational activities is proposed, based on the basic principles of the reform of control supervision activity and the model of risks inherent in the education system. The conclusions mentioned in the article were prepared on the basis of changes in the legal regulation in the field of education over a period of two years (from 1 January 2020 to 1 January 2022).

ОЦІНКА ТЕНДЕНЦІЙ РОЗВИТКУ РОСЛИННИЦТВА В СІЛЬСЬКОМУ ГОСПОДАРСТВІ УКРАЇНИ МЕТОДАМИ ПРОГНОЗНОЇ ЕКСТРАПОЛЯЦІЇ

The article proves that one of the main types of economic activity of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine is agriculture. Its state and potential for development depends on the production of crop and livestock products. In addition to providing the population with food, crop production also provides the food industry with agricultural raw materials and livestock with feed. Therefore, we can say that the state of the entire agro-industrial complex and food security of the state directly depends on crop production. This determines the relevance of this work. It was found that it is impossible to achieve growth in this sector of the economy without improving the efficiency of agricultural enterprises. To achieve this goal, according to the authors, is possible through financial, technological and economic balance with processing and service enterprises of agriculture. Also, an important factor that can ensure the competitiveness of products is the reduction of material, technical and energy costs. Extrapolation methods, in particular, pairwise regression analysis, were used to predict the targets. Using the least squares method, the following were investigated: linear, polynomial, exponential, power, and logarithmic dependences. The choice of the form of dependence was performed using Fisher's criterion, which characterizes their adequacy to the input statistics, which should not be less than 95%. In addition, criteria were used to verify the adequacy and homogeneity of the data. Forecasting was performed for indicators of sown area of main crops and average yield. This also allows you to determine the estimated amount of gross collection for the forecast period. The scientific novelty of this work is the further development of the methodology of statistical analysis of crop production in agriculture of Ukraine based on methods of predictive extrapolation, which in contrast to the existing takes into account the dynamics of quantitative and qualitative factors and allows to perform long-term calculations.

Теоретичні аспекти сталого розвитку АПК України

The article investigates the theoretical and methodological principles of sustainable development of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine. It is proved that the stability of modern society is largely determined by the nature of agricultural production, which, being one of the main types of economic activity, provides humanity with food. The study found that currently for the conditions of Ukraine one of the most important areas of transformation of agricultural production is the concept of sustainable development of agriculture, according to which agriculture must simultaneously meet society's food needs, ensure a high standard of living and not harm the environment. A retrospective of the origin of the term "sustainable development" is studied. In the context of this study, there is reason to believe that the problem of sustainable development combines three important interrelated aspects - socio-economic, natural and technological. Based on the theoretical generalizations made in the study, it is proved that sustainable development is designed to take into account the requirements of ecological cycles and effectively restore them. Since the agro-industrial complex is one of the most important components of the general economic system, the sustainability of its development largely determines the nature of the functioning of the socio-economic system as a whole. It is proved that the sustainable functioning of the agro-industrial complex is a way of interaction between society and the environment formed during a specific historical period, which reflects the level of society development, the specifics of society's satisfaction of needs and contributes to the reproduction of available natural resources. In the most general form, the main task of sustainable development of agriculture is to ensure dynamic socio-economic growth, environmental protection and rational use of natural resource potential to meet the needs of present and future generations by building a highly efficient economic system.

Экономическая конъюнктура в Дальневосточном федеральном округе в 2021 г.

