Main Stalks Research Articles

Corn yield components can be stabilized via tillering in sub-optimal plant densities.

Crop plasticity is fundamental to sustainability discussions in production agriculture. Modern corn (Zea mays L.) genetics can compensate yield determinants to a small degree, but plasticity mechanisms have been masked by breeder selection and plant density management preferences. While tillers are a well-known source of plasticity in cereal crops, the functional trade-offs of tiller expression to the hierarchical yield formation process in corn are unknown. This investigation aimed to further dissect the consequences of tiller expression on corn yield component determination and plasticity in a range of environments from two plant fraction perspectives - i) main stalks only, considering potential functional trade-offs due to tiller expression; and ii) comprehensive (main stalk plus tillers). This multi-seasonal study considered a dataset of 17 site-years across Kansas, United States. Replicated field trials evaluated tiller presence (removed or intact) in two hybrids (P0657AM and P0805AM) at three target plant densities (25000, 42000, and 60000 plants ha-1). Record of ears and kernels per unit area and kernel weight were collected separately for both main stalks and tillers in each plot. Indicated tiller contributions impacted the plasticity of yield components in evaluated genotypes. Ear number and kernel number per area were less dependent on plant density, but kernel number remained key to yield stability. Although ear number was less related to yield stability, ear source and type were significant yield predictors, with tiller axillary ears as stronger contributors than main stalk secondary ears in high-yielding environments. Certainly, managing for the most main stalk primary ears possible - that is, optimizing the plant density (which consequently reduces tiller expression), is desirable to maximize yields. However, the demonstrated escape from the deterministic hierarchy of corn yield formation may offer avenues to reduce corn management dependence on a seasonally variable optimum plant density, which cannot be remediated mid-season.

Supervised and Weakly Supervised Deep Learning for Segmentation and Counting of Cotton Bolls Using Proximal Imagery.

The total boll count from a plant is one of the most important phenotypic traits for cotton breeding and is also an important factor for growers to estimate the final yield. With the recent advances in deep learning, many supervised learning approaches have been implemented to perform phenotypic trait measurement from images for various crops, but few studies have been conducted to count cotton bolls from field images. Supervised learning models require a vast number of annotated images for training, which has become a bottleneck for machine learning model development. The goal of this study is to develop both fully supervised and weakly supervised deep learning models to segment and count cotton bolls from proximal imagery. A total of 290 RGB images of cotton plants from both potted (indoor and outdoor) and in-field settings were taken by consumer-grade cameras and the raw images were divided into 4350 image tiles for further model training and testing. Two supervised models (Mask R-CNN and S-Count) and two weakly supervised approaches (WS-Count and CountSeg) were compared in terms of boll count accuracy and annotation costs. The results revealed that the weakly supervised counting approaches performed well with RMSE values of 1.826 and 1.284 for WS-Count and CountSeg, respectively, whereas the fully supervised models achieve RMSE values of 1.181 and 1.175 for S-Count and Mask R-CNN, respectively, when the number of bolls in an image patch is less than 10. In terms of data annotation costs, the weakly supervised approaches were at least 10 times more cost efficient than the supervised approach for boll counting. In the future, the deep learning models developed in this study can be extended to other plant organs, such as main stalks, nodes, and primary and secondary branches. Both the supervised and weakly supervised deep learning models for boll counting with low-cost RGB images can be used by cotton breeders, physiologists, and growers alike to improve crop breeding and yield estimation.

High resolution 3D terrestrial LiDAR for cotton plant main stalk and node detection

Dense three-dimensional point clouds provide opportunities to retrieve detailed characteristics of plant organ-level phenotypic traits, which are helpful to better understand plant architecture leading to its improvements via new plant breeding approaches. In this study, a high-resolution terrestrial LiDAR was used to acquire point clouds of plants under field conditions, and a data processing pipeline was developed to detect plant main stalks and nodes, and then to extract two phenotypic traits including node number and main stalk length. The proposed method mainly consisted of three steps: first, extract skeletons from original point clouds using a Laplacian-based contraction algorithm; second, identify the main stalk by converting a plant skeleton point cloud to a graph; and third, detect nodes by finding the intersection between the main stalk and branches. Main stalk length was calculated by accumulating the distance between two adjacent points from the lowest to the highest point of the main stalk. Experimental results based on 26 plants showed that the proposed method could accurately measure plant main stalk length and detect nodes; the average R2 and mean absolute percentage error were 0.94 and 4.3% for the main stalk length measurements and 0.7 and 5.1% for node counting, respectively, for point numbers between 80,000 and 150,000 for each plant. Three-dimensional point cloud-based high throughput phenotyping may expedite breeding technologies to improve crop production.

