Main Topics Research Articles

Social media in healthcare emergency management: insights from Spanish hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic

PurposeThis study aims to explore the Facebook communication strategies of Spanish hospitals during health emergencies, focusing on their role in crisis management and public information dissemination.Design/methodology/approachAutomatic topic modelling and deep learning sentiment analysis were applied to analyse 151,738 posts from 274 hospital Facebook pages (March 2020–Feb 2022). Regression analyses were used to explore the relationships between topics, sentiment scores and hospital characteristics.FindingsThe analysis revealed nine main topics, with the three most prevalent related to COVID-19: vaccine information, security measures and situational updates. This indicates that Spanish hospitals significantly relied on Facebook to manage the emergency. The communication strategies dynamically adapted to the intensity of the pandemic and varied across hospital types. Sentiment analysis showed a negative tone for posts about security measures and situational updates. These findings align with the Agenda-Setting Theory, suggesting that hospitals influenced public discourse. Vaccine information posts were more positive, resonating with the Uses and Gratifications Theory by fulfilling the audience’s need for reassurance and guidance.Originality/valueUsing replicable machine learning techniques, this study elucidates the communication strategies employed by Spanish hospitals to manage healthcare emergencies, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. It highlights factors that potentially influence these strategies and provides theoretical justifications for them. The variation in communication strategies on Facebook among different hospital categories underscores the imperative for stricter guidelines and regulations to guarantee consistent and reliable communication during emergencies. This research provides valuable insights for practitioners and policymakers aimed at developing effective health communication strategies on social media.

Knowledge mapping analysis of ground glass nodules: a bibliometric analysis from 2013 to 2023.

In recent years, the widespread use of computed tomography (CT) in early lung cancer screening has led to an increase in the detection rate of lung ground glass nodules (GGNs). The persistence of GGNs, which may indicate early lung adenocarcinoma, has been a focus of attention for scholars in the field of lung cancer prevention and treatment in recent years. Despite the rapid development of research into GGNs, there is a lack of intuitive content and trend analyses in this field, as well as a lack of detailed elaboration on possible research hotspots. The objective of this study was to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the knowledge structure and research hotspots of lung ground glass nodules over the past decade, employing bibliometric methods. The Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database was searched for relevant ground-glass lung nodule literature published from 2013-2023. Bibliometric analyses were performed using VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and the R package "bibliometrix". A total of 2,218 articles from 75 countries and 2,274 institutions were included in this study. The number of publications related to GGNs has been high in recent years. The United States has led in GGNs-related research. Radiology has one of the highest visibilities as a selected journal and co-cited journal. Jin Mo Goo has published the most articles. Travis WD has been cited the most frequently. The main topics of research in this field are Lung Cancer, CT, and Deep Learning, which have been identified as long-term research hotspots. The GGNs-related marker is a major research trend in this field. This study represents the inaugural bibliometric analysis of applied research on ground-glass lung nodules utilizing three established bibliometric software. The bibliometric analysis of this study elucidates the prevailing research themes and trends in the field of GGNs over the past decade. It also furnishes pertinent recommendations for researchers to provide objective descriptions and comprehensive guidance for future related research.

Ethnic and National Identity in Russian Research: A Scoping Review

This scoping review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the contemporary studies regarding ethnic and national identities written in the Russian language. The study reveals major contexts and patterns of the operationalization of the concepts. The scoping review is based on the framework outlined by Arksey and O’Malley, with qualitative content analysis as its primary method. Samples from 114 papers were analyzed to find existing approaches to identity studies and conceptualization. Explicit and implicit identity definitions and identity attributes were mapped and coded. The research found that scholars tend to provide original definitions and relate identity to consciousness. Implying the idea of a person’s uniqueness, identity is often regarded as rooted in memory, hence the number of mentions of memory studies and memory politics in the reviewed articles. Another finding is that multiple and/or complex identities are widely investigated, and these identity types are given original names, mostly compound. With a great number of identity types, there is still a common understanding of identity as a constructed, dynamic phenomenon. The study concludes that identity is a common value-charged notion for Russian academic discourse, with national and ethnic identities being at the heart of the ongoing studies. The paper concentrates on identities of large groups, which is viewed as a politically sensitive issue, closely intertwined with the view of identity as a factor and resource of the development of society. Main topics are politics, history, representation, dynamics, plurality, communication, cultural factors, and territory. The analysis of the identity studies contributes to professional discourse by illuminating how concepts of ethnic and national identities are operationalized and communicated in the Russian-language academic community, thus enhancing cross-cultural understanding and facilitating more effective professional communication in related fields. Given the limitations, the findings identify the main patterns of concept usage, point to research gaps, and provide a basis for future research.

