Main Sectors Research Articles

Increasing labour productivity by providing innovative activities in when repair and service sector in livestock industry

At present, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus are significantly behind the developed countries in terms of labor productivity and the share of domestic companies implementing technological innovations in the main sectors of the economy (especially in agriculture). One of the significant factors of this lag is the underestimation in past years of the promising potential of various innovative technologies and, as a consequence the very limited and slow implementation of breakthrough innovations in the most signifi cant sectors of the domestic economy. The decisive turn of the state economic policy of neighboring states in the area of deep technological transformation of all sectors of the economy is aimed at an innovative breakthrough and reaching advanced growth rates in the technological and economic development of fraternal countries. However, along with the introduction of the latest technologies the creation of completely new modern high-tech industries, which will require colossal fi nancial investments, the task of comprehensively and thoroughly exploring internal production reserves, searching for new forms and methods of improving the effi ciency of labour organization at existing enterprises, which will also bring a noticeable economic effect, remains relevant. This article describes in sufficient detail practical activities to improve and streamline accounting, planning, certifi cation, rationalization of workplaces of animal husbandry technical service organizations under the current conditions of the developing market. The results of the studies show that certifi cation and rationalization of workplaces are eff ective tools in fi nding internal production reserves to improve the use of labour resources, fi xed production assets, promotes the replacement of obsolete equipment, improves the relationship between workplaces, improves working conditions, and optimally balances the need for labour with the number of existing workplaces. This will significantly increase the overall efficiency of activities and competitiveness of service enterprises in the fi eld of animal husbandry.

Assessing Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Manufacturing Industries: A Systematic Review

Emissions of pollutants and their consequences for the atmosphere have received special attention from international organizations in recent years due to the climate crisis predicted in the next decades. In this regard, the Carbon Dioxide (CO2) produced in industrial sectors is one of the most concerning compounds because of its impact on global warming and climate change. This study developed a systematic review of Carbon Dioxide Emissions from manufacturing industries considering one decade of research documents focused on addressing this problem. For this, different assessments such as the trend of published articles, top-cited studies, the network evaluation of journals, and keywords network evaluation were conducted. After a careful data-driven analysis, research trends were identified. Findings revealed the increased urgency of finding and assessing information regarding the climate crisis due to CO2 emissions as well as revealing which main sectors and research areas have been involved in its investigation. Furthermore, the most influential contributions and clusters of words obtained demonstrate interrelationships among research trends that are focused on finding new paths to generate more sustainable processes in every manufacturing industry. This study aims to generate valuable insights into the role played by manufacturing industries in the context of the environmental situation, revealing trends and key points among the scientific community.

Estimating the Impact of Sectoral Output on Employment for Nigeria Economy (1981-2021)

The purpose of this research is to determine the employment effects of contributions to GDP by the main sectors in the context of Nigeria and to understand the relative importance of each sector. This study investigates the contributions of the three broad sectors of the economy to total employment over the period 1981 to 2021 using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) technique. Sectoral output was proxied by agricultural GDP, industry GDP and services GDP respectively while employment was measured by total number of employed persons. The Bounds test signaled the existence of cointegrating relationships between the series at both aggregated and disaggregated levels, necessitating both short and long run analysis for the study. The best performing sector in terms of employment intensity is the agricultural sector suggesting its labour-intensive nature. The impact of growth in industrial sector on employment appears to be a case of jobless growth while the impact of increases in service sector GDP on employment appears to be more like the case of job-loss growth. The agricultural sector supports growth-led employment for Nigeria while the service sector negates it. The service and industry sectors have low labour absorption capacity as the former is technology-driven while the latter is capital-intensive. The government should as a matter of urgency improve on its provision of finance and other support services to the agricultural sector. It is also necessary to devise verifiable methods to attract the teeming young population to actively participate in the agricultural sector with a view to developing its value chain. A growing service sector and a shrinking agricultural sector can only at best perpetuate the already challenging unemployment situation in Nigeria. The government should conduct an audit of the country’s agricultural sector for an in-depth understanding of the needs and then prioritise these needs in public expenditure allocations while ensuring that targeted funds get to those who are active farmers.

