Main Socioeconomic Characteristics Research Articles

Socio-economic analysis of the trawl fleet targeting Deep-water rose shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris) and European hake (Merluccius merluccius) in North Tunisia (2015–2017)

The paper summarizes the methods and results of a three years socio-economic study (2015–2017) on the bottom trawl fleet targeting Deep water rose shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris) and European hake (Merluccius merluccius) in North Tunisia. Socio-economic data collected were processed to estimate 25 indicators related to employment, activity, demographics and economic performance of the fishery. The indicators estimated highlighted both the profitability and fragility of this fishery, which strongly relies on the product demand from the international market. During the three years of study, the economic profits have been positive for the target fishery. Indicators of demographics and employment describe a well-performing fishery, close to international standards and with further margins for improvement. The number of fishers employed on board (on average 11 fishers per vessel), the age of the fishing fleet (an average age of 45 years) and the number of fishing units accessing the fisheries (strongly related to the size of the migrant fleet) are among the main factors characterizing the fishery and undermining its stabilization and further development. This first appraisal of its main socio-economic characteristics could be part of the baseline information needed by policy makers to ensure environmental, social and economic sustainability to bottom trawl fishery in North Tunisia. The study is also an opportunity for testing the approach proposed by the FAO as a standard procedure for socio-economic studies on Mediterranean fisheries.

К вопросу о программе исследования социально-экономических факторов ростового процесса у современных российских школьников

Materials and methods. For the analysis, data on total body dimensions boys and girls 7-17 years old: body length and weight, chest girth; and according to the main socio-economic characteristics: the level of education and profession of the parents, the number of children in the family used. The value of the body mass index is calculated. A univariate discriminant analysis of the data normalized within each age and sex group was carried out (with a one-year interval, the average age is equal to an integer number of years). The statistical reliability of the differences in the average indicators for groups assessed depending on the edu-cation or profession of one of the parents, the number of children in the family, or the level of material security of the family. Results and discussion. The coefficients of correlation between socio-economic characteristics and the average values of the studied morphological characteristics by groups calculated, depending on the socio-economic characteristics. The two surveyed groups differ significantly in the socio-economic characteristics of the surveyed families. In modern Moscow, the nature of the connections between them has completely changed; accordingly, the nature of the noted statistically significant differences in the mean values of the studied morphological characteristics by groups has changed, depending on the specific socio-economic characteristics. Conclusions. The set of features describing the socio-economic status of the family of the examined child must correspond to the conditions prevailing in each specific situation, both from the point of view of information content and from the point of view of information availability.

An agent-based framework for simulating interactions between reservoir operators and farmers for reservoir management with dynamic demands

Agricultural water demand may dynamically vary as socioeconomic characteristics of farmers evolve. Reservoir operation under dynamic demand has a quite new origin. This paper employs an Agent-Based Model (ABM) in combination with the standard reservoir operating policy (SOP). Proposed framework (ABM-SOP) simulates a dynamic long-term reservoir operation considering the variations of agricultural water demand as socioeconomic behaviors of farmers evolves. In the proposed ABM, farmers are assumed to have memory and individual characteristics that make exclusive decisions based on their knowledge about the prevailing conditions. Farmers' water demand varies dynamically with their main socioeconomic characteristics addressed by their age, education, risk-taking ability, and dependency on agricultural income. Farmers respond to amount of available water by changing the cropping pattern and irrigation technology without any obligation from policymakers. Results of this study indicate that first, through the dynamic interaction between farmers and reservoir operators, water stress experienced by farmers is reduced by about 50%; they gain 20% more profit by making adapted decisions under different circumstances. Second, the most critical factor influencing the farmers' responses is risk-taking rate that might be managed to increase flexibility of farmers in their decisions. Third, a bottom-up approach applied in this research shows that selfish farmers could be smart enough to make proper decisions in response to fluctuation in available water as a result of self-organizing ability (i.e. ability of individual agents to organize their collective behaviors through interacting with each other rather than external intervention or education) of complex human-natural systems. Farmers would balance their risk-taking status based on their education, and as they receive information on reservoir storage and water availability for allocation. So, policymakers can improve the efficiency of their decisions by promoting the information exchange with all stakeholders and parties involved in the system operation.