Peculiarities of morpho-biological and valuable economic features in spring barley lines and cultivars

Purpose and objectives - to determine the breeding value of spring barley cultivars and lines.Materials and methods: Twenty-two cultivars and 3 lines of spring barley were taken as the test material. The field experiments were carried out in the competitive variety trial nursery in compliance with the method of state variety trials. The forecrop was grain pea. The plot area was 10 m2; the experiments were carried out in 4 replications. Barley was sown with a breeding seeder SSFK-7. The yield, growing period length, lodging resistance, performance and its structural elements were determined. Calculus of variations analysis of variance were performed in STATISTICA 10 and EXCEL as BA Dospekhov described.Results and discussion: The peculiarities of 22 cultivars and 3 lines of spring barley were described by expression levels of the following quantitative traits: morpho-biological (performance, total and productive tillering capacity, spikelet and grain number per spike, spike length, grain weight from the main ear and lateral stalks) and economic (yield, growing period length, lodging resistance) ones.The variability of quantitative traits of the accessions under investigation was determined. In particular, the plant height variability was low (9.5%), the spike length and grain weight from the main spike variabilities were medium (15.6 and 19.5%, respectively), and the variability of other traits were high.The analysis distinguished intensive high-yielding cultivars Margret, Grace, Avhur, Datcha, Khors, and Troian and the line 14-561 (5.07–4.84 t/ha); lodging-resistant cultivars Amil, Troian (Lider), Datcha, and Grace and line 15-139; and high performance cultivars Amil, Khors, Hatunok, Akhiles, and Krasen.Conclusions. As a result of determining the characteristics of the spring barley accessions with high levels of expression of quantitative morpho-biological and economic traits, the breeding value of cultivars and lines suitable for combination breeding was evaluated.

Distribution of pests by various elements of the relief and agrolandscape

The influence of relief elements and agrolandscape on the features of distribution of quantitative and qualitative composition of pests is considered. It is established that in the slope-hollow agrolandscape the maximum amount of weed seeds is in the upper soil layer 0-10 cm, in the underlying layers their number sharply decreases. The maximum number of weeds was in the zone of the forest belt influence. The infestation on gentle slopes is 1.3-1.8 times higher than on steep slopes. Differences in weather conditions influences on the level of contamination. In wet years, when there is no runoff to the plateau, it is 9-14 times higher than in the dry years. Weather conditions are reflected to a lesser extent on cones of removal, where the contamination changes only 3-4 times. Damage of the main stalks of winter wheat on the southern slope with capsid grain bug in the years of drought is 1.94 times higher compared to plants growing on the plateau, and on lateral ones - by 1.38 times.

Vliv draslíku na růst, obsah minerálních látek a tvorbu výnosu ječmene jarního (Hordeum Vulgare L.)

In model experiment, an influence of increasing KCl doses on spring barley growth, accumulation of main mineral nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na) in main stalks, offshoots and roots and on yield formation and its structure was observed. Increase of weight of above-ground parts of plants was inhibited only at the beginning of experiment by increasing KCl doses, particularly, significantly lower growth of offshoots, but on the other hand production of dry weight of roots was negatively influenced during whole cultivation. Accumulation of main mineral nutrients in the plants was mostly influenced at potassium. Uptake of potassium by plant increased up to 37%. Yield of kernels was higher at variants with application of KCl but the correlation between higher K doses and the yield increase has not been statistically proved. Increase in the yield was reached by higher number of offshoots, higher number of kernels and higher weight of kernels in comparison with control. Content of main mineral nutrients in kernel was not influenced by application of KCl, but potassium content in straw was significantly increased.

