Main Texture Research Articles

Generating New Snack Food Texture Ideas Using Sensory and Consumer Research Tools: A Case Study of the Japanese and South Korean Snack Food Markets.

Food companies spend a large amount of money and time to explore markets and consumer trends for ideation. Finding new opportunities in food product development is a challenging assignment. The majority of new products launched in the market are either copies of existing concepts or line extensions. This study demonstrates how the global marketplace can be used for generating new texture concepts for snack foods. One hundred and twenty-three prepacked snack foods from South Korea (SK) and ninety-five from Japan (JP) were purchased for this study. Projective mapping (PM) was used to sort the snacks on a 2-dimensional map (texture and flavor). Sensory scientists grouped snacks on similarities and dissimilarities. PM results showed, 65% (JP) and 76% (SK) snacks were considered as hard textures, ranging from moderate to extremely hard. Sixty-five percent of JP snacks were savory, whereas 59% of SK snacks had a sweet flavor. The PM 2-dimensional map was used to find white spaces in the marketplace. Thirty-two diversified snacks from each country were screened and profiled using descriptive sensory analysis by trained panelists. Attributes such as sustained fracturability, sustained crispness, initial crispness, and fracturability were the main sensory texture characteristics of snacks. Results showed how descriptive analysis results can be used as initial sensory specifications to develop prototypes. Prototype refinement can be performed by doing multiple developmental iterations and consumer testing. The study showed how white spaces are potential opportunities where new products can be positioned to capture market space. Practical Application: The methodology produced in this study can be used by food product developers to explore new opportunities in the global marketplace.

Pedotransfer functions for estimating soil water retention properties of northern China agricultural soils: Development and needs*

AbstractMany agro‐environmental studies focusing on the efficient management of soils and water resources make use of soil water simulation models. Reliable soil hydraulic properties are critical for ensuring the accuracy of model simulations. However, soil hydraulic parameters in northern China are generally derived using external pedotransfer functions (PTFs) that do not take into account the specificities of local edaphoclimatic conditions due to the lack of a better alternative. Therefore, the main objective of this paper was to develop PTFs for estimating the soil water retention curve (SWRC) in northern China agricultural soils (named PTF‐ANC). A total of 440 soil horizons were collected from the existing literature. A flexible soil‐textural conversion program was first developed to harmonize soil particle‐size data into the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) classification system. The SWRC parameters of the van Genuchten model were also generated by curve fitting. Then, the PTF‐ANC were developed using artificial neural networks, with soil texture and bulk density being used as input data and with a basic three‐layer back‐propagation neural network. The PTF‐ANC showed an acceptable accuracy when predicting the SWRC, indicating a strong application potential for northern China soils. Comparison of estimates with two widely used external PTFs also showed that these were not suitable for characterizing the SWRC of northern China agricultural soils. This is due to the fact that the main soil textures (silt and silty loam textures) found in northern China soils were misrepresented in those external soil databases. Overall, this paper presented the absolute necessity of developing specific PTFs for northern China agricultural soils.

Petrography, geochemistry and tectonic setting of adakitic bodies in the Tighanab area and their relationship with iron skarn mineralization (southeast of Sarbisheh-east of Iran)

Petrography, geochemistry and tectonic setting of adakitic bodies in the Tighanab area and their relationship with iron skarn mineralization (southeast of Sarbisheh-east of Iran)

Microstructure and texture evolution of TB8 titanium alloys during hot compression

In this study, microstructure and texture evolution of TB8 titanium alloys during hot deformation were investigated by using electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis. The results showed that dynamic recrystallization (DRX) behavior of TB8 titanium alloys was drastically sensitive to the strain. As the true strain raised from 0.2 to 0.8, the degree of DRX gradually increased. The nucleation mechanism of recrystallization was observed, including discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) resulting from the bulging of original boundaries. Furthermore, continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) occurred because of the transformation of low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) to high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) in the interior of the original deformed grains. The texture evolution of TB8 titanium alloy during hot deformation process was analyzed in detail, and five texture components were observed, including {001} $$\left\langle { 100} \right\rangle$$ , {011} $$\left\langle { 100} \right\rangle$$ , {112} $$\left\langle { 1 10} \right\rangle$$ , {111} $$\left\langle { 1 10} \right\rangle$$ , and {111} $$\left\langle { 1 1 2} \right\rangle$$ . As the true strain increased, deformation textures were gradually weakened due to an increase in the volume fraction of DRX grains. When the true strain was 0.8, the main texture components consisted of the recrystallization texture components of the {001} $$\left\langle { 100} \right\rangle$$ and {011} $$\left\langle { 100} \right\rangle$$ textures.

