Main Technological Parameters Research Articles

Microalgae and cyanobacteria as biological agents of biocathodes in biofuel cells.

Biofuel cells (BFCs) are an environmental friendly technology that can simultaneously perform wastewater treatment and generate electricity. Peculiarities that hinder the widespread introduction of this technology are the need to use artificial aeration and chemical catalysts, which make the technology expensive and cause secondary pollution. A possible solution to this issue is the use of biocathodes with microalgae and cyanobacteria. Microalgae in the biocathodic chamber produce oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Various BFC technologies with algal biocathode (microbial fuel cells, microbial desalination cells, and plant microbial fuel cells) can address a variety of issues such as wastewater treatment, desalination, and CO2 capture. The main technological parameters that influence the performance of the biocathode are light, pH, and temperature. These technological parameters affect photosynthetic production of oxygen and organic compounds by microalgae or cyanobacteria, and hence affect the efficiency of electricity production, wastewater treatment and production of added-value compounds in microalgae biomass like lutein, violaxanthin, astaxanthin. The ability to remove carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus compounds; antibiotics; and heavy metals by pure cultures of microalgae and cyanobacteria and by mixed cultures with bacteria in the cathode chamber can be used for wastewater treatment.

Application of Unmanned Aerial Systems in Crop Production as an Aspect of Digitalization of the Agro-Industrial Complex

In this article the authors provide an economic assessment of the technology of using unmanned aircraft systems in digital agriculture and justify the optimal requirements for its main technological parameters. As a measure of comparative evaluation of various options for implementing the system, an estimate of the cost of performing the technological process of using pesticides, fertilizers and other agrochemicals in conditional price units is proposed. A multi-factor experiment was carried out and variants of a mathematical model describing the relationship between agrotechnological factors and the final resultant, expressed in the conditional cost of processing 1 Ha of agricultural land, were obtained. The optimal values of the parameters are obtained for various variants of fixing factors at the specified levels. The influence of the most significant agrotechnological factors on the cost of the technological process of using pesticides, fertilizers and other agrochemicals is shown. The values of factors that should be used in the development of new types of unmanned aerial vehicles to ensure their maximum demand in agriculture and economic efficiency are proposed.

Improving the efficiency of the process of burnishing splined holes under the influence of an ultrasonic field

The essence of finishing and hardening processing of slotted holes with shaped mandrels is described. The analysis of the technological parameters of the mandrel process has been carried out. It is shown that the main technological parameter that determines the efficiency of processing is the tractive effort. A technological scheme is proposed for mandrel drilling of spline holes of gear wheels, which provides by imposing an ultrasonic field on the workpiece. reduction of it by 40%. creation of favorable compressive stresses in the surface layer.

Influence of transverse ultrasonic vibrations on the efficiency of threaded joint assembly

The disadvantages arising during assembly of threaded joints are considered. The existing methods of improving the quality of a threaded joint are analyzed and the most promising one is identified - the use of ultrasound at the assembly stage. Dependence of the unscrewing moment on the main technological parameter, which is vibration amplitude is obtained.

Design of rotary and birotor nonmixers

The questions of design, synthesis and calculation of the main design and technological parameters of nonmixers of rotary and birotor design, intended for the preparation of heterogeneous bulk mixtures are considered.

Kinematics of the disk working body for ground development

High rates of growth in the volume of earthworks in winter, with a lack of funds for the purchase of new equipment, determine the relevance of work to improve the existing and create new working bodies for the development of frozen grounds and snow-ice formations to increase the efficiency of their destruction without increasing the power of the base machine. This can be done by installing a fundamentally new cutting tool in the form of elliptical circular knives on the working bodies. The article deals with the kinematics of an ellipsoidal disk working body. Expressions for determining the displacement, velocity and acceleration of the point of the cutting edge of the disk are obtained analytically. It was found that the points of the cutting edge of the disk move in space along a complex trajectory, and the absolute values of velocity and acceleration are variable parameters. The regularity of the change in the angle of entry of the disk into the ground at different values of the angle of its attachment to the shaft of the working battery was revealed, and the main design and technological parameters were determined and substantiated.