Análisis socioeconómico de la actividad pesquera en la Asociación de Mariscadores “Los Isleños” de Puerto Bolívar

The aim of analyzing the social and economic aspects of the Association of Autonomous and Related Seafood Producers Los Isleños of the Puerto Bolívar (Machala-Ecuador), a database was generated with information on fishing activity. Consequently, a survey was applied to the members to determine the main socioeconomic characteristics. The main economic activity is the collection of shells, but its income is reduced by selling to intermediary traders, added to this the few areas that remain of the mangrove ecosystem and the little control that the authorities exercise in the marketing of this product. This research highlights the weaknesses of the Association, which with a little training could improve the commercialization of its product and thus improve the quality of life of its members and their families.

Conjoint analysis to understand preferences of contraceptives among women of reproductive age in Ukraine

This article describes the results of marketing research using conjoint analysis that was conducted to establish the preferences of contraceptives among women of reproductive age in Ukraine to further use the results for effective marketing decisions making in the pharmaceutical industry. It was established that the women`s choice differs significantly depending on their main socioeconomic characteristics: age, income level, and level of education. Priority contraceptives from hormonal, non-hormonal contraceptives, as well as contraceptive medical devices for different age groups of women, was identified. Alfred Marshall’s main economic law was confirmed and the existence of price elasticity according to preferences was established. The results obtained on women’s preferences for certain types of contraceptives will improve the level of compliance, women’s pharmaceutical safety and promote a balance between women’s needs and the capabilities of the contraception supply system.

Sexism and its associated factors among adolescents in Europe: Lights4Violence baseline results.

Despite the efforts of recent decades to reduce gender inequality, sexism is still prevalent among adolescents. The objective of this study was to identify the main socioeconomic characteristics, personal experiences, resources, and competencies associated with sexism in a sample of adolescents from different European countries. Baseline data from the Lights4Violence project included 1555 students ages 12-17 from secondary schools in six European countries (Spain, Italy, Romania, United Kingdom, Portugal, and Poland). Linear regression models were carried out, stratified by sex for benevolent (BS) and hostile (HS) dimensions of the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory. The average age of the sample was 14.3 years (SD = 1.5), 59.3% were girls. Boys scored higher on the measure of sexism (mean BS = 29.7; HS = 29.1) than girls (BS = 27.5, HS = 23.0; p < .001). Girls whose mothers had a university degree reported lower BS (β = -0.113; p = .023) (reference: lower education). Girls who had experienced dating violence reported higher HS (β = .080; p = .010) than those who had never been in an intimate relationship. For both sexes, high aggressiveness was associated with high levels of HS, and high aggressiveness was related to high levels of BS in boys. High assertiveness was associated with high levels of BS in both sexes and with high levels of HS in boys. A high level of problem-solving ability was associated with lower HS in both sexes. The study reinforces the need to invest in school programs aimed at preventing dating violence and promoting positive youth development.

CARACTERIZACIÓN SOCIOECONÓMICA DE BOCAS DEL TORO EN PANAMÁ: UNA APLICACIÓN DE TÉCNICAS MULTIVARIADAS

The objective of this work was to identify the main socioeconomic characteristics of the villages with an agricultural vocation in the Bocas del Toro district, Panama, through multivariate techniques. The two principal components that accounted for 84.0% of the total variation were selected using the Principal Components Analysis. This allowed a classification in three strata, discriminating the populated centers of greater agricultural activity in the district. The study identified that the factors with the greatest impact on the characteristics of the population studied were: the development of agriculture in indigenous territories, the proportion of economically inactive people and economic occupation other than agriculture; This characterization serves as the first approach to the study of sustainable land management in indigenous territories.

La Prosperitat. Nou Barris (Barcelona) Construcción del espacio público para todos

El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo realizar una primera aproximación al barrio La Prosperitat (Nou Barris) bajo el contexto del confinamiento en tiempos de COVID19, el cual nos obliga a reconsiderar los procesos de trabajo y mecanismos de aproximación a un territorio intocable.La herramienta Google Earth y las distintas plataformas que nos proporcionan información virtual de la ciudad, darán cuenta de nuestras posibilidades y limitaciones para acceder a un barrio que solo podremos visitar desde la pantalla.Analizaremos La Prosperitat abordando sus límites y contexto territorial, su evolución en el tiempo, sus principales características socio económicas, su relación con políticas y programas urbanos, su conectividad y espacio público, destacando las principales intervenciones realizadas en él.

