Main Technological Parameters Research Articles

Research on the extraction of rare earth elements from ash-slag waste

The research investigates the patterns of rare earth elements (REE) extraction from ash-slag waste of thermal power plants using sintering processes. The aim of the study was to determine the optimal parameters for the process: the composition of the flux, the ratio of the sintering flux to the waste, and the sintering temperature. It has been shown that the change in the type of sintering reagent, its ratio to the waste, and the process temperature significantly affect the degree of REE extraction from the insoluble form in ash-slag to the soluble form in sinter. The optimal sintering temperatures (300–4500C) for the extraction of REE from ash-slag waste have been determined. The influence of various sintering reagents on the process of REE extraction from ash-slag waste has been investigated. It has been shown that the use of sodium hydroxide as a sintering reagent allows increasing the degree of REE extraction from waste up to 100%. Based on the analysis of the obtained experimental data, the main technological parameters of REE extraction in sinter have been determined.

Evaluation of the activity of amine hardeners of epoxy resins

With the appearance of new epoxy resins and amines, which are widely used for hardening epoxy compositions using energy-saving technology (at "ordinary" temperatures), on the world market, the targeted selection of these materials to provide the desired technological and operational properties becomes relevant. In order to predictively choose amine hardeners for epoxy resins, their quantum-chemical calculations were performed using the semi-empirical parameterized 3 (PM3) method. The energy value of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of amines and the absolute value of the energy gap || (the absolute difference in energies between the HOMO of amines and the lower vacant molecular orbital (LUMO) of epoxy resins) were used. The relationships between the absolute value of the energy gap || and the main technological parameters of the curing process of dian epoxy resin ED-20 with individual amines were established with pairwise correlation coefficients of not less than 0.977. The evaluation of the activity of modified polyamines and their mixtures in hardening epoxy resins is proposed to be carried out based on the maximum temperature of the exothermic reaction of interaction between the epoxy groups of resins and the amine groups of hardeners. The possibility of adjusting the temperature of the exothermic hardening reaction of epoxy compositions and their "viability" time by introducing epoxy-containing diluents with different values of the LUMO energy was shown.

Simulation and Optimization of Surface Roughness and Process Performance during Machining of HSS by Micro-WEDM Technology.

When machining high-speed steels (HSS) with micro-wire electrical discharge machining (micro-WEDM), high surface quality is achieved as standard. The value of the roughness parameter Ra is less than 0.2 μm. However, the problem is the performance of the electroerosion process (MRR), which is low. This problem is related to the mechanical and physical properties of the HSS in combination with the setting of the main technological parameters (MTP). The proposed solution to eliminate this problem relies on the selection of proper procedures for the determination of optimization criteria in relation to Ra and MTP, with the inclusion of properties of the machined material. The solution consisted in the identification of four significant physical (ρ, κ) and mechanical (Rm, HRC) indicators of HSS properties, on the basis of which a suitable combination of the process output parameters Ra and MRR can be determined through established mathematical regression models using simulation and optimization. In the next step, the proper values of the MTP output process parameter settings, which correspond to the optimized output parameters Ra and MRR during machining of HSS by micro-WEDM technology, were then obtained by the same approach.

Study of crucial factors for minimizing the roughness of chemical coatings with Ni – P and Ni – Cu – P alloys

The surface roughness of coatings has a significant impact on their functional properties and efficiency. We present the results of studying the effect of the main technological parameters on the roughness of chemical coatings with Ni – P and Ni – Cu – P alloys. The key factors affecting the roughness of coatings were determined by the Taguchi method. Parameters of the coating process were varied in the experiments: concentration of components in solution, pH, temperature, and the time of deposition. It is found that the surface roughness increases linearly with the thickness of coatings. The concentration of sodium hypophosphite and pH value have the greatest influence on the development of roughness. It is shown that the lowest roughness is observed at concentrations of sodium hypophosphite and copper salt 0.358 and 0.0012 mol/liter, pH 5.8 and temperature 90 °C. The rate of the surface roughness development for Ni – P and Ni – Cu – P coatings under optimal conditions is 0.68 and 0.97 %/μm (before optimization — 6.72 %/μm). The obtained results can be used to improve the methodology for reducing the roughness of coatings with Ni – P and Ni – Cu – P alloys and, accordingly, to improve the functionality, wear resistance and quality of coatings.