Improving mechanical anisotropy and corrosion resistance of extruded AA7075 alloy by warm cross rolling and annealing

The anisotropy of mechanical properties and poor corrosion resistance are important problems for high strength aluminum plate. In this study, the combined process of hot extrusion and warm cross rolling was conducted on AA7075 alloy, and both the extruded and rolled plates were annealed at various temperatures. The effects of warm cross rolling and annealing on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion behavior were studied. The results indicated that both cross rolling and annealing weakened the intensity of main textures of brass, Dillamore, and S. Compared to the extruded plate, the cross rolled ones exhibited higher hardness, higher conductivity, and lower anisotropy of tensile strength. Both cross rolling and annealing made the tensile strength of a plate along different directions more uniform. Moreover, annealing greatly enhanced the corrosion resistance by consuming the distortion energy, reducing the number of crystalline defects and increasing the fraction of low-Σ coincident site lattice grain boundaries. After annealing, the rolled AA7075 plates exhibited better corrosion resistance than the extruded ones, since they possessed lower fractions of brass texture, finer grains, and higher fraction of low-Σ coincident site lattice grain boundaries.

Effect of Asymmetric Material Flow on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 5A06 Al-Alloy Welded Joint by VPPA Welding

The microstructure, texture, and mechanical properties of the asymmetric welded joint in variable polarity plasma arc (VPPA) welding were studied and discussed in this paper. The asymmetric welded joint was obtained through horizontal welding, where the effect of gravity caused asymmetric material flow. The results showed that the grain size and low angle grain boundary (LAGB) at both sides of the obtained welded joint were asymmetric; the grain size differed by a factor of 1.3. The average grain size of the Base Metal (BM), Lower-weld zone (WZ) and Upper-WZ were 25.73 ± 1.25, 37.87 ± 1.89 and 49.92 ± 2.49 µm, respectively. There is discrepancy between the main textures in both sides of the welded joint. However, the effect of asymmetric metal flow on the weld texture was not significant. The micro-hardness distribution was inhomogeneous, the lowest hardness was observed in regions with larger grain sizes and smaller low angle grain boundary. During tensile strength tests, the specimens fractured at the position with the lowest hardness although it has reached 89.2% of the strength of the BM. Furthermore, the effect of asymmetric metal flow and underlying causes of asymmetric weld properties in VPPA horizontal welding have been discussed and analyzed.

Development of thin-gauge low iron loss non-oriented silicon steel

Microstructure, texture, inclusions and precipitates in Fe-2.97wt%Si non-oriented silicon steel during manufacture were investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Organic Solvent Electrolysis and Electron Backscattered Diffraction(EBSD)techniques. The P10/400, P15/50 and B50 of thin-gauge non-oriented silicon steel with 0.3 mm in thickness were 13.85 W/kg, 2.38 W/kg and 1.66 T, respectively. Due to annealing of hot rolled band, the size of precipitates increased. The precipitates are mostly located at the grain boundaries in the annealed sheet, the main and average size of the grain-boundary precipitates were in the range of 30 ∼ 500 nm and 63.2 nm, respectively. The pinning force caused by 100 ∼ 300 nm particles at the grain boundaries was the largest, 70 ∼ 100 nm was second. During annealing of hot rolled band, the α*-fiber texture significantly developed and γ-fiber dropped dramatically. The γ-fiber texture and α*-fiber texture composed the main textures of annealed sheet. The texture randomization would give rise to better magnetic properties compared to the γ-fiber.

Study of Microbands in a Fe-30mn-6.5al-0.3c Low-Density Steel Deformed at Cryogenic Temperature

The microband (MB) formation mechanisms in an austenitic Fe-30Mn-6.5Al-0.3C (wt.%) low-density steel tensile deformed at -196°C were investigated by combined electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The grain orientation dependences of the MB structure, MB morphology, and MB alignment were quantitatively evaluated in grains oriented with the two main texture components, namely, //tensile axis (TA) and //TA. The interplay between the deformation structure and MB formation was analyzed. Our analysis indicates that the underlying deformation structure controls the MB formation mechanism and, at the current deformation conditions, also determines the crystallographic character of MBs. Most of the evaluated MBs have a crystallographic character (deviation angle //TA directions and all the MBs evaluated in grains oriented close to //TA directions have a crystallographic character. They are associated with a planar strain localization phenomenon occurring along highly-stressed crystallographic slip planes. Non-crystallographic MBs (deviation angle >5° from {111} slip plane traces) only occur in the grains oriented close to //TA directions. They are associated with the splitting of pre-existing dense-dislocation walls (DDWs). At high strain levels, we foresee the activation of a GB-assisted MB formation mechanism associated with twin-GB interactions.