In this paper we analyze the socio-economic situation in the Far Eastern Federal District in 2021. We consider the main types of economic activity and territorial-administrative regions and base our analysis on operational statistical, analytical, and expert information. We take up the problems of functioning of the branches of the real sector of the economy, the social sphere, and foreign economic activity under the influence of the mitigation of restrictive measures of functioning in the conditions of the ongoing crisis caused by the pandemic. We note an increase in investment activity above the level of the pre-pandemic period of 2018–2019 as projects in the field of mining, transport, logistics, and gas-chemical projects had a positive impact on the increase in investment resources. Against the background of the positive dynamics of the production activity of regional industrial enterprises, a slowdown in the intensity of recovery relative to national parameters was noted. The manufacturing industry of the macroregion has demonstrated significant growth rates, but multidirectional production trends persisted in the two largest Far Eastern subjects of the Russian Federation (from the point of view of the extractive industry) – the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (growth), and the Sakhalin Region (decline). Positive aspects (weak growth) were recorded in overcoming the real incomes crisis. The real income is still, however, below the pre-pandemic level of 2019. The growth of monetary incomes of the population in real terms was observed in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Primorsky Krai and Kamchatsky Krai, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Amur Oblast, and the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. At the same time, only in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug the growth rate of real incomes of the population exceeded the average Russian level. The process of population decline continues due to a decrease in the birth rate and an increased number of deaths, which was noted back in 2020; positive factors include an increase in the population due to migration growth in the five Far Eastern regions of the Russian Federation

Adapting the Form of the sanitary and hygienic characteristics of working conditions to the new Sanitary Law

Introduction. The current Form No. 362-1/y-2001 "The sanitary and hygienic characteristics for the working conditions of an employee having suspicion of an occupational disease (poisoning)" does not meet the requirements of Sanitary Law developed within the framework of the "regulatory guillotine". It complicates the investigation of occupational diseases and carrying out an objective examination of the connection between the disease and the profession. The study aims to analyze the Form for the sanitary and hygienic characteristics (SHC) of working conditions and substantiate proposals for its adaptation to the current regulatory legal acts to objectify the investigation of occupational diseases cases and the examination of the connection between the disease and the profession. Materials and methods. We carried out the expert-analytical study. We analyzed and compared data from Rospotrebnadzor (2001-2020) on occupational morbidity and Rosstat (2014-2020) on employment in harmful and (or) hazardous working conditions. We also studied the SHC (503) submitted for examination of the connection between disease and profession (including forensic medical examination). The structure of the Form for the completeness of the presentation of issues on various aspects of working conditions, the quality of the compilation and content of the SHS was determined in accordance with the current Sanitary Law. The authors evaluated the structure of the Form for the presentation of questions on various aspects of working conditions, determined the quality of the compilation and content of the SHC in accordance with the current Sanitary Law. Results. With a decrease in the number of newly registered cases of occupational diseases over 20 years by more than 3.7 times, the share of workers in harmful and(or) hazardous working conditions in the main types of economic activity decreased in 2020 relative to 2014 in 1,1 time (37.3%). A comparative assessment of the standardized indicators of harmful production factors specified in the SHC and the ones approved in SanPiN 1.2.3685-21 revealed their complete inconsistency. The results of in-depth analysis of 503 SGH allowed us to determine the most typical errors in assessing production factors at workplaces: incorrect assessment of standardized single-digit noise indicators (equivalent sound level A for an 8-hour working day), vibration (equivalent level corrected along the Z-, Y-, X-axes ); lack of data on dust load and the average value of air temperature - THC-index; assessment of the labour severity without considering the technological operations performed, etc. We noted the predominant assessment of working conditions by the main factor developing an occupational disease, without considering the accompanying risk factors that aggravate its effect. We also noted a significant underestimation of the levels when assessing the general transport, technological and technological vibration due to the differences between hygienic standards and the norms adopted in the Methodology for conducting a special assessment of working conditions. SCH contains no information on lighting, biological factor, labour intensity in 67.0-75.0% of cases. Conclusion. We substantiated proposals for improving Form No. 362-1/y-2001 of the SHC of working conditions, considering an electronic form of the document, revising the instructions for filling out the SHC.