Influence of Knife Bevel Angle, Rate of Loading and Stalk Section on Some Engineering Parameters of Lilium Stalk

Some physical and mechanical property testing of main stalks of Lilium was conducted to provide information for future automatic machine design. Shear, compression and bending properties of Lilium stalks were determined with using a universal testing machine. The experiments were conducted at three rate of loading levels from 30 to 50 mm/min, three knife bevel angle levels from 30 to 60 degree and at two levels the stalk; upper and lower. The results showed that all the mentioned above parameters had significant effect on the measured mechanical properties (P<0.01). In all three loading rate, an increasing the shear strength and specific cutting energy were observed as the knife bevel angle increased. The highest compression strength and specific compressing energy were 6.86 MPa and 21.34 mJ/mm at the lower level, while the lowest 2 As the loading rate of the stalk increased, the bending strength decreased, indicating a reduction in the brittleness of the stalk. The average values for modulus of elasticity were found to be 23.48 and 15.96 MPa for stalk regions of upper and lower, respectively.

Tannin Induced Single Crystalline Morphology in Poly(ethylene succinate)

AbstractPolarized‐light optical microscopy (POM), wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), and atomic‐force microscopy (AFM) are used to analyze the crystalline morphology in poly(ethylene succinate) (PESu) interacting with hydrogen‐bonding biodegradable tannin (TA). Upon interactions with TA via strong intermolecular H‐bonding capacity with PESu, the regular Maltese‐cross spherulites in PESu gradually transform to a pattern of maple leaves (10 wt.‐% TA). At 20 wt.‐% TA, the crystal patterns assume a highly dendritic seaweed shape (with the branches perpendicular to main stalks). Detailed characterization using AFM analyses showed that the minute crystal entities in the seaweed‐like dendrite crystals are flat‐on and take a multilayer diamond (lenticule) geometry approaching the shape of single crystals in PESu. The trend of variation with increasing TA is equivalent to decreasing the film thickness in the neat PESu. The diamond‐shape flat‐on crystals are packed into a terrace structure resembling a pyramid, indicating that multiple single crystals are stacked with partial overlapping. The strong H‐bonding interaction between TA and PESu, assisted by a confined thickness, induces a single‐crystal packing, which is equivalent to crystallization into discrete single crystals in dilute solutions. magnified image

Preliminary application of digital visualization of anterolateral thigh flaps in clinic

Objective To introduce three-dimensional reconstruction technique used in clinic for wound repair with anterolateral thigh flaps. Methods Eight patients who needed wound repair with the anterolateral thigh flap underwent CT or MRI scanning preoperatively after injection of contrast medium. Their anterolateral thigh flaps were reconstructed three-dimensionally with Amira 4. 1 software. The points, lines and surface of the actual anterolateral thigh flaps were designed and marked according to their digital three-dimensional reconstruction of the flaps. Results In each of the 8 cases, an individualized anterolateral thigh flap was reconstructed three-dimensionally. The three-dimensional reconstruction could show thethree-dimensional relations of blood vessels, skin and adjacent tissues clearly. In 5 cases, the main stalks and perforating branches were displayed clearly in accord with intraoperative findings. In 3 cases, the main stalks were clearly displayed, but perforating branches not. In 2 of them, the diameter of perforating branch wasfound about 0. 5 mm and in the other one less than 0. 3 mm in operation, in this group, 7 flaps survived completely and 1 flap had partial necrosis on the edge. Conclusion The three-dimensional reconstruction of the anterelateral thigh flap on the basis of CT or MR angiography can provide clear visualization of the anatomy and thus can help surgeons in operative design and dissection of the flaps. Key words: Surgical flaps; Three-dimension reconstruction; Angiography; Microsurgery

Twenty‐Four Cycles of Mass Selection for Prolificacy in the Golden Glow Maize Population

Maize (Zea mays L.) has the potential to produce an ear primordium at several nodes, and selection for increased prolificacy often increases grain yield. We have previously demonstrated the effectiveness of mass selection for increasing the number of active ear shoots in the ‘Golden Glow’ maize population. The objective of our research was to evaluate associated changes in ear and plant morphology after 24 cycles of mass selection for prolificacy in Golden Glow. Cycles 0, 6, 12, 18, 23, and 24 were grown in 1997 at two locations (Madison and Arlington, WI) at two planting densities (15 070 and 73 197 plants ha−1). At the lower planting density, the mean number of ears per plant increased from 1.61 at C0 to 4.93 at C24, and the response rate increased over the more recent cycles, mainly from C18 to C24. At C24, tiller number has increased, and lateral branches (terminating in ears) were located at approximately one node higher and two nodes lower on the main stalk compared with the original population. Total node number on the main stalk increased, and the internode length decreased over the 24 cycles, but the opposite occurred for lateral branches. At the lower planting density, ear diameter, ear length, and kernel size decreased by 0.03, 0.10, and 0.01 cm cycle−1, respectively, but total number of kernels per plant and dry kernel weight per plant increased significantly at a rate of 36.69 kernels cycle−1 and 5.60 g cycle−1 over the 24 cycles. Similar trends, but of lesser magnitude, were observed at the higher planting density. The changes in plant morphology observed across cycles of selection for prolificacy represent a general derepression of axillary meristematic growth in both main stalks and lateral branches.