Modern methods for studying of phase transformations in high-carbon wire rod to ensure quality of high-strength reinforcement

The structural transformations (formation and decay of austenite) in high-carbon boron microalloyed 80R steel are studied by the differential scanning calorimetry method. The temperatures of the beginning and end of the formation of homogeneous austenite during heating and its decay during cooling, proceeding according to the type of ferritic-carbide mixture with the release of the α-phase of one morphological type, are determined. The obtained results can be used to select one of the main technological parameters of the deformation and heat treatment mode of rolled products — the rational austenization temperature, which ensures the formation of structure and properties in high-carbon wire rod intended for the manufacture of high-strength stabilized reinforcement for iron-concrete structures.

Arsenic, mercury, fluorine and beryllium in the с1 coal seam of the Blahodatna mine of Pavlohrad-Petropavlivka geological and industrial area of Western Donbas

Spatial distribution of arsenic, mercury, fluorine and beryllium in the c1 coal seam of «Blahodatna» mine field are considered. This research associated with increasing requirements for environmental protection, which necessitate the need for new scientifically based methods for predicting the content of toxic elements in rock mass that extracting by mines and mining waste and coal enrichment. The aim of the research is to establish features and regularities in the distribution of arsenic, mercury, fluorine and beryllium in the coal seam c1 of Blahodatna mine of Pavlohrad-Petropavlivka geological and industrial area of Western Donbas. Maps of the isoconcentrate of arsenic, mercury, fluorine and beryllium and maps of the regional constituent of their contents by the area of the mine field were constructed. Linear regression equations are calculated between their concentrations and the main technological parameters of coal. On the basis of the results of statistical processing of geochemical information and geological and structural characteristics of the coal seam c1 of «Blahodatna» mine field allowed us to establish, that the beryllium is the only element mainly associated with the organic constituent of the coal layer. Cumulation of its main part occurred in the process of peat accumulation. Close correlation connection between mercury and arsenic with sulfur and the analysis of the spatial location of the anomalies of these elements with the geological and structural features of the seam indicates the accumulation of these elements at the post-sedimentation stage of the formation of coal deposits and their genetic connection with the tectonic disturbance. Moreover, if large disturbances basically have a role of supply and transit channels, then minor disturbance and make a controlling function. Close direct correlation relationship of fluorine with coal ash and analysis of the constructed maps indicate that its predominant accumulation during the formation of a paleo-turfary in the composition of layered aluminosilicates. The main scientific importance of the results of the performed studies is the establishment of geochemical associations and genetic causes that have a significant effect on the distribution of toxic elements in coal seam of c1.

Перспективні напрями підвищення експлуатаційної надійності та забезпечення оперативного управління ресурсом головного обладнання АЕС

On the basis of generalization tendencies of safety problems development concerning the basic types of water-cooled power nuclear reactors, the analysis of a condition of the corresponding researches and own scientific experience the most important scientific and practical directions are formulated and the complex of the priority scientific and technical problems connected with maintenance of reliability and prolongation existing and promising nuclear power plants. The main shortcomings of the existing systems of control and diagnostics of complex multifactor neutron-physical, thermohydraulic and vibration processes, which accompany the operation of these reactors, including their most important main equipment — core zones, are identified and the fundamental imperfection of these systems. The stochastic nature of controlled physical processes and the need to introduce real-time methods of spectral analysis and artificial intelligence to take into account the fluctuation components of the sensors of the main technological parameters. To this end, the need to radically change the determined principles of building control and diagnostic systems by creating the latest software and hardware for automatic diagnostics, capable of detecting the initial phases of potentially dangerous operational anomalies, which should alleviate information-intensive working conditions of operational personnel, increase efficiency. and the cost-effectiveness of management decisions made by them, and to optimize the repair policy with a significant extension of the life of the main equipment. The basic requirements to the created intelligent diagnostic functionality of water-cooled power nuclear reactors are formulated, the directions of construction of mathematical models, algorithmic and software of future computer complexes of automatic control and diagnostics are defined.