Ethnic and National Identity in Russian Research: A Scoping Review

This scoping review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the contemporary studies regarding ethnic and national identities written in the Russian language. The study reveals major contexts and patterns of the operationalization of the concepts. The scoping review is based on the framework outlined by Arksey and O’Malley, with qualitative content analysis as its primary method. Samples from 114 papers were analyzed to find existing approaches to identity studies and conceptualization. Explicit and implicit identity definitions and identity attributes were mapped and coded. The research found that scholars tend to provide original definitions and relate identity to consciousness. Implying the idea of a person’s uniqueness, identity is often regarded as rooted in memory, hence the number of mentions of memory studies and memory politics in the reviewed articles. Another finding is that multiple and/or complex identities are widely investigated, and these identity types are given original names, mostly compound. With a great number of identity types, there is still a common understanding of identity as a constructed, dynamic phenomenon. The study concludes that identity is a common value-charged notion for Russian academic discourse, with national and ethnic identities being at the heart of the ongoing studies. The paper concentrates on identities of large groups, which is viewed as a politically sensitive issue, closely intertwined with the view of identity as a factor and resource of the development of society. Main topics are politics, history, representation, dynamics, plurality, communication, cultural factors, and territory. The analysis of the identity studies contributes to professional discourse by illuminating how concepts of ethnic and national identities are operationalized and communicated in the Russian-language academic community, thus enhancing cross-cultural understanding and facilitating more effective professional communication in related fields. Given the limitations, the findings identify the main patterns of concept usage, point to research gaps, and provide a basis for future research.

The Use of Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS) in Anesthesiology: A Narrative Review.

Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has become an essential tool in modern anesthesiology, offering real-time imaging that aids in diagnosis, treatment, and procedural guidance. Its applications have expanded significantly, from routine assessments to complex perioperative management, enhancing patient care across various domains. This study aimed to review and summarize the current literature on the applications of POCUS in anesthesiology, focusing on its utility in airway management, cardiac assessment, lung ultrasound (LUS), and abdominopelvic evaluations. Additionally, it discusses the challenges and strategies for overcoming barriers to its widespread adoption. A narrative literature review was conducted, encompassing studies on using POCUS in anesthesiology. Key databases were searched for relevant articles ("Point-of-care ultrasound,""Focused cardiac ultrasound,""Lung ultrasound"),and studies were selected based on their relevance to the main topics of interest: airway management, cardiac ultrasound, LUS, and abdominopelvic and gastric ultrasound. Both observational studies and randomized controlled trials were included. POCUS improves the safety and accuracy of regional anesthesia and airway procedures, enhancing patient outcomes by providing real-time visualization. Focused cardiac ultrasound is valuable in preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative care, allowing for tailored anesthesia plans and timely interventions based on cardiac function. The US is an effective diagnostic tool for assessing pulmonary conditions, with specific signs and artifacts aiding in identifying pathologies such as pneumothorax, pleural effusions, and pulmonary congestion. Despite its benefits, POCUS faces barriers such as limited access to training, the need for standardized protocols, and the high equipment cost, especially in low-resource settings. While its integration into clinical practice continues to grow, overcoming challenges related to training, standardization, and equipment access is essential to realize its full potential. Continued efforts in education and research are needed to support the widespread adoption of POCUS in anesthesiology.

Bibliometric Analysis of Botulinum Toxin and Bruxism: Impact, Visualization, and Collaborative Networks.