Evaluación de la Soberanía y Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional de las familias en las comunidades rurales del municipio de La Concepción, departamento de Masaya en el periodo de mayo a diciembre del año 2015

Con el objetivo de evaluar la Soberanía y Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional (SSAN) en las comunidades rurales del Municipio de La Concepción, se realizó una investigación de tipo descriptiva, correlacional y analítica, prospectiva y transversal. A partir de los resultados obtenidos se concluyó que: 1) Las principales características socioeconómicas son que los jefes de hogares son del sexo masculino con 58.13%, tienen un bajo nivel de escolaridad con un 36.9% en educación primaria. El 90% de ellos tienen empleo activo, aunque con bajos ingresos de C$ 4,346.38 promedio por mes. 2) Las principales asociaciones entre las variables de producción, ingreso y consumo, ocurren entre consumo de granos básicos y el número de personas que se encuentran en el hogar. Además, se demostró una correlación significativa entre el número de personas en el hogar y el consumo de arroz, frijol, azúcar, aceite, huevos cebolla, papas y plátano verde. 3) Se determinó que existe relación positiva entre la producción y consumo del frijol rojo, aunque su valor es bajo. 4) El Análisis de Varianza (ANOVA) entre las variables de producción e ingreso, demostró diferencias significativas. El ANOVA sobre la producción de cítricos para las diferentes comunidades, no demostró diferencias significativas; y 5) El Análisis Multivariante de la Varianza (MANOVA) para el patrón de consumo de carbohidratos, demostró que el consumo entre las comunidades rurales tiene diferencias significativas, con un p = 0.022. Para el patrón de consumo proteínas, el MANOVA demostró que el consumo entre las comunidades rurales no tiene diferencias significativas con un p = 0.209.

Aposentadoria rural especial e a dinamização no comércio local em Boa Esperança - PR

O presente artigo tem por finalidade apresentar uma reflexão sobre os impactos da aposentadoria rural especial na melhoria das condições de vida de beneficiários e familiares, e na dinamização do comércio local no município de Boa Esperança – PR. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida por meio de: estudos bibliográficos, levantamento de dados estatísticos, aplicação de questionários a aposentados rurais, realização de entrevistas com representantes de entidades locais e comerciantes. O problema da pesquisa está em levantar as principais características socioeconômicas dos aposentados rurais; compreender se houve melhorias significativas nas condições de vida dos agricultores e familiares após aposentarem-se; e avaliar se os recursos oriundos da aposentadoria rural especial têm impactado na dinamização do comércio do município. Os resultados alcançados mostraram que o público aposentado rural é formado em sua maioria por pequenos proprietários de terra, e que a aposentadoria rural, apesar do baixo valor do salário mínimo, é tida pela maioria dos aposentados como fator de mudanças positivas em suas vidas, pois gera estabilidade financeira à família e amplia significativamente a renda. Além disso, os recursos previdenciários geram dinamização do comércio local, contribuindo para processos de desenvolvimento.

Shifts in settlement pattern and socioeconomic situation of African Americans in Miami metropolitan area

Miami metropolitan area is one of the fastest growing in the United States. Unlike most other metropolitan areas of the country, there is no dominant group in its racial composition. The dichotomy “African American principal city / white suburbs”, usual for other metropolitan areas, has been replaced by a constantly changing pattern of settlement of three race groups of comparable size with a predominance of Hispanics. In this article the spatiotemporal dynamics of the structure of the settlement of African Americans in the period 2000–2017 was analyzed. Its morphological features were compared with the main socio-economic characteristics, as well as with an assessment of the level of racial diversity. As a result, for the largest cities of the agglomeration, the basic patterns of the areas of concentration of African Americans as well as the dynamics of socio-economic indicators were determined. A general decrease in the level of spatial concentration of African Americans was revealed, which was accompanied by multidirectional socio-economic processes in different cities. Finally, it was discovered that the socio-economic status of African Americans was worsened the most in the metropolitan cities with the most rapid economic growth. At the same time, the areas of concentration of other racial groups have grown in developing cities. This may indicate an uneven distribution of the positive effects of economic development among racial groups.