Increasing the efficiency of use of wheeled harrow units in regions of risk farming

Crop yields largely depend on the quality of the soil prepared for sowing. At the same time, one of the most important field operations is harrowing, with the main technological parameter of harrowing is the depth of processing of the fertile soil layer. Failure to do not have the necessary depth of processing leads to a decrease in yields, and the excess - to additional energy costs, and therefore to increase the cost of a unit of the resulting products. As you know, the main parameter influencing the depth of processing is the weight that falls on the working organ of the harrow. This article proposes a device that has obtained a patent for the intellectual property of the Russian Federation, allowing to regulate the weight of the working organ of the harrow, due to its optimal redistribution within the machine-tractor unit (MTU), and the theoretical and experimental results of the experimental harrowing unit are provided. The results suggest that the proposed solution is highly effective, which provides as an opportunity for quality pre-planting treatment, and contributes to the compliance with the necessary agro-technological requirements for the harrowing process.

Structural features of metal powders obtained by plasma spraying

The development of additive technologies in the Russian Federation is constrained by the lack of indigenous base for the production of metal powders. SPbPU has developed, manufactured and introduced a plasma atomizer. It provides atomization of metal powders and alloys of various chemical compositions. The data on the main technological parameters of atomization of nickel alloy Inconel 718 and titanium alloy Ti-6A1-4V are presented in the paper. It is shown that by optimizing the spraying mode the possibility to obtain alloy powders with a high level of sphericity and a minimum number of particles with surface and internal defects. The chemical compositions of the obtained particles are almost identical to the composition of the initial atomized materials. Samples for the mechanical testing were made from the obtained powders by the SLM method. The results of mechanical properties tests show that the properties of samples made by 3D printing methods from powders sprayed by plasma atomization methods are identical to the properties of materials made and heat-treated by traditional methods.

ВСЕСТОРОННЕЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ВЫДАВЛИВАНИЯ П-ОБРАЗНЫХ КРОНШТЕЙНОВ. СООБЩЕНИЕ 6. КИНЕМАТИЧЕСКОЕ И НАПРЯЖЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЯ ЗАГОТОВКИ ПРИ СТЕСНЕННОМ ВЫДАВЛИВАНИИ. Ч. 3

On the basis of the complete equation system of the plastic flow theory, the solution continuation of the determination problem of the kinematic and stressed states of a blanket during partially restricted extrusion of П-shaped brackets under the conditions of plane deformation in the general case of a nonaligned placement of the punch and the die is stated. The determination of the force and geometric parameter of the process was carried out. The formulae were obtained, which are required for identification of the main technological parameters of the extrusion process of П-shaped products with a relatively thin horizontal bridge.

ВСЕСТОРОННЕЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ВЫДАВЛИВАНИЯ П-ОБРАЗНЫХ КРОНШТЕЙНОВ. СООБЩЕНИЕ 6. КИНЕМАТИЧЕСКОЕ И НАПРЯЖЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЯ ЗАГОТОВКИ ПРИ СТЕСНЕННОМ ВЫДАВЛИВАНИИ. Ч. 4

On the basis of the complete equation system of the plastic flow theory, the solution of the determination problem of the kinematic and stressed states of a blanket during completely restricted extrusion of П-shaped brackets under the conditions of plane deformation in the general case of a nonaligned placement of the punch and the die is stated. The determination of the force and geometric parameter of the process was carried out. The formulae were obtained, which are required for determination of the main technological parameters of the extrusion process of П-shaped products with a relatively thin horizontal bridge.