To analyze the scientific production related to the use of botulinum toxin (BTX-A) in the management of bruxism and evaluate its scope, impact, networks, and new research trends. A descriptive and retrospective study of publications indexed in Scopus from January 2018 to May 2024 was conducted. The bibliometric indicators evaluated were a number of publications, citations, h-index, SCImago Journal Rank 2022, CiteScore 2022, Lotka's Law, Bradford's Law, and keyword co-occurrence analysis. Data were processed using SciVal and VOSviewer. We obtained 98 publications, including original articles, reviews, and other types of documents. Among the most productive authors, most were from South Korea and Turkey. Wonkwang University (South Korea) had the highest number of publications, while Baylor College of Medicine (USA) had the highest impact with 66.5 citations per publication. Toxins had the highest number of publications and the best Cite Score in 2022. Six main topics related to BTX-A in bruxism were identified, highlighting "reviews," "electromyography" and "controlled clinical trials". The use of BTX-A for the treatment of bruxism has generated increasing interest and scientific output in recent years, especially in South Korea and Brazil. However, there is a disparity in the productivity of authors, with most authors presenting only one publication. This study highlights the need for further research and collaborations to optimize clinical practice and better understand the efficacy and management of BTX-A for treating bruxism. How to cite this article: Villanueva-García M, Ruck-Sanchez N, Tinedo-López PL, et al. Bibliometric Analysis of Botulinum Toxin and Bruxism: Impact, Visualization, and Collaborative Networks. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024;25(6):599-604.

Moral judgment, self-determination, and toleration: Reflecting on reform intervention at the outer limits

Here, I reply to three commentaries on my recent book, Promoting Justice Across Borders: The Ethics of Reform Intervention. The main topics include the scope of the category “reform intervention,” to what extent it is appropriate to evaluate economic activity using moral criteria, the meaning of collective self-determination and its relationship to democracy, and the limits of toleration as a moral ideal.

Exploring the Role of Statistical Analysis in Criminology from an Educational Point of View

This article examines the role of statistical analysis in criminology, thoroughly investigating its diverse influence and uses. The introduction provides a comprehensive analysis of the convergence of statistics and criminology, highlighting the significance of statistical methodologies in comprehending and mitigating criminal conduct and augmenting the efficacy of the criminal justice system via statistical techniques. The following section examines statistical analysis's impact on comprehending crime trends, facilitating policy development, and constructing effective crime prevention tactics. Real-world case studies show statistical analysis's practical use and beneficial effects in criminological practice. Notwithstanding the many benefits, it is indispensable to acknowledge and examine the possible obstacles and constraints associated with using statistical analysis in criminology. These include but are not limited to difficulties about data quality, ethical considerations, and resource constraints. Considering the abovementioned factors, we propose prospective resolutions and alternative measures to address these obstacles effectively. In anticipation of forthcoming developments, we draw attention to emerging patterns and advancements in the field, including big data analytics, machine learning, and artificial intelligence, which have the potential to augment the capabilities and efficacy of statistical analysis within the realm of criminology. The conclusion effectively integrates the main topics examined, affirming the crucial significance of statistical analysis in the progression of criminological research, policy formulation, and practical implementation. Furthermore, it highlights the contribution of statistical analysis towards establishing safer communities and a fairer criminal justice system.

A review on high growth firms and scaling

ABSTRACT This article undertakes a systematic literature review by developing a bibliometric analysis of articles included in the Web of Science database to present state of the art insights into the current trends and future directions of high-growth firms (HGFs) and scaling. It aims to contribute to the research by helping to clarify definitions and highlight important issues through a content analysis focusing on the main topics and their trends, allowing to see how the key concepts and ideas have changed and evolved over time. Moreover, this review aims to synthesize the current body of knowledge on HGFs and scaling published in the last 25 years, bridge gaps in understanding, and propose future research directions to further unravel the complexities of HGFs and their impact on the broader economic landscape.

Sustainable Development Goals and Blockchain: A Systematic Literature Review from a Business Studies Perspective

This study reviews the state-of-the-art relationship between sustainable development and blockchain technology, which can be intertwined concepts within business language, enterprise structures, and managing processes. It explores further comprehension of concepts such as digital technologies, blockchain technology, and the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals. A systematic literature review using the Prisma Protocol is conducted to identify the main researched topics and the most used sustainable development goals. In addition, the main articles, authors, and journals of the research field are identified. An analysis of the results is applied to acknowledge the findings' contribution. As an outcome, the study identifies 14 main subject research areas that can serve as a framework for the future, including 49 main topics relevant to blockchain technology's relation with sustainable development goals in business studies. This systematic literature review contains an extensively researched database about the subject, and its results and findings are valuable in the scientific and professional sectors for further studies in sustainable development using blockchain technology.