Valorization of wheat production in marginal areas: farmer-centric experimentation for variety choice and evolutionary population development

In Italy, from 2000 to 2010, 58% of farms in mountain areas were abandoned leading to a 33% decrease in available land for agriculture. This research aimed to restore value and competitiveness to the Apennine area, by proposing a balanced and sustainable agriculture model. Following the needs of farmers, underutilised cereals were selected as the ideal genetic material for the study and development of short local food supply chains. The field experiments were carried out in two organic farms located in the Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy). During two growing seasons, seven wheat genotypes, two wheat evolutionary populations and one einkorn mixture were cultivated under organic farming management. Results related to functional traits are presented along with the main agronomic and technological parameters that were determined. Several nutritional properties are included. Mean yield and stability performance over environments for each genotype were explored using the “Genotype and Genotype by Environment biplot” elaboration. Considering yield performances, “Benco” was closer to the ‘ideal’ genotype. All the results were evaluated with the farmers, who expressed their own preferences from field observations. The right coupling between environment and genotypes can discourage the abandonment of hilly and mountainous farms by enhancing the economic competitiveness of agriculture in these regions.

ВЛИЯНИЕ НА КАЧЕСТВО ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ШТУКАТУРНЫХ РАБОТ ПАРАМЕТРОВ РОБОТА-ШТУКАТУРА

The article considers the main aspects of studying the effective use of plastering machines and mixtures in construction through the use of automated and mechanized systems, units and robots. Theoretical aspect of the study of the process of plaster layer compaction with the help of a vibration platform of a robot plasterer with adjustable parameters. The main design and technological parameters of vibration compaction of the plaster layer and their influence on the efficiency of the process of compaction of vertical walls are revealed. The methods of experimental research are described, as well as experimental installations on which the laboratory experiment was carried out. The use of this technology allows to solve the problem of time costs and increase labor productivity indicators, as well as aspects of economic nature. When changing the physical and mechanical characteristics of the vibration platform its dependence of variation factors allows to form the most favorable conditions for the mechanical effect of vibrations on the efficiency of the process of plastering vertical walls. Plastering mixtures for obtaining a plaster layer are studied, the main physical and mechanical characteristics are analyzed, the requirements to be taken into account in the process of plastering are analyzed. The paper presents a comparison of physical and mechanical characteristics of the vibration platform, reveals the advantages and disadvantages of using different combinations of parameters. It is established that the use of a certain combination or change of one important parameter contributes to the increase of physical and mechanical characteristics in comparison with the traditional method of mechanical action.

Optimization of fuel and energy infrastructure for urban ground passenger transport system

Introduction. The influence of urban passenger transport on the formation of a comfortable urban environment is indicated. The role and place of the fuel and energy supply infrastructure as one of the subsystems in the urban ground passenger transport system is determined. The results of the review of scientific works in the field of designing the infrastructure of fuel and energy supply are presented. The insufficient degree of development of methodological support forming the integrated development of subsystems of urban passenger transport is noted. The purpose of the study is formulated, the tasks are defined, the solution of which ensures its achievement.Materials and methods. A brief description of the methodology for determining the main technological parameters of the fuel and energy infrastructure of the urban ground passenger transport system is presented. The sequence of use of the presented calculation formulas is determined, the main hypothesis underlying the research is described. The expected results are described.Results. As intermediate results of the conducted research, the data and functional dependencies obtained in the process of performing the research part of the work are presented. These data provide practical implementation of the developed methodology and allow modeling of the parameters of the projected infrastructure. The dependencies obtained as a result of modeling and which are the basis for the development of optimization measures are given. Discussion. It is noted that the logistics approach implemented in the development of the presented methods allows us to determine the design parameters of the fuel and energy infrastructure as one of the subsystems of urban passenger transport, which ensures the coordinated development of the system based on the conditions for achieving maximum efficiency.Conclusion. As a generalizing conclusion, it is noted that the practical implementation of the developed methodology within the framework of an integrated system approach makes it possible to achieve the set goal – to increase the efficiency of the urban ground passenger transport system.