Managing phosphorus input pressures for improving water quality at the catchment scale

Phosphorus (P) pollution of freshwater is an endemic threat to water quality and aquatic biodiversity. To better define the contributions of the two main food system sectors (agriculture and wastewater) responsible for freshwater P pollution, we investigated how the magnitude and distribution of sector P input pressures calculated using Substance Flow Analysis (SFA) linked to the P pollution threat across four distinct physiographic regions of the River Stour catchment (1260 km2) in Dorset, England. Agricultural P input pressures (−1 to 7 kg ha−1 yr−1) were dependent on the amount of livestock feed imports and resulting manure loadings to land, whilst food imports and population densities were the main driver of the human net P inputs of up to 13 kg ha−1 yr−1. Total P input pressures (i.e. Net Anthropogenic P Inputs (NAPI)) were positively correlated (r2 0.8–0.9) to riverine P flux of up to 6 kg ha−1 yr−1 across the catchment. Using measured river P concentration (C) and flow discharge (Q) analysis to distinguish monitoring stations capturing mainly diffuse P sources (termed diffuse stations), estimated riverine P fluxes attributable to agriculture varied up to 0.92 kg ha−1 yr−1 depending on the surplus P inputs applied to land. A combination of enhanced wastewater P removal and reduced surplus agricultural P inputs was required to improve water quality. For example, the P pressure-river P flux relationship at diffuse stations suggested that in the catchment area dominated by livestock production, removing the agricultural P surplus of 7 kg ha−1 yr−1 would reduce annual average river SRP concentrations in this area by a third to 0.23 mg L−1, but still well above the target concentration for eutrophication control (0.08 mg L−1). Our approach of linking SFA outputs to measured river P data provides a potential complimentary and internationally relevant methodology to evidence effective sector mitigation targets and policies in catchments, and its further testing in other catchments is recommended.

Methodology for assessing the effectiveness of innovations, robotization and automation in the automotive industry

The current trend in the automotive industry confirms that innovation and process automation are increasingly helping the industry’s development and economic growth. In addition to the digitalisation of society, new technologies are also being actively developed. The economic development of a country is inextricably linked to the development of process innovation, process automation and robotisation. In this paper, the theoretical background of innovation approaches in the automotive industry and performance evaluation methodologies have been discussed. Industrial robots and robotic technological complexes, which are universally used in industry, have existed for about 50 years and at the present moment of time replace humans and displace them from the sphere of production to the sphere of services and control. To ensure balanced economic development, the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan closely monitors the main economic sectors and endeavours to support domestic manufacturers in every possible way. The automobile industry is no exception. The purpose of this article is to conduct a brief theoretical review of the state of the automobile industry, as well as to study foreign experience. We have studied the methodology of economic efficiency assessment. The study showed that innovation, robotisation and automation undoubtedly lead to the economic development of both regions and the country as a whole.

Mechanism for Correcting the Imbalance in the Agricultural Trade Balance and the Relationship with Economic growth in Iraq for the period (2000-2022)

The research touches on one of the most important economic indicators, which is the agricultural trade balance index and its relationship to economic growth in Iraq. Although Iraq has the potential to promote the agricultural sector to be the main economic sector, the reality in Iraq does not reflect this. The agricultural sector has deteriorated significantly in recent decades, reflected in the state of the trade balance, which remained in deficit throughout the period (2000-2020), despite the fact that the total trade balance was in surplus throughout the aforementioned period due to reliance on the export of only one raw material, crude oil. The study found that the trade balance suffers from chronic imbalances that have weakened its impact on economic growth in Iraq.

Fisheries management for food security in the Maldives

Purpose. The goal of the study was to assess trends in providing food security with a special emphasis on efficiency of the local fisheries and offer evidence-based improvements, which can improve resource management and protect disadvantaged population in the Maldives from nutrition insecurity aggravated by strong import dependency. Methodology / approach. The methodological basis of this study was a set of modern qualitative economic and quantitative mathematical methods including factor analyses, econometric and optimisation modelling. This approach ensured holistic research and reasonable recommendations on providing food security and maintaining efficient fisheries management compared to international experience and intrinsic aspects that determine a fish catch and consumption in the Maldives. Results. The conclusions of the paper relate to the further development of fisheries to combat the identified negative trends in domestic fish consumption and an unstable fish catch by atoll in the Maldives. The conducted factor analysis detected relationships between a fish catch, fishing trips, engaged vessels, fish species, and fishing methods. The study findings proved the optimal locations where it is advisable to establish additional fish storages and ice plants taking into account indicators of a poverty rate, a share of children, and a population density. The research conclusions allow the authors to state that the outlined scientific proposals can essentially improve food security in the Maldives, which is threatened by land shortage and overpopulation. Originality / scientific novelty. The scientific novelty of the work is in presenting a clarified picture of challenges that Maldivian fishermen face nowadays. The scientific novelty lies in the identification of weaknesses in fisheries management and the proposals of areas of potential growth that are crucial for ensuring food security not only on poor islands but for the whole country. Practical value / implications. The main practical value of the research results is the development of recommendations for increasing fish catch and organising post-harvest processing, which are vital for the Maldivian fishery, as it is the country's main export sector. In addition, the study contributes to food security in the Maldives through proposed interventions aimed at supporting the most disadvantaged populations in the scattered atolls.