Microstructure Evolution during Controlled Rolling of an Nb–Ti Microalloyed Steel

The microstructural evolution of an Nb–Ti microalloyed steel with the application of coiled tubing is studied in detail during hot rolling followed by accelerated cooling and simulated coiling by means of optical microscopy complemented with electron backscattered diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. It is found that the main microstructural characteristics, i.e., grain size, grain morphology, and texture, vary during different thermomechanical steps, largely in finish rolling. Finish rolling at 850 °C, in the nonrecrystallization region, activates the deformation‐induced ferrite transformation (DIFT) mechanism and leads to the appearance of γ‐fiber, and {332}<113> and {113}<110> components. Decreasing the finish rolling temperature to 750 °C promotes this mechanism and results in finer final microstructure consisting of low angle grain boundaries. However, it is found that to obtain a homogenous microstructure with γ‐fiber texture, the final rolling temperature should be high enough for the sufficient occurrence of static recrystallization in ferrite just after finish rolling. More deformation in the nonrecrystallization region, especially for the last rolling steps, strongly affects the DIFT mechanism and leads to fine‐grained microstructure. Refining of ferrite to the grain size of 3.5 ± 0.5 μm results in 65% enhancement of yield strength and reduction of strain hardening by 25%.

Texture Formation in a Polycrystalline Fe–Ni–Co–Al–Ti–B Shape Memory Alloy

In polycrystalline Fe-Ni-Co-Al-based shape memory alloys, control of the recrystallization texture is significantly important to improve the ductility by suppressing the brittle precipitates of the β-B2 phase at grain boundaries during aging treatment. In this paper, the texture evolution in the recrystallization process was systematically investigated by means of the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) method in an Fe–Ni–Co–Al–Ti–B polycrystalline alloy. The development of a {110}<112> texture was confirmed in the 98.5% cold-rolled sheet specimen. After primary recrystallization annealing, the γ matrix containing the β phase showed the continuous recrystallization remaining in the same orientation with a deformation texture after annealing at 1000°C. Grain growth of the γ phase was interrupted by the β phase. Then, abnormal grain growth of {210}<001> grains began occurring in concurrence with the dissolution of the β phase and the main recrystallization texture changed from {110}<112> to {210}<001> at temperatures higher than 1100°C.

Surface defect detection of machined parts based on machining texture direction

Compared with detecting the regular texture of fabrics and prints, the detection of the processed texture on the surface of mechanical parts is more difficult. To quickly and accurately detect defects caused by abnormal machining of the surface of metal parts, a one-shot machine-vision method based on a texture orientation histogram is proposed. An improved Mean-C local threshold method is proposed to solve the problem of difficulty in extracting surface texture. Using the minimum enclosing rectangle, the skeleton texture is extracted from the enhanced image obtained by the improved Mean-C local threshold. The statistical information from the histogram is used to pre-process the texture direction, and then a novel angle region growth method proposed in this paper is used to search the main texture cluster and the abnormal texture cluster of the part, so as to realize the product quality detection. Experimental results show that this method is highly targeted for the detection of surface texture defects caused by abnormal processing, which is equivalent to the average performance of a multi-angle illumination detection system, but much faster. This detection method has high detection efficiency, high accuracy, and strong robustness, and can meet the requirements of industrial detection.

Simulation and experimental study on microstructure evolution of 5CrNiMoV steel during multi-directional non-isothermal forging

Microstructure evolution during the hot forming shows a significant impact on material’s mechanical properties. To explore the deformation characteristics of 5CrNiMoV steel, numerical simulation and microscopic phase-field simulation of the multi-direction forgings were carried out. The strain distribution at each pass was investigated and the evolution of temperature, effective strain, effective strain rate, and grain size was acquired. The hot forging trials were carried out and three typical regions of forgings were taken to study the microstructure evolution. Detailed microstructure characterizations showed that the constructed parent austenite grain size of the forging in typical regions was slightly larger than the simulation results due to the grain coarsening during the air cooling. There were large amounts of high angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) for the occurrence of complete dynamic recrystallization and many bulging grain boundaries showed that discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) could be the governing mechanism of nucleation and growth of dynamic recrystallization (DRX). Besides, the hot deformation texture changed significantly during the non-isothermal forging and the texture component differed remarkably at different regions of the forging. The main hot deformation texture components were Cube {001}<100> and Goss{011}<100>.