Acceso a los servicios de energía. Una crítica a la Agenda 2030 de México

El objetivo del artículo es identificar y describir a los hogares mexicanos en función del acceso a los servicios de energía y de sus características socioeconómicas principales, para mostrar la relación entre el acceso a la electricidad y a los servicios que brinda la energía. Se aplicó una metodología cuantitativa con técnicas multivariantes, que incluyó el análisis de conglomerados de K medias y el de correspondencias. Los resultados advierten que hay hogares con alta homogeneidad y heterogeneidad intergrupal, escenario que revela un problema de desigualdad social en torno al acceso a los servicios de energía, esto a pesar de que casi todos cuentan con electricidad. La limitante del estudio fue la falta de información oficial sobre la capacidad (potencia), tamaño y marca de los equipos electrodomésticos. Se concluye que el Estado debe implementar una política energética que reconozca esta diferenciación social, con un enfoque trasversal de sostenibilidad económica, social y ambiental.

Factors affecting personal autonomy and perceived accessibility of people with mobility impairments in an urban transportation choice context

IntroductionThis paper studies factors affecting personal autonomy and perceived accessibility of people with mobility impairments in an urban transportation choice context, taking the city of Tunja, Colombia, as a case study. MethodsIn the context of our research, mobility impairments refer to a person's inability to use one or more of his/her extremities, or a lack of strength to walk. We conducted a survey in February 2018, using a face-to-face questionnaire consisted of three parts that were relevant to our study: facing a discrete choice experiment, rating a set of indicators of latent variables, and reporting the main socioeconomic characteristics. We estimated a hybrid discrete choice (HDC) model to identify the socioeconomic characteristics affecting personal autonomy and perceived accessibility and also test the hypothesis that these latent variables are determinants in the choice process of urban transportation mode for people with mobility impairments. ResultsThe empirical results demonstrate that perceived accessibility is different for travelers with a low income, wheelchair users, mobility impairments caused by aging and transit dependents. We also find that personal autonomy varies depending on car owners, permanent mobility impairments, wheelchair users, and workers in comparison with other people. The population heterogeneity we obtained through the latent variables allows us to identify policies to improve the quality of life for people with mobility impairments. ConclusionsThis paper advances the knowledge of how tangible and latent attributes affect the transportation choice process for people with mobility impairments by estimating an HDC model that integrates waiting time, travel time, urban transportation costs, personal autonomy, and perceived accessibility. Our results also contribute to a better understanding of the transportation needs of people with mobility impairments in developing countries.

Analysis of the main socio-economic characteristics of ACE inhibitors and their consumption trends in Ukraine

Analysis of the main socio-economic characteristics of ACE inhibitors and their consumption trends in Ukraine

Razões para Morar em Centros Históricos: O Caso de Belém (PA, Brasil)

Muitos centros históricos de cidades brasileiras experimentam a degradação física dos seus prédios e espaços públicos, algo comumente acompanhado do esvaziamento econômico e populacional. O Centro Histórico de Belém (CHB) também tem experimentado um declínio físico, mas, ao contrário de outras cidades, vem mantendo forte dinamismo econômico e moderado crescimento populacional. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar as principais características socioeconômicas dos moradores que procuram CHB para viver e quais as razões mais fortes para morar no local, informação útil para a definição de uma política habitacional destinada a usar imóveis vazios existentes no local. Utilizaram-se dados do censo de 2010 e de entrevistas com 58 responsáveis por domicílios que alugam ou compraram domicílios no local nos últimos cinco anos, selecionados de forma aleatória sistemática. O teste exato multinomial foi usado como teste de significância estatística. Os resultados indicaram que a maioria dos moradores que procuraram moradia no CHB tem nível de instrução média, são de classe média baixa em termos de rendimentos e são profissionais autônomos. Proximidade de locais de trabalho e de compras diárias foram os dois motivos mais citados para viver no local. A maioria dos entrevistados também demonstrou bom nível de satisfação em viver no CHB.

Перспективы развития онлайн-обучения для территориальных кластеров

The article shows the main socio-economic characteristics of distance education. The authors noted that the online training - one of the most popular and promising directions of development of distance education and courses MOOK platforms have great potential for the development of students. The article also highlights the main obstacles for the development of online education in the Russian society. Finally, recommendations about the use of professional standards for the specialized organizations of industrial clusters, regional innovation clusters and cluster development centers.