Twenty-Four Cycles of Mass Selection for Prolificacy in the Golden Glow Maize Population

Maize (Zea mays L.) has the potential to produce an ear primordium at several nodes, and selection for increased prolificacy often increases grain yield. We have previously demonstrated the effectiveness of mass selection for increasing the number of active ear shoots in the ‘Golden Glow’ maize population. The objective of our research was to evaluate associated changes in ear and plant morphology after 24 cycles of mass selection for prolificacy in Golden Glow. Cycles 0, 6, 12, 18, 23, and 24 were grown in 1997 at two locations (Madison and Arlington, WI) at two planting densities (15 070 and 73 197 plants ha−1). At the lower planting density, the mean number of ears per plant increased from 1.61 at C0 to 4.93 at C24, and the response rate increased over the more recent cycles, mainly from C18 to C24. At C24, tiller number has increased, and lateral branches (terminating in ears) were located at approximately one node higher and two nodes lower on the main stalk compared with the original population. Total node number on the main stalk increased, and the internode length decreased over the 24 cycles, but the opposite occurred for lateral branches. At the lower planting density, ear diameter, ear length, and kernel size decreased by 0.03, 0.10, and 0.01 cm cycle−1, respectively, but total number of kernels per plant and dry kernel weight per plant increased significantly at a rate of 36.69 kernels cycle−1 and 5.60 g cycle−1 over the 24 cycles. Similar trends, but of lesser magnitude, were observed at the higher planting density. The changes in plant morphology observed across cycles of selection for prolificacy represent a general derepression of axillary meristematic growth in both main stalks and lateral branches.

Biology of suckers: late‐formed shoots in sugarcane

SummarySuckers in sugarcane are tillers that form late in the growing season after the population of main stalks has been established. Their biology has rarely been studied, though unsubstantiated comments relating to their morphology, development and number are abundant. In this paper, the literature is reviewed and new experiments presented. Comparison of suckers, emerging plant and ratoon cane showed that suckers have a different leaf and stem morphology. Suckers have a greater diameter at their stem base and shorter and wider leaves than primary stalks of a similar age. In 1 ‐year‐old crops, suckers have been demonstrated to decrease the net sucrose concentration of harvested material by diluting sucrose in the main stalks. By comparing main stalks without suckers to those that have initiated suckers, evidence is presented that suckers may also be decreasing the sucrose content of the stalks from which they are growing. Genotypic and environmental factors influence sucker number. Several experiments were designed to identify environmental stimuli for suckering. Increased nitrogen, through application late in the growing season, was found to increase the numbers of suckers present. Manipulation of the light environment of main stalks showed that a change in light quality (but not necessarily quantity) stimulated suckering. Further work is underway to define how these environmental stimuli lead to sucker initiation and growth. Major scientific questions that should be addressed are: the identification of other potential environmental stimuli, how the signals are perceived and translated into sucker initiation, and why suckers have different morphology. The practical challenge is to combine the new information about sucker biology and develop from it strategies to alter agronomy and select new cultivars that results in decreased suckering.

The Synapse-Like Interaction between Chloroplast, dictyosome, and Other Cell Compartments during Increased Ethylene Production in Leaves of Rye (Secale cereale L.)