Development of an experimental facility for cooling circulated water of industrial plants

The article discusses the installation and the hydrodynamic results analysis of three-phase fluidized bed experimental studies. An energy coefficient linear dependence of the circulating water evaporative cooler of the considered type on the irrigation coefficient has been experimentally established. The dependence of the fraction of circulating water evaporated moisture in an evaporative cooler of the type under consideration on the cooled water temperature at the inlet to the cooler and the irrigation coefficient has been established. The analysis of hydrodynamic and thermal processes occurring in a three-phase fluidized bed is carried out, and the main technological parameters for the optimal operation of installations with the specified bed are obtained in relation to solving the problem of cooling the circulating water. The dependence of the expansion of a three-phase fluidized bed on air velocity and irrigation density has been investigated. On the basis of the performed experimental studies, empirical formulas for calculations are derived.

Toxic elements in the с1 coal seam of the Blahodatna mine of Pavlohrad-Petropavlivka geological and industrial area of Donbas

The features of the distribution of toxic elements in the c1 coal seam of «Blahodatna» mine field are considered. The research aims to establish regularities in the distribution of toxic elements in the coal seam c1 of Blahodatna mine of Pavlohrad-Petropavlivka geological and industrial area of Donbas. Samples were taken from mine opening (reservoir samples, selected by the trench method and from duplicates of drill core personally). Content of toxic elements was determined by quantitative emissive spectrum analysis. The values of the main descriptive statistical indicators were calculated. With the aim of identify the composition of the geochemical associations, correlation coefficients (r) were calculated between the content of the toxic elements. In a single geochemical association united elements in which the relationship between the content is described by the correlation coefficient that exceeds 0,5, with a significance level of at least 95%. As a result of the performed studies, maps of the isoconcentrate of toxic elements and maps of the regional constituent of their contents by the area of the mine field were constructed. Linear regression equations are calculated between the concentrations of toxic elements and the main technological parameters of coal. Analyzing the result of statistical processing of geochemical information and geological and structural characteristics of the coal seam c1 of «Blahodatna» mine field allowed us to establish, that the formation of the association of cobalt, nickel, vanadium, lead, chrome and manganese is associated with the enrichment of contact zones of the coal seam by these elements and is genetically is due to influence of adsorption and reductive-oxidative barriers on the migration of matter during the diagenesis and catagenesis of coal-bearing series. The main scientific importance of the results of the performed studies is the establishment of genetic causes that have a significant effect on the distribution of toxic elements in coal seam of c1.

Multifunctional crust breaker for automatic alumina feeding system of aluminum reduction cell

For efficient operation of high-power aluminum reduction cells with prebaked anodes,full-time monitoring of the main technological parameters is required.This article discusses a multifunctional crust breaker of the automatic alumina feeding system. It provides the alumina supply to the bath by breaking the continuously solidifying crust on the surface of the melt. The multifunctional crust breaker is also a part of the automatic alumina feed system, providing regular automatic measurements of the process parameters.This article describes the development of a laboratory bench with a multifunctional crust breaking device. The goal and objectives are set. The design of the device is presented in the paper. The paper shows the advantages of using an automatic alumina feeding system with the developed multifunctional crust breaker.The positive effect of using the bench in the training process is discussed.

Carbon-bearing Wastes as the Binders for Coal Briquette Production

The search of optimal compositions for different kinds of coal (lignite and hard coals) with the slam of lean coal for briquettes production was done. Some cheap and non-toxic binders for increasing mechanic stability and water resistance of coal-slam briquettes were experienced. Tree best kinds of binders from coke-chemical industry wastes for improving the properties of coal briquettes were chosen. The main technological parameters of coal briquetting without a binder additive - humidity, size of the pressed coal (dried), pressing pressure, drying temperature and pressing duration are in a certain relationship. To obtain a given briquette strength when changing one of the parameters, it is necessary to change another or several parameters. The dependence of the mechanical strength of briquettes on each individual parameter is often extreme. The value of the parameter at which the maximum strength of the briquettes is obtained is taken as optimal. For coals with good briquetting properties, this extreme dependence of the mechanical strength on individual briquetting parameters is more pronounced, especially for the bending and compressive strength of briquettes. Therefore, in the production of briquettes, an important element in the composition of the coal composition is the binder. The article discusses the search for a binder for the production of fuel briquettes using various grades of coals based on local raw materials.