The unconventional petroleum system of a mixed siliciclastic-carbonate sequence: Irati Formation, Paraná Basin, Brazil

Widespread rhythmic intercalation of a millimeter- to meter-scale hydrocarbon source rock (organic-rich shale and marlstone) and a carbonate reservoir (micritic and peloidal dolostone) are unusual. Here, the case of the Irati Formation (Paraná Basin) is reported, in which source rock strata have high total organic carbon (averaging 10 to 20 wt%), with dominance of highly oil-prone kerogen type I and II. Multivariate statistical analyses were applied to find patterns in the geochemical multivariate data set. The data points to three main productive sectors in the basin: Paraná Sector, Santa Catarina Sector, and Rio Grande do Sul Sector. Quality, quantity, and petroleum potential vary both laterally and vertically. On the other hand, the reservoir carbonate beds are predominantly composed of low-primary pore space, in which the effective reservoir capacity is determined by the presence of postdepositional secondary porosity. In addition, the Paraná-Etendeka magmatism, which occurred during the break-up of the Atlantic Ocean, played an important role in thermal maturation and primary oil migration.

The Ignored Impact of the Livestock Sector on Climate Change: An Analysis from the Perspective of International Law

Abstract Climate change stands as the paramount challenge confronting humanity in the contemporary era. Attempting to address the problem, the main sectors responsible for it have been subject to domestic or international policies and laws aimed at reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, except one: livestock. Given that animal-sourced food production contributes a large portion of GHG emissions, this Article aims to analyze the impacts that the exclusion of the livestock sector, in efforts to tackle climate change, would have on compliance with international treaties on the subject, especially the Paris Agreement. One conclusion reveals that state parties, by ignoring the sector, will violate several articles of the Agreement, which will likely lead to the failure of its main purpose of holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C.

Synergies quantification and evolution on air pollutant and CO2 emissions driven by different socio-economic effects

Realizing a synergistic reduction of air pollutant and CO2 emissions (APCE) is an important approach to promote a green socio-economic transformation in China, and it can provide a solid foundation for the achievement of clean energy production and climate action under a sustainable development goal framework. The objective of this study is to explore the quantitative relationship and evolution of synergies between APCE in industrial sectors driven by different socio-economic effects from 2007 to 2020 in China. The results indicated that the main sectors of pollutant emissions had consistency, however, large differences in the reduction efficiency of emissions exist among pollutants. The efficiency in reducing CO2 emissions was about 48% lower when compared with reductions of SO2 (95%), NOx (86%), and smoke and dust (83%) emissions from 2007 to 2020. The effects of improved technology were the main contributor to a reduction in pollutant emissions, but the synergies between APCE driving by it were not achieved. While the synergies between APCE driven by structure and final demand effects were significant. The synergies between NOx and CO2 emissions were stronger driven by final demand structure and type effects, with correlation coefficients of 1.06 and 1.13, respectively. Besides, the degree of synergistic reduction between APCE in most industrial sectors was around zero. Therefore, the efficiency of synergistic pollution reduction should be improved with the development of a synergistic governance system for industrial sectors. The structural decomposition analysis based on input-output model combined with the cross-elasticity analysis method to quantitively synergies between APCE from the consumption (demand) perspective, considering the connections between industrial sectors with socio-economic developing, which would contribute to the industrial synergistic reduction and green transformation as the consumption driven gradually increasing.

Video Games, Violence Justification and Child-to-Parent Violence

AbstractDuring the past decade, video games have become the main industrial entertainment sector, although research on the effects of violence in video games on juvenile aggressiveness has raised concerns that they may pose a significant social risk. The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship of exposure to violent video games, pathological video-gaming, and justification of violence with the perpetration of Child-to-Parent