On the Heterogeneity in Longevity Among Socioeconomic Groups: Scope, Trends, and Implications for Earnings-Related Pension Schemes

Heterogeneity in longevity between socioeconomic groups is increasingly documented for developed economies and is reviewed in the paper. Heterogeneity in life expectancy disaggregated by main socioeconomic characteristics A¢â‚¬â€œ such as age, gender, race, health, education, profession, income, and wealth A¢â‚¬â€œ is sizable and has not declined in recent decades. The prospects for future decline are not strong, either; perhaps even to the contrary. As heterogeneity is closely linked to income or earnings (i.e., the contribution base of earnings-related retirement income programs such as social security benefits and private sector life annuities) and as heterogeneity is empirically sizable, the result is major implicit taxes for some groups A¢â‚¬â€œparticularly the less educated and low earners A¢â‚¬â€œand major subsidies for other groups A¢â‚¬â€œ particularly highly educated individuals and high-income earners. The implications for retirement income reform and scheme design are substantial as taxes/subsidies counteract the envisaged effects of (i) a closer contribution-benefit link, (ii) a later formalretirement age to address population aging, and (iii) more individual funding and private annuities to compensate forreduced public generosity.

The phenomenon of new Spanish emigration: its historical retrospect and present post-crisis reality

The article outlines new trends in the international flows of highly-skilled human resources from Spain because of deep economic crisis started in 2008 with its dramatic social consequences. High levels of youth unemployment as a result of downturn of national labor market provoked emigration of young Spaniards. The paper aims to compare the main socio-economic characteristics of recent migration and massive movements of the 1960-1970s when thousands of domestic Spaniards went abroad, to neighboring European countries to find a job and better life conditions. That historical wave of migration had rotary cycles and was composed mainly by low educated and unskilled workers. In comparison, among recent Spanish-born emigrants predominates educated and highly-qualified youth. However the Europe is the main end of attraction, some Latin American countries are increasing their importance due to the government politics with the purpose of recruiting Spanish scientists and highly qualified professionals.

Ride, shoot, and call: wildlife use among contemporary urban hunters in Tr&amp;#234;s Fronteiras, Brazilian Amazon

Most bushmeat studies in the Amazon region focus on hunting patterns of indigenous populations in rural settings. Our study describes the existence of urban hunters in medium-sized towns. Using a variety of data collection methods, we describe the main socioeconomic characteristics of urban hunters in Benjamin Constant and Atalaia do Norte, Brazil. We analyze the patterns and motivations of urban hunters as well as the type of prey harvested and quantities traded. All interviewed hunters are caboclos, people of mixed Brazilian indigenous and European origins from rural areas who now live in urban and peri-urban areas. Living in these more populated spaces allows these hunters better market options for their harvest and allows them to alternate hunting with other economic activities. Only 29% of the interviewed hunters relied solely on hunting. In total, 11.6 tons of bushmeat were harvested (of which 97% was traded) by four hunters during the monitoring period (60 days). The most hunted species were terecay (Podocnemis unifilis), curassow (Crax sp.), paca (Cuniculus paca), and tapir (Tapirus terrestris). The ratio of bushmeat sold to that consumed, as well as the level of participation in the bushmeat market chain, allowed us to differentiate between specialized and diversified hunters. Specialized hunters sell 81% of the bushmeat caught to known wholesalers in the city. Diversified hunters sell 21% of their total catch to families, neighbors, or friends directly as fresh meat, avoiding intermediaries. For all hunters, hunting localities are associated with peri-urban roadways that are easily reached by motorbike or bicycle from the hunters' houses in the urban areas or city fringes. Our results show that urban hunters in medium-sized towns exemplify how traditional hunting systems can be adapted in the face of globalization, by living close to the market, at relatively manageable distances from hunting grounds, and using modern methods of transportation and communication to bypass law enforcement.

What determines exit from social assistance in Spain?

The aim of this article is two‐fold. Firstly, we try to identify the main socioeconomic characteristics that explain the dynamics of social assistance in Spain. Secondly, we carry out a number of tests to assess to what extent individual characteristics accounting for duration differ in the different types of exit from social assistance. Analysis of periods on social assistance shows that belonging to an ethnic minority and employability are the two main determining factors leading to prolonged spells of social assistance. The results also show a striking similarity between the profiles of exits from the programmes due to ‘successful reasons’ and due to fraud. Exits from the programmes for other reasons occur in a clearly different way.