An Analysis of Research Trends for Using Artificial Intelligence in Cultural Heritage

Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques have been increasingly applied in assisting various cultural heritage (CH)-related tasks. The aim of this study is to examine the research trends and current applications of AI in this vast domain. After obtaining a dataset from the Web of Science and Scopus databases, a scientometric analysis of research publications from 2019 to 2023 related to the use of AI in CH was conducted. The trending topics based on the author’s keywords were identified by using the ScientoPy v2.1.3 software. Through this approach, five main topics were identified: classification, computer vision, 3D reconstruction, recommender systems, and intangible cultural heritage. The analysis highlights the upward trend in publications in this field since 2019, indicating a growing interest in the application of AI techniques in CH. By analyzing the latest research in the field, it is observed that AI techniques are mostly applied to assist CH in the discovery, description, classification, and preservation tasks. The report gives insights into the main research areas and developing trends in the field of artificial intelligence and machine learning. The study offers important information about the key research areas and emerging trends related to using AI techniques in the CH field. This helps to recognize the potential, development, and increasing influence of these technologies within the CH domain. The findings of this study contribute to the future development of AI applications in CH, enabling professionals to use the advantages of these technologies.

NGHIÊN CỨU TỔNG QUAN VIỆC SỬ DỤNG ỨNG DỤNG TRÍ TUỆ NHÂN TẠO TRONG VIỆC XÂY DỰNG VIDEO HỌC LIỆU SỐ

Developing digital learning materials, especially video lectures, is becoming an important issue in education. The emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) has made the creation of videos easier compared to the traditional approach. However, the education sector has yet to benefit from these advanced technologies fully. This research explores the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in creating digital learning videos. The study uses 43 selected articles and the PRISMA analysis model to search, classify, and content-filter the results. The findings show a noticeable growth in using AI to create digital learning videos, with 33 topics formed from keywords and articles published in various journals. The most influential works include automatic content extraction from videos and virtual teachers, and there is significant interest in ChatGPT. The main research topics include • developing effective AI models to convert text to video, • integrating personalization and interaction features, and • applying these digital learning videos in education and training. However, many issues remain to be researched, such as enhancing the context-understanding capabilities of AI models and building frameworks to evaluate the effectiveness of videos. AI-generated videos' quality, reliability, and flexibility are significant unresolved challenges, opening up research gaps for future scholars. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence (AI); video; education; learning; PRISMA.

Developmental Trajectories of Electric Vehicle Research in a Circular Economy: Main Path Analysis

This study explored the development history and future trends of academic research on electric vehicles (EVs) in a circular economy. We collected 4127 articles on circular economy and EVs from the Web of Science database, and main path analysis indicated that academic research in the field of EVs in a circular economy has covered the following topics in chronological order: EVs as a power resource; vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology; renewable energy and energy storage grids; smart grid and charging station optimization; and sustainable development of energy, water, and environmental systems. Through cluster analysis and data mining, we identified the following main research topics in the aforementioned field: recycling and reuse of EV batteries, charging stations and energy management, V2G systems and renewable energy, power frequency control systems, dynamic economic emissions, and energy management. Finally, data mining and statistical analysis revealed the following emerging research topics in this field from 2020 to 2023: microgrids, deep learning, loop supply chain, blockchain, and automatic generation control. Various achievements have been attained in research on EVs in a circular economy; however, challenges related to aspects such as sustainable battery recycling charging infrastructure and renewable energy integration remain.