Rye (Secale cereale L.) plants were treated with an ethylene releaser ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) in concentration of 4×10−2 M. We studied electron microscopically, if and how chloroplasts interact with well-documented sites of ethylene production/binding, i.e., with endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes, mitochondria, plasma membrane, and tonoplast. During the sharp increase of ethylene synthesis in mesophyll cells of rye leaves, the direct local continguity of chloroplast envelope or envelope protrusions with the above mentioned cell compartments was typical. Moreover, a large number and diversity of versatile chloroplast-dictyosome associations were conspicuous, in which both the chloroplast and each cisterna of dictyosome were capable to exo/endocytosis. The dictyosomes were directed towards the chloroplasts, plasma membrane, or tonoplast both with cis-face, trans-face, or with the rim, they could change their direction or shut up the trans-face, developing simultaneously several flexible chains of vesicular dispatches among chloroplasts and some other cell compartments. This reflects interaction of protein/ethylene producing, photosynthesising, DNA containing compartments, and regulated action of lysosomal system. Structural contacts and vesicular transport among compartments of symplastic system equalises concentrations of H+, Ca2+, etc. ions, as well as provide connection with an apoplast. We propose that ethylene functions in plant mesophyll cells are both as intra/intercellular signalling substance and as phytohormone that regulates gene expression in nuclei, chloroplasts, and mitochondria in a complicated synapse-like process and causes programmed death of leaves of the main stalks of rye for the sake of promoted growth of side shoots.

Effects of Shoot Apex Removal and Fruit Herbivory on Branching, Biomass and Reproduction in Verbascum thapsus (Scrophulariaceae)

The purpose of this study was to interpret patterns of branching in natural populations of Verbascum thapsus L. (Scrophulariaceae) and to investigate whether the suppression of lateral meristems by apical dominance imposes a potential fitness cost in this species. Disruption of apical dominance by removal (clipping) of shoot apices resulted in shorter plants and greater branching but did not affect total biomass, number of fruits, number of seeds per plant or percent germination of seeds. Seeds from clipped plants, however, were approximately 30% heavier than those from unclipped plants, indicating that apical dominance imposes a potential fitness cost to V. thapsus. Plants with shoot apices intact were mostly unbranched but were more likely to be branched if they were taller. The fruits on the main stalks of these taller and more branched plants were significantly more heavily infested by a curculionid weevil (Gymnaetron tetrum Fab.). Lateral branches of these naturally branched plants, however, were less infested than the main stalks. These results indicate that the weevils are attracted to larger plants and that weevil damage may induce branching. An alternative hypothesis could not be discounted, i.e., that larger plants are more branched because they have greater resource availability, thus allowing release of lateral meristems from inhibition by apical dominance.

Further Analysis of the Mating System in Two Mass Selected Populations of Maize1

In order to determine whether main stalks (MS) and tillers (T) outcross at different rates, estimates of the amount of outcrossing (t) vs. self‐fertilization (s = 1 − t) were made at nine enzyme loci in MS and T fractions of two maize (Zea mays L.) populations that had been mass selected for prolificacy [NHG(M)P‐17] and grain yield [NHG(M)C‐22]. The weighted mean single‐locus estimates of t were 0.96 for P‐17MS, 0.92 for P‐17T, 0.82 for C‐22MS, and 0.95 for C‐22T. The multilocus outcrossing values were 1.00, 0.93, 0.83, and 0.93. The results show that outcrossing was the predominant form of mating in all population fractions, but a substantial amount of selfing (9%) also occurred. The P‐17 population selected for prolificacy selfed at a lower rate (4%) than the C‐22 population selected for increased grain yield (12%). The rate of selfing was similar in T fractions of both populations (7%), but MS selfed at a higher rate (17%) in C‐22 than in P‐17 (0%). This suggests a possible advantage to using MS samples when selecting for increased prolificacy in ‘Hays Golden’ germplasm. The results also suggest that for the C‐22 population greater progress from mass selection for high grain yield would occur if progeny from T ears (t = 0.93) were used to form the successive generation rather than progeny from MS ears (t = 0.83).

STUDIES ON THE EXTENTION OF THE ROOT-SYSTEM OF COTTON PLANT.

1. The upland cotton plants (Kanno-ichigo) were planted in the root-boxes and investigations were made concerning the growth process of root-system and the influences which were exerted upon the 2 nd period-growth by several managements and the relation between the growing process of root-system and that of main stalks. These managements are as follows:- (1) Over nitrogenous manure division (2) the defoliation division (3) the trimmed-root division (4) the ringing division (5) the division where growth-hormon (0.001%) was irrigated under the ground (6) the division where growth-hormon (0.002%) was sprayed over the plant. 2. Three growth period can be seen in the growth process of root-system of cotton plant:- the 1st growth period lasts until the beginning of flowering and is followed by the non-growth period (for 20 days), and then comes the 2 nd growth-period. 3. The growth of root-system in the 2 nd growth-period is much accelerated by the above-mentioned managements. 4. The growth process of main stalks and that of root are almost alike. But even in the non-growth-period of root system, main stalks continue to grow though in a small degree. 5: In the 1st growth-period, the prime in growth of root-system precedes a little that of main stalks, but in the 2 nd growth-period the relation is vice versa.