Neuromodel of the "Crusher mill" Mechatronic Complex

To create a mechatron model of vacuum tube vibration system for rock cutting by flat auger tools based on physical and mechanical properties of processed array and kinematic characteristics of the instrument. The analytical model of the fracture process of rock cutting by tool vibration with considering of plastic properties of the massif were developed. The main technological parameters of massif vibrating cutting with normal variations were modeled: dependences of normal and tangential pressure in the zone of working body interaction with the medium, normal and shear stresses in the zone of destruction, rock characteristics of the medium, vibration parameters dependences on the characteristics of mechatronic system geometry of the contact area of flat incisors treated with medium. The choice of the computational model of the vibration rock cutting with the normal to the direction of movement of the working body fluctuations with considering arising from processes at once or disorders: the occurrence of compressive and tensile stresses were backgrounded. Main stages and interconnection options in the simulation of vibration cutting were established. Scientific novelty lies in the development of a method of analysis of contact interaction of roller working body molding machine with an array taking into account the changes in the stabilization process of physical and mechanical properties of the treated medium, the aim of which is to predict the required voltage and depth of the formed layer. The theoretical basis of rock cutting by flat auger tool taking into account the normal component of the vibration with respect to the movement direction allowing for the deformation of the rock mass and the contact interaction with the working body were established, that allows to improve the technology of drilling wells by reducing the power consumption of the cutting process. The results enable us to determine the parameters of power and kinematic conditions for the occurrence of the vibration cutting.

Specific features of drilling mode with extendable working elements

The work is devoted to the calculation of the main technological parameters of a bit of a new patented design, the essence of which is to replace worn out working elements (carbide cutters or diamond-containing matrices) during drilling with a new, not blunt tool right at the bottom of the well. The need to correct the calculation method is associated with the design feature of the new crown, which consists in the fact that when using it, an annular bottom of a larger width is formed compared to serial crowns of the same outer diameter. Therefore, the known formulas for carbide and diamond drilling have been supplemented with appropriate correction values so that the ROPs when using new and serial bits are the same during full development. So, when using carbide cutters as rock-cutting elements, a correction factor is introduced that increases the number of main cutters in the crown sectors of the first and second stages. In diamond cutting, it is necessary to increase the maximum speed of the tool, taking into account the mining technical conditions of penetration. Refined formulas for calculating the parameters of the drilling mode allow preserving the advantages of bits with extendable working elements and increasing the drilling speed by 1.7-1.8 times compared to existing serial bits.

Methodology for Increasing the Efficiency of Dynamic Process Calculations in Elastic Elements of Complex Engineering Constructions

This study deals with a methodology for increasing the efficiency of dynamic process calculations in elastic elements of complex engineering constructions. We studied the complex dynamic processes in a simple engineering construction, a mechanical system of an elastic body–continuous flow of homogeneous medium. The developed methodology is based on the use of a priori information on some of the vibrations forms, the construction of a “simplified” mathematical model of system dynamics, and the obtaining of an analytical relationship that describe the overall range of factors on the elastic vibrations of system. The methodology is used for cases of complex vibrations of elastic bodies, and the obtained results can serve as a basis for choosing the main technological and operational parameters of elastic elements of mechanisms and machines that perform complex vibrations. The results obtained in this work are the basis for calculating the blast effect on the elements of protective structures in order to increase their protective capacity by improving the method of their attachment or by using additional reinforcement, buff load effects on the elements of drilling strings and dynamic processes that occur during surface strengthening by work hardening in order to avoid resonance phenomena, and technological processes of vibration displacement or vibration separation of granular media.