Quantifying Circumcision Anesthesia Research: A Bibliometric Analysis Using VOSviewer

Circumcision anesthesia, aimed at mitigating pain and distress during the procedure, has evolved, reflecting advancements in medical science and societal attitudes toward pain management. This study conducts a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of circumcision anesthesia research, from historical origins to contemporary trends. The Web of Science collection database was used to search for all articles on circumcision anesthesia between 1980 and 2024. All fields were searched using “circumcision anesthesia” or “circumcision anaesthesia” as keywords. Countries, authors, journals, institutions, citation frequency, and journal metrics were extracted. The results were analyzed bibliometrically using the VOSviewer program. A total of 683 relevant publications between 1980 and 2024 were analyzed. The results showed that the USA had the highest number of publications, followed by Turkey. Original articles were the most common publication type, and the main research topics included pain management strategies, anesthesia techniques, and clinical outcomes. The article by Taddio et al. was the most cited article, with 738 citations, while “circumcision” and “pain” were the most common keywords used. Despite cultural and regional differences, this study highlights the growing acceptance of circumcision anesthesia as a vital aspect of medical practice and offers insights to guide future research efforts and clinical interventions. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the role of circumcision anesthesia in enhancing patient comfort and well-being during this standard surgical procedure.

Mpox and Surgery: Protocols, Precautions, and Recommendations.

Mpox, also known as Monkeypox, is an infectious disease known to spread via direct contact and fomites, which poses a significant contagion risk in surgical settings and may increase the challenges already posed by COVID-19. Within the three years following the outbreak of Mpox, we conducted a review of the impact of Mpox on surgical practice. We searched Pubmed/Medline and Scopus, focusing on original studies and case reports in English or German. Our search terms included "Mpox", "Monkeypox", and "Surgery". Out of 60 clinical or epidemiological studies, as well as expert opinions, brief reports, and pertinent literature reviews, eight were included after full-text assessment. We also incorporated two pertinent literature reviews, including a total of 10 papers, in this analysis. The main topics addressed by the literature are 1. manifestations of Mpox for surgical consideration or urgent management, for which it is important to consider whether a surgical approach is needed to address long-term Mpox-related lesions and 2. infection control in surgical settings, especially considering its impact on elective surgery and the well-being of healthcare workers. Mpox could affect surgical services and access to operating theaters. Unlike COVID-19, Mpox, compared to initial concerns, has not substantially compromised surgical delivery. However, limited reports exist on the surgical impact of Mpox. It is crucial to involve surgeons in Mpox diagnosis, educate surgical practitioners on its mimicry of common surgical conditions, enhance infection control during surgery, and ensure access to corrective surgery as a means of tackling the stigmatization associated with Mpox and sexually transmitted diseases in general.

키워드 네트워크 분석을 활용한 인공지능 융합 영재교육 연구 동향 분석

Objectives The purpose of this study is to analyze trends in artificial intelligence convergence gifted education in elementary and middle schools that have been studied with a focus on artificial intelligence, and to derive important issues, topics, trends, and trends in related research. Methods Research trends were analyzed for 75 literatures related to artificial intelligence and artificial intelligence convergence gifted education research and education programs. Analysis data was collected through Academic Research Information Service (RISS). The collected data was refined using Excel and text, and major keywords were identified, analyzed, and visualized through frequency analysis and keyword network analysis. CONCOR cluster analysis was used to determine the centrality of keywords. Results First, since 2017, research on artificial intelligence convergence gifted education has been steadily expanding in terms of content and methods. Second, the results of frequency analysis of the main keywords in research related to artificial intelligence convergence gifted education showed ‘artificial intelligence’, ‘artificial intelligence education’, ‘gifted education’, ‘computational thinking ability’, and ‘machine learning’.Third, as a result of TF-IDF weight analysis, ‘artificial intelligence’, ‘artificial intelligence education’, ‘gifted education’, ‘computational thinking ability’, ‘science gifted’, ‘artificial intelligence education program’, and ‘information gifted’ were found. In general, it was similar to the results of the frequency analysis of major keywords, but it was confirmed that there was a difference in the rankings. Keywords with relatively high weight compared to their frequency of occurrence are ‘science gifted’, ‘creativity’, and ‘artificial intelligence education program’.Fourth, through semantic network and CONCOR analysis, it can be confirmed that artificial intelligence convergence gifted education research is being conducted focusing on ‘educational content’, ‘educational effect’, ‘teaching method’, and ‘educational target’. Conclusions This study derived the main topics and flows of research based on the results of keyword network analysis of domestic artificial intelligence convergence gifted education-related research.