ЕКОЛОГІЗАЦІЯ ВИРОБНИЦТВА І СПОЖИВАННЯ ЯК ЧИННИК ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ВІДКРИТОСТІ МІСТА В УМОВАХ СТАЛОГО РОЗВИТКУ

In modern conditions, an adequate philosophy and culture of environmental policy is needed, which should be based on a holistic and balanced strategy for the use of natural resources and environmental protection. The use of open data on the official websites of Ukrainian cities makes it possible to increase the effectiveness of environmental policy and environmental measures, as well as to strengthen public control over compliance with environmental legislation. The article considers the ecological indicators of the level of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere of Ukraine and its regions. It is estimated that the main regions that pollute the air of Ukraine the most are: Donetsk region in the first place — 623086,8 tons per year; second place — Dnipropetrovsk region — 276982 tons per year; the third place is occupied by Ivano-Frankivsk region — 185314 tons per year; the fourth place — Zaporizhzhia region — 150481,4 tons per year, the fifth place is Vinnytsia region — 72948,4 tons per year. Forecast data on the dynamics of emissions of pollutants into the air for 2021-2023 are given. The main types of economic activity that have the greatest negative impact of economic processes on the environment are identified. The necessity of implementing greening areas of production and consumption in the management of enterprises is proved. The nature and degree of influence of the external environment on the greening of production and consumption are given. The main goals, directions, priorities and principles of the “Ecological City” projects are described. The basic operational and analytical principles on which it is possible to build the program “Ecologically open city” are defined: 1) posting on the official website of the cities information on the amount of emissions of pollutants into the air by industrial facilities of the city; 2) creating a platform for discussion and coordination of actions of the city administration and citizens on measures to eliminate the negative impact on the environmental condition of the city; 3) development of programs to attract investment to overcome the ecologically dangerous state of the city and the introduction of mechanisms for greening production and consumption.

Territorial analysis of structural and sectoral shifts in the steppe Russian-Kazakh cross-border region

The most important aspect for sustainable development of cross-border territories is a balanced sectoral structure of the economy. At the current stage of development, processes of transformation and restructuring of the economy occur in the Russian-Kazakh cross-border region, resulting in structural and sectoral shifts that expand the spatial division of labour and shape the further specialization of the region. This paper studies transformation of the sectoral structure of the Russian and Kazakh border regions by the main types of economic activity, including various components of the productive and non-productive sectors (manufacturing, mining, energy, trade, transport, agriculture, etc.). As a result, we found a structural and sectoral restructuring of the economy in the transboundary regions, affecting a wide range of different industries, while at the same time the regional economy experienced a catching-up phase, the share of the non-productive sector was growing, and the share of industry and agriculture, although declining, remained high.

Analysis of characteristics of the human potential and quality of life in Ural regions

The article continues the series of publications dealing with research on the social and economic factors of human potential development in Russian regions. Human potential is considered in the context of four qualitative characteristics of population: natural growth, life expectancy, level of education, incidence of alcoholism and drug addiction. Since the main factor in human development is quality of life, the study is supplemented by three indicators: average per capita income, poverty rate and unemployment rate. Using cluster analysis previously was developed a typology of regions by these seven criteria including ten clusters. And then each cluster was sequentially analyzed in order to «manually» fine-tune the resulting grouping. This article considers the regions of the Ural Federal District that fell into three clusters. Based on the information provided on the studied criteria, the authors substantiate combining Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets autonomous okrugs with two other northern regions in a separate cluster, since their specifics are evident in comparison not only with the rest of the regions of the Ural Federal District, but also with all Russian regions. The issue of including Kurgan oblast in one cluster with Sverdlovsk, Tyumen and Chelyabinsk oblasts was considered in more detail. The sectoral structure of the economy in the UrFO regions, the wages in the three main types of economic activity in the district, as well as the demographic situation in each region were investigated. The main problem of Kurgan oblast is the age structure of the population with a bias towards people over working age. Solving the social and economic problems of this area requires participation of the governing and coordinating bodies of the Federal District. The article substantiates the possibility of dividing the Ural regions into two groups: in one — four regions, in the other — two autonomous okrugs. To finalize the typology of regions, a comparison of the UrFO regions with the Siberian and Far Eastern regions is necessary.