Расчет поливной нормы при капельном орошении древесно-плодовых культур в садовых насаждениях

Purpose: to develop the methodology for calculating irrigation rate for drip irrigation of tree-fruit crops, ensuring the formation of moistened soil contours in soil space with the required geometric and moisture parameters. Materials and methods. The empirical basis for the methodology development was the materials of the author's research devoted to determining the geometric dimensions (parameters) of soil moisture contours. The working hypothesis of the study involved determining the water supply rate for one emitter, one tree-fruit plant and a number of crops in the plantation, with further determining drip irrigation rate per unit area of drip-irrigated agricultural land, taking into account the number of drip micro-water outlets located on it. Results and discussion. When determining the geometric parameters of moisture contours and water supply rate, the main soil and technological parameters of drip irrigation and contour formation (physical clay content in soil, its lowest moisture capacity and bulk density, levels of pre-irrigation and after-irrigation soil moisture, specified depth soil profile moistening and dripper consumption) were considered as influence factors. The dependencies obtained by the author make it possible to determine the linear, areal and volumetric dimensions of local moisture contours and water supply rate, which, under appropriate conditions of drip irrigation, ensures the formation of a local, initially formed moisture contour with the required soil wetting depth in the soil layer. A study of the proposed methodology showed a deviation of the predicted parameters from the experimental soil moisture contours within ±10.0 %. Conclusions. A methodology allowing determining the irrigation rate for drip irrigation of agricultural land as the sum of the water supply rates of all drip water outlets irrigating 1 hectare of agricultural land with practical accuracy has been developed.

Расчет поливной нормы при капельном орошении древесно-плодовых культур в садовых насаждениях

Purpose: to develop the methodology for calculating irrigation rate for drip irrigation of tree-fruit crops, ensuring the formation of moistened soil contours in soil space with the required geometric and moisture parameters. Materials and methods. The empirical basis for the methodology development was the materials of the author's research devoted to determining the geometric dimensions (parameters) of soil moisture contours. The working hypothesis of the study involved determining the water supply rate for one emitter, one tree-fruit plant and a number of crops in the plantation, with further determining drip irrigation rate per unit area of drip-irrigated agricultural land, taking into account the number of drip micro-water outlets located on it. Results and discussion. When determining the geometric parameters of moisture contours and water supply rate, the main soil and technological parameters of drip irrigation and contour formation (physical clay content in soil, its lowest moisture capacity and bulk density, levels of pre-irrigation and after-irrigation soil moisture, specified depth soil profile moistening and dripper consumption) were considered as influence factors. The dependencies obtained by the author make it possible to determine the linear, areal and volumetric dimensions of local moisture contours and water supply rate, which, under appropriate conditions of drip irrigation, ensures the formation of a local, initially formed moisture contour with the required soil wetting depth in the soil layer. A study of the proposed methodology showed a deviation of the predicted parameters from the experimental soil moisture contours within ±10.0 %. Conclusions. A methodology allowing determining the irrigation rate for drip irrigation of agricultural land as the sum of the water supply rates of all drip water outlets irrigating 1 hectare of agricultural land with practical accuracy has been developed.

The efficiency of the working process of a forestry primer with a hydraulic drive of a rotor-thrower

An analysis of the conducted studies of the causes of occurrence, methods and techniques used to combat and prevent a forest fire, including forest plows, ditchers and soil throwers, is presented. It has been established that units with active working bodies are the most effective, but the existing milling working bodies do not allow delivering the required amount of soil to the edge of a forest ground fire. The aim of the study is to increase the efficiency of the working process of a forest fire soil thrower by substantiating the parameters of a three-stage rotor-thrower with a hydraulic drive. A mathematical model of the working process of a three-stage rotor-thrower and a software package were compiled, with the help of which the main design and technological parameters of the soil-throwing unit were determined. Laboratory tests were carried out using the method of a full-factorial experiment. The optimal value of the angle of installation of the blades on the rotor-thrower in terms of the volume of thrown soil of 0.1 m3 per one m2 of the area of the mineralized strip is the angle of -10º, however, in terms of energy consumption, the optimal angle of inclination of the blades for all modifications of the rotor is an angle equal to 00. As a result of a comparative analysis by the method of alternatives it was found that the optimal modification of the rotor-thrower is R-20 at a rotation frequency of 20 rpm.