Digital remote monitoring of chronic retinal conditions-A clinical future tool? : Remote monitoring of chronic retinal conditions

In view of the predicted increase in incidence and prevalence of chronic retinal diseases and undersupply of care in the population, telemedicine could contribute to reducing access barriers to healthcare and improving the results of treatment. A literature review on remote monitoring of chronic retinal diseases was carried out. The medical literature was searched for publications on remote monitoring of chronic retinal diseases. The results were compiled in anarrative overview. The four main topics in the literature are: validation studies, implementation strategies, acceptance/target group analyses and health economic analyses. Remote monitoring systems are based on visual function tests, imaging or patient reports and have been particularly investigated in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic eye disease (DED). Studies indicate positive effects regarding an optimization of clinical care and afavorable safety profile but randomized controlled trials are lacking for the majority of monitoring tools. Remote monitoring could complement existing care structures for patients with chronic retinal diseases, especially AMD and DED. Promising systems are based on hyperacuity or optical coherence tomography, while patient-reported data are not commonly used; however, there is currently insufficient evidence justifying the use of remote monitoring systems in chronic retinal diseases in Europe and more research on the validation of remote monitoring systems is needed.

Interpreting Diastolic Dynamics and Evaluation through Echocardiography.

In patients with heart failure, evaluating left ventricular (LV) diastolic function is vital, offering crucial insights into hemodynamic impact and prognostic accuracy. Echocardiography remains the primary imaging modality for diastolic function assessment, and using it effectively requires a profound understanding of the underlying pathology. This review covers four main topics: first, the fundamental driving forces behind each phase of normal diastolic dynamics, along with the physiological basis of two widely used echocardiographic assessment parameters, E/e' and mitral annulus early diastolic velocity (e'); second, the intricate functional relationship between the left atrium and LV in patients with varying degrees of LV diastolic dysfunction (LVDD); third, the role of stress echocardiography in diagnosing LVDD and the significance of echocardiographic parameter changes; and fourth, the clinical utility of evaluating diastolic function from echocardiography images across diverse cardiovascular care areas.

Characteristics and Emerging Trends in International City Negotiations

The article examines key features, main directions, and current trends in international negotiations between subnational territorial units using the example of cities. In today’s world, where the global political system is undergoing epochal change, the international activities of non-governmental and subnational actors, including their participation in international negotiations, have intensified. One of the key features of international city negotiations is that they occur mainly in a multilevel and multilateral format. This is due to the hybrid nature of cities, which are both state and non-state entities. The balance of power between cities and states in international relations depends on factors such as the degree of autonomy granted to sub-national units by the central government, as well as the level of economic and political influence held by cities. Sometimes, the position of a city may differ significantly from that of the state it belongs to. At the international level, there are several specialized institutions and mechanisms that allow cities to coordinate their positions and develop common approaches. These include the World Association of United Cities and Local Authorities, the World Assembly of Local and Regional Authorities, and the Metropolis Association. The main topics of today’s multilateral negotiations between cities include combating climate change, ensuring protection from natural disasters, promoting the rights of migrants and other displaced people, and fostering innovation in urban environment and governance. In contrast, bilateral negotiations between cities, based on the institution of sister cities, focus more on the humanitarian, scientific, educational, and cultural spheres of cooperation. Finally, current trends in international city negotiations include the increasing use of digital technologies and the geographical reorientation of Russian cities’ partnerships towards the countries of the “global majority.”

The Economic Impact of the COVID-19 and the Russia-Ukraine Conflict on the Eurozone and the Central Bank's Corresponding Policies

The COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine crisis have presented the Eurozone with serious economic challenges that have resulted in hitherto unheard-of economic shocks and the need for extensive governmental responses. The European Central Bank's (ECB) monetary policies and their success in stabilizing the economy are the main topics of this study, which looks at the economic effects of these crises on the Eurozone. The monetary policy actions of the ECB are examined using the IS-PC-MR macroeconomic model. Reports from the World Bank, European Commission, European Central Bank, and other pertinent organizations are among the data sources. In-depth analyses of macroeconomic variables like GDP, inflation rates, and employment levels before and after crises are part of the research technique. These analyses are complemented by qualitative analyses of policy papers and professional opinions. The results are intended to shed light on the efficacy of ECB policy, forecast future economic patterns, and make suggestions for improving policy measures to deal with comparable economic shocks in the future. This study is important because it offers a framework for future policy-making in reaction to economic disturbances, in addition to advancing knowledge of the ECB's role in crisis management.