A Predictive Model for the Anisotropy Index of Semi-Coke Derived from the Properties of Colombia's Eastern Cordillera Coals

This study developed a theoretical model for the determination of the Coke Anisotropy Quotient (CAQ) of semi-coke from the properties of its precursor coal. This is an useful parameter to define the resistance and reactivity of semi-coke in the blast furnace. For 36 semi-coke samples, a textural analysis was performed alongside a fluidity test to determine the real CAQ. The main textures observed were: isotropic and circular for high volatile bituminous coals (HVB); lenticular and fine ribbons for the medium volatile bituminous coals (MVB); and medium and thick ribbons for the low volatile bituminous coals (LVB). The CAQ varied in a range from 1 to 11. A principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple regression allowed to discriminated the importance of certain coal properties, in determining the CAQ to be recognized and to estimate parameters of the mathematical model. The statistical analysis suggested that CAQ can be best predicted from the fluidity, volatile matter, and Ro of the parent coals. The veracity of this model result was then tested using a second dataset from Poland. This work optimizes the usefulness of standard datasets in the prediction of CAQ's offering a means of quality control that could be implemented in Colombian coke production.

Development of Recrystallization Texture in Commercially Pure Titanium: Experiments and Simulation

The recrystallization behaviour of cold-rolled (CR) commercially pure (cp)-titanium was investigated by experiments and simulations. The recrystallization texture in cp-titanium depends upon the deformation texture. The main texture components of the lower deformed (50% CR) material are {1014} , {1013} and{1235} , all having weak intensity, and in the case of 70% cold rolling the texture component is {1013} . For the simulations, a parallel 3D cellular automata (CA) model for recrystallization was employed. The simulation results showed good agreement with the recrystallization kinetics, grain size distribution, microstructure and texture. The mechanism of recrystallization and the evolution of recrystallization texture were found to depend on the site of nucleation, i.e., whether it is formed at grain boundaries, within the grain, in the lath region or in the highly deformed region such as shear bands.

Effect of Annealing on the Structural and Textural State and Properties of Hot-Pressed Tube from Titanium Alloy PT-1M

The methods of orientation microscopy, x-ray diffraction phase analysis and microindentation are used to study the effect of annealing at 680°C on the structure, texture, and physical and mechanical properties of a hot-pressed tube from titanium α-alloy PT-1M. It is shown that annealing of the hot-pressed tube from alloy PT-1M in the α-range causes secondary crystallization and grain growth, which are accompanied by lowering of the hardness over cross section of the annealed tube from its external surface to the internal one. Annealing also produces reorientation of the main texture tangential prism components formed under the hot pressing. The presence of such texture components in the hot-pressed and annealed tube results in anisotropy of the hardness and of the elastic modulus in longitudinal and transverse sections of the tube.

Quasi-in-situ observations of low-angle grain boundaries, twins and texture evolution during continuous annealing in a cold-rolled Mg-Zn-Gd alloy

The evolution of texture, low-angle grain boundaries and twins in a cold-rolled Mg-Zn-Gd alloy during continuous annealing at 250 °C were tracked by quasi-in-situ X-ray diffraction and quasi-in-situ electron backscatter diffraction method, and the influence of extension twins on texture was discussed. The results show that during the whole annealing process, the main texture component is always split toward transverse direction (TD) and the tilting angle hardly changes. However, the peak position changes between the two TD texture components. During continuous annealing, most pre-existing low-angle grain boundaries retain their original misorientation (including angles and axes) and hardly migrate. In addition, a new low-angle grain boundary occurs when two grains with similar orientation grow to connect with each other. Boundaries of pre-existing extension twins tend to migrate with different velocity. Moreover, with the migration, extension twins grow and gradually swallow their matrix grains completely, and thus re-orientate the TD orientations of twinned-grains from one side to another. Considering that nuclei display no preferred orientation between +TD and –TD, the changing peak position is considered to be caused by the migration of ETBs.