Development of automatic control system of drum boiler on the basis of fuzzy controller with pid-controller adaptation

The aim of the study is to reduce energy losses in a drum steam boiler by introducing an automatic control system realized on the basis of fuzzy adaptation of proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller coefficients using fuzzy term-multiplications. Control algorithms of the main technological parameters of the boiler unit (air quantity, fuel quantity, steam pressure, feed water flow rate), reducing energy costs due to the maintenance of the ratio of fuel and air pressure in accordance with the mode map of the boiler unit (optimal technological process of combustion and steam formation in a steam boiler) are developed. The structural scheme of the object control is offered, in which, besides regulation of values of technological parameters, full compensation of mutual influence of all regulation circuits is made.

Development of industrial technology of plant substance of viburnum opulus fruit liquid extract

Nowadays, the development of domestic herbal medicines for the treatment of diseases of the cardiovascular system remains one of the current problems in the health care system of Ukraine. Some types of plant raw materials that can be successfully used in the complex therapy of cardiovascular diseases include viburnum fruits (Viburnum opulus L.). Pharmacological activity, the antimicrobial, antioxidant and cardioprotective properties of the extract developed on their basis from the fruits of the viburnum opulus fruit liquid extract (VOFLE) have studied by preclinical in vitro researches.
 The aim of the work was the development of industrial technology of the domestic plant substance Viburnum opulus fruit liquid extract (VOFLE) for the purpose of it further introduction into the tablet dosage form.
 Experimental samples of viburnum opulus fruits of domestic origin were used as object of research, harvested in the experimental fields of the Institute of Vegetable and Melon growing of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine (Kharkiv region) to obtain the plant substance VOFLE. Physicochemical and pharmacotechnological methods of research have been used in our work.
 As a result of physical, chemical and pharmacotechnological researches, a domestic plant substance – Viburnum opulus fruit liquid extract (VOFLE) has been developed and standardized by extracting viburnum fruits (Viburni opuli fructus) by water-ethanol mixture 50% at the general ratio of raw material: extractant – 1:10, the analysis of each production stage of the technological process was carried out in order to establish the main technological parameters that are subjected to monitoring during the introduction of plant substances in industrial production and during the validation of the technological process.
 The technology of the domestic herbal substance viburnum opulus fruit liquid extract (VOFLE) obtaining was theoretically justified and experimentally developed with the aim of its further introduction into a tablet medicinal form of cardioprotective and membrane-stabilizing activity. A technological block diagram was developed with the definition of its main critical stages of the production process of the herbal substance, as well as a production equipment scheme, which was tested in industrial conditions of the LLC «Pharmaceutical Company "Zdorovya"», Kharkiv.

TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICAL MODELS OF WEAR ROLLS OF LONG PRODACTS MILLS

For long products rolling mills, a change in the indicators of wear and costs in a relatively wide range is characteristic, depending on the type of rolled product, the features of the technology, the materials used in the rolls, and other factors. This largely determines the level of operating costs when rolling profiles. Therefore, increasing the wear resistance of long product mill rolls was and remains an urgent task in metallurgy.
 The purpose of the work is to analyze the structure of known mathematical models of wear of rolls of rolling mills, features of wear of rolls of individual long-products rolling mills, and to determine a general approach to the construction of statistical models for predicting the wear of such rolls.
 From the review of the literature, it was established that the structure of most wear models includes technological parameters, that are most significant for a certain state, and an empirical coefficient. For the conditions of long products mill, in each of the stands, most of the parameters change within rather narrow limits due to technological deviations. Therefore, for stands mills in such conditions, it is advisable to use "local" statistical models obtained from the results of wear measurements. The structure of such models can be represented as the product of the empirical coefficient, which indirectly reflects the influence of the main technological parameters, and the friction way, as the main factor of the Archard model.
 As an empirical coefficient, it is recommended to use the indicative wear intensity of the rolls, defined as the ratio of the amount of wear of the groove roll to the mass of rolled products obtained from this pass. The revealed features of the change in the wear intensity indicator are due to the processes of processing the initial surface and the formation of a certain microstructure. After the rolling of the threshold mass of rolled products, these processes are completed and the indicator of wear intensity reaches a stable value. The initial and permanent value of the wear intensity indicator, as well as the threshold value of the mass of rolled steel, are determined based on empirical data on wear and mass of rolled steel for each of the stands mill.
 The proposed method of determining wear using the wear intensity indicator as an empirical coefficient that indirectly reflects the influence of all significant factors of the process provides sufficient accuracy of wear prediction and can be used to determine the costs of rolls.