The Development of the Flowers from the Curd of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea botrytis)

THE oleracea structure botrytis) of the appears head or in curd the literature of the broccoli to have and been cauliflower misunderstood. {Brassica oleracea botrytis) appears in th literature have been misu derstood. Masters (1849) says: 'The cauliflower and broccoli afford familiar illustrations of the hypertrophy of the flower stalk accompanied by a corresponding defective development of the flowers' (p. 421). According to Worsdell (1915), ' . . the whole inflorescence becomes greatly hypertrophied, involving very copious branching of the pedicellar system, and in which the flowers are completely suppressed, has given rise to the variety of the cabbage known as the cauliflower . . .' (vol. ii, p. 40), and 'Examples are afforded by the cauliflower and broccoli, in which, owing to excessive hypertrophy of the pedicels, the flowers are not developed, or only a vestigial calyx' (p. 248). From this it would appear that the curd has developed into a purely vegetative organ. Actually the whole inflorescence is hypertrophied, but the flowers are not defective, the curd being merely an intermediate stage in the development of the flowers and seed. After the curd has developed it is rapidly disrupted by the elongation of the main stalks to varying degrees. Plate XXIX, Figs 1-6, show successive stages in the further development of one of these pieces of the disrupted curd. Fig. i. ist day, the masses of white hypertrophied flowers are separating by the elongation of the secondary stalks. Fig. 2. 3rd day, the stalks are elongating further and losing their fleshy character. The white curd is developing pigment (in the centre at 2 o'clock), while (at 10 o'clock) pigment has been developed and the hypertrophied bud tissue has begun growing out into buds. Fig. 3. 6th day, the same processes are continuing and the buds in the centre mass have now differentiated their sepals. Fig. 4. 8th day, the minor branches are continuing to elongate and the pedicels of the buds are lengthening. At the right-hand side is a partially differentiated mass of buds that is beginning to abort; probably due to starvation, as it did not appear to have suffered any injury. Fig. 5. 17th day, here the buds are nearly ready to burst-. The aborted [Annals of Botany, N.S. Vol. II, No. 7, July 1938.]

Observations on the Response of Adults of the European Corn Borer to Light in Egg Laying

In its active stages as adult and larva the European corn borer ( Pyrausta nubilalis Hubn.) is, for the most part, a lover of darkness. As dusk approaches during the periods of the year when the moths are in the field, they become active, fly, mate and deposit eggs during the hours of darkness and as dawn approaches they become inactive and rest or hide on the under side of leaves or in other protected places, remaining quiet during the day to resume activity when darkness approaches again. The larva, because of its habit of feeding in tunnels within the host plant throughout development, except in some instances during the first and second instar, is also negatively phototropic. Any migration of the larvae that may take place or any movement of larvaeoutside of the burrow that may occur, happens principally at night, and while large numbers of larvaemay be found moving about outside their burrows at favorable times during the hours of darkness, they are seldom seen in daylight. On hatching from the egg, however, the young larvaefrequently wander about on the plant, feed on the epidermis of the leaves or bore into the leaves or midribs of leaves and feed for a time before entering the main stalk of corn or other food plant. This is especially the case in the spring when the food plants are small and even the main stalks frequently being too delicate to accommodate the larvae. They soon seek shelter, however, and bore into the main stem or other parts of the plants that offer protection. In some instances during studies of migration, the young larvaehave been found to be less susceptible to light than older larvae, a condition that is undoubtedly comparable to the activity of the newly hatched larvaein the habit of surface feeding before burying themselves within the tissues of the food plant.

Value of Corn Pollen from Suckers vs. From Main Stalks

Value of Corn Pollen from Suckers vs. From Main Stalks C. P. Hartley C. P. Hartley Washington, D.C. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Heredity, Volume os-2, Issue 1, January 1906, Pages 141–144, https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/os-2.1.141 Published: 01 January 1906