Row settlements and landscape reclamations in the medieval County of Flanders

For the medieval County of Flanders, research by Adriaan Verhulst has indicated the importance of planted row settlements for intensified systematic landscape reclamations. Despite his influential studies and a long research history, little is known about the spatial distribution of this settlement morphology and its relation to the physical landscape in the former county. Moreover, the highly build up character of modern-day Flanders makes it difficult to discern remnants of the medieval settlement systems in the landscapes today. In this study, a multidisciplinary integration of historical and geographical data in GIS allows a first determination of the geographical and temporal distribution of these row settlements at the landscape level. Following the mapping and dating of the pre-industrial row settlements, a spatial analysis allows to study its distribution pattern through time in relation to the main soil textures in the county.

The Influence of Normalization Temperatures on Different Texture Components and Magnetic Properties of Nonoriented Electrical Steels

The effects of normalization on different texture components and magnetic properties in G50W600 nonoriented electrical steel are studied by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The results show that normalization can coarsen surface {110}‐oriented grains and recrystallized rotated cube or {114}&lt;481&gt;‐oriented grains in the center. Moreover, the highest texture intensity change from original rotated cube texture to the {114}&lt;481&gt; texture with the increase of normalization temperature. Just after the completion of recrystallization in final sheets corresponding to hot‐rolled samples, {111}&lt;112&gt; is the main texture component, while that in final sheets corresponding to normalized samples is {114}&lt;481&gt;. The final sheets normalized at 920 and 980 °C have a higher iron loss and higher magnetic induction than the final sheets corresponding to hot‐rolled samples, which is caused by the fact that normalized samples show finer final grain size, higher volume faction of {100} and {110}, and lower volume fraction of γ‐fiber than hot‐rolled samples. With the increasing of annealing temperature and time, the magnetic induction and iron loss of normalized samples decrease. Furthermore, the final sheets normalized at 940 °C have the best magnetic properties. During final high temperature annealing, the non γ‐fiber oriented grains show a higher growth ability than γ‐fiber oriented grains.

The microstructure, texture evolution and plasticity anisotropy of 30SiMn2MoVA high strength alloy steel tube processed by cold radial forging

Cold radial forging is an efficient and high-precision process for producing rotary parts such as axles and gun barrels, etc. 30SiMn2MoVA high strength alloy steel is a kind of fine pearlite steel usually used for moulds and barrels. This work focused on the effect of the cold radial forging on the microstructure, texture evolution and plasticity anisotropy of forged steel tube under different forging reductions. The results suggest that most banded structures that are parallel to the axial direction are developed by the radial forging process. The grains are elongated and refined after forging. The increase of dislocation density with the increase of deformation is the reason for grain refinement. Refined grains and high dislocation lead to high strength. Meanwhile, anisotropy was obvious and was exacerbated by the growth of the forging deformation. The circumferential strength and elongation are inferior to the axial. With the increasing of forging ratios, the α-fiber texture is well developed. The relationship between the volume fraction of texture and plastic strain was built. It can predict the volume fractions of the main texture components in the cold radial forged 30SiMn2MoVA steel tube. The Taylor factors of the main orientations were calculated. The {111}<011>(γ-fiber), {110}<110>, {111}<110>(α-fiber), {114}<110>, {112}<110> and {223}<110> texture components help to enhance the axial yield strength. Comparing the ratio of the axial average Taylor factor and the circumferential average Taylor factor with the yield strength ratio, it is found that yield strength anisotropy is not well predicted only taking into account the crystal texture. The effect of banded structures on the strength should also be considered.

Dynamic recrystallization behavior and microstructure evolution of high-performance Cu–3.28Ni–0.6Si–0.22Zn–0.11Cr–0.04P during hot compression

By means of isothermal compression at temperatures in the range of 650–900 °C and strain rates in the range of 0.001–1 s−1, the dynamic recrystallization behavior and microstructural evolution of a Cu–3.28Ni–0.6Si–0.22Zn–0.11Cr–0.04P (wt%) alloy designed by a machine learning method were investigated. A semiempirical constitutive equation, processing maps and an average activation energy were generated. The microstructure under different conditions and the effect of strain rate on the texture of the alloy at 800–900 °C were observed. The results show that the suitable temperature is 800–900 °C; when the strain is less than 0.4, the appropriate strain rate is 0.01–0.5 s−1; and when the strain is greater than 0.4, the appropriate strain rate is below 0.05 s−1. After deformation at 800 °C, the main texture changed from {112}〈111〉 of copper to a uniform distribution with the increase in strain rate, but the sample did not have obvious texture after deformation at 850 and 900 °C. The above results can provide a reference for the selection of process parameters.