New approaches to simplification of integrated asset models

The current trend in modeling of the development of oil and gas fields is the transition from models of individual elements of the production system to complex integrated asset models (IAM) of hydrocarbon production fields. The use of such models is especially relevant for the correct forecasting and management of hydrocarbon production in gas, gas condensate and oil and gas condensate fields, where the parameters of facility infrastructure determine the dynamics of production no less than wells and productive reservoirs. The complexity of integrated asset models is associated with the labor-intensive of its creation and the high requirements for computational and time resources required to create and maintain models. This article proposes approaches to increase the efficiency of calculations of integrated asset models while maintaining the quality of forecasting, which helps to increase the value of modeling and the degree of details of development of project solutions. A study of four integrated asset models configurations was carried out. Firstly, the operating features of a detailed integrated asset model are presented, and then methods for simplifying both the reservoir model and the gathering system model are described. For each model, key characteristics are given, as well as calculation algorithms. Through the example of a gas field, a numerical experiment was performed using all the considered configurations; a comparison of the main technological parameters of development was carried out, which showed similar results for all configurations. Based on the study, a conclusion was made about the possibility of using such simplified integrated asset models to perform operational, including multivariate calculations in addition to detailed integrated asset models.

Investigation of the ability of fat emulsification in the production of spread

   The article examines the main technological parameters of spread production, since the development of formulations for functional emulsion products and their production technology is an urgent task for the food industry. Currently, it is necessary to provide the population with low-calorie products, the organoleptic properties of which do not differ from traditional ones. When creating formulations for emulsion products, technological parameters are first taken into account. Compliance with the correct technological parameters leads to stable organoleptic properties during long-term storage. To do this, the ingredients are selected in such a way that when they interact, they produce a stable product. Since it is possible to obtain emulsion products of the desired composition with different ratios of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, as well as to change the content of various additives, it is natural that the attention of specialists is focused on the effective use of technical capabilities. industries in the production of products for different age groups of the population, as well as functional nutrition. Based on the emulsion study, micrographs were taken of different types of emulsion at different process parameters. Dispersion of the milk-fat phase “Butter: vegetable oil” is carried out until an emulsion of the “Solid” type with a fat globule size of 61.9 microns is obtained, which is carried out with mechanical stirring at a rotation speed of an anchor-type mixer of 110 - 150 rpm. The physicochemical and crystallization properties of the finished product were also studied.   The purpose of this study is to study technological parameters in the production of spreads and their impact on the process of formation of fat emulsion balls.

TRANSPORT SUPPORT OF METALLURGICAL PRODUCTION WASTE RECYCLING

Purpose. One of the possible ways to improve the efficiency and environmental friendliness of metallurgy is processing and reuse in production as raw material of iron-containing dusty waste. At the same time, an integral component of such waste recycling is the transportation of iron-containing dust from the sources to the granulation areas, where it is processed. However, existing technological solutions for dust transportation are characterized by significant dust generation both during loading-unloading operations and during transportation. In this regard, the paper considers dust-free transportation technology for dusty waste using tank containers. Methodology. During the research, methods of geospatial analysis of transportation routes, taking into account dimensional and weight restrictions, methods of planning the operation of motor vehicles on routes, methods of the theory of shunting work on railway transport were used. Results. The work on the application of one of the metallurgical enterprises presents the methodology for determining the required fleet of vehicles and the main technical and technological parameters of schemes for the iron-containing dust transportation in tank containers by road and rail transport. Scientific novelty. The obtained research results on transport process parameters allow to perform scientific and economic justification of choosing a technological scheme for the transportation of dust waste. Practical significance. The presented technological schemes can be used as solutions for the transportation support of recycling iron-containing dusty waste in metallurgical production.

Modelling artificial ground freezing subjected to high velocity seepage

Artificial ground freezing (AGF) is a ground improvement technique for ensuring the safety of underground construction works in water-bearing soils. High velocity water transport in coarse-grain soils can prevent the ice wall formation in brine-based ground freezing methods. This can be overcome by using expendable refrigerants such as solid carbon dioxide and liquid nitrogen, which provide much lower temperatures. Presented here is a model for analysis and design of ground freezing by expendable refrigerants under high velocity seepage conditions. Non-local mathematical formulations of heat transfer and water flow in soils are developed within the framework of the Peridynamics theory. Their computational implementation uses an adaptive multi-grid peridynamic approach to analyse large domains efficiently. The simulations are tested successfully against several benchmarks. The developed model enables reliable analyses of the effects of main geological and technological parameters on the ice-wall delivery in the presence of groundwater flow.

Primenenie iskusstvennogo intellekta dlya analiza protsessa izgotovleniya leynera

The paper demonstrates a technique that combines the use of artificial intelligence and the finite element method to analyze the production process of the liner – the seamless part of composite overwrapped pressure vessels obtained by tube forming. Instead of expensive physical experiments, computer simulation was used, which made it possible to quickly obtain "big data", including the main technological parameters of tube forming process, some metal flow features and the tendency for defects to appear. The processing of the data array was carried out in MATLAB using neural networks and a genetic algorithm for the multi-objective optimization problem. As a result, the influence of technological parameters on the formation of the liner geometry was determined, and the optimal variant of their manufacture was proposed, which is of practical interest to companies producing metal-composite cylinders.

Membrane Methods for Purification of Artesian Water with a High Content of Iron and Manganese

The effects of the main technological parameters, such as pressure, temperature of the separated solution on the process of ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis during the purification of artesian waters from iron and manganese compounds are considered.It was found that the use of ultrafiltration for pre-treatment and subsequent reverse osmosis is an effective way to obtain drinking water quality. The optimal technological diagram of artesian water treatment plants is shown.

Моделирование взаимосвязи силы резания с глубиной резания и объемами снимаемого металла единичными зернами при плоском шлифовании

Introduction. The model for calculating the cutting force is the basis of the modules of CAM-systems related both to the predicting processing errors on metal-cutting machines for specified grinding conditions, and to the optimizing all parameters of the technological mode (parameters of cutting modes, cutting tools, etc.). However, due to the lack of an adequate model for calculating the cutting force presented in engineering form, such modules have not yet been developed not only for flat grinding operations, but also for all other types of metalworking. It is challenging to obtain an adequate cutting force model for flat grinding operations because it is necessary to establish the interrelation between the machine parameters of the macrocutting modes (feed, cutting speed) of the grinding wheel with the parameters of the microcutting modes — the sets of cutting grains of the wheel associated with the plastic deformation of the metal in the shear zone, microvolumes of the metal being removed and the geometry of the cutting part of the abrasive grains. The purpose of this work is to develop a force model establishing the interrelation of the cutting force with the cutting depth and the volumes of the metal being removed by single grains and the wheel as a whole on the basis of the integration of microvolumes and microforces when metal being removed by the wheel grains. Research methods. The subject of the research is the mathematical modeling of the interrelation between the cutting force and cutting modes with the parameters of microcutting by a group of single grains, based on the equality of work when metal being removed of the same volume. The methodological basis of the research is the connection between the work (energy) spent on the plastic deformation of metal by a single grain, the intensity of stresses, the intensity of deformation rates and the volume of the metal being removed by the wheel as a whole, established by S.N. Korchak. Results and discussion. The result of the study is an analytical model that reliably and adequately establishes the interrelation between the cutting force and the cutting depth, cutting modes, wheel characteristics, physical and mechanical properties of the processing material, and other main technological parameters. The field of application of the results is the possibility of using the cutting force calculation model, presented in this paper, as a basis for the development of a module for a CAM-system (a digital twin of the machining), which would allow to perform the calculation and design of optimal technological parameters of the flat grinding operation, as well as cutting modes testing according to the criterion of processing accuracy of a parts batch, considering the influence of various variable factors and real processing conditions within the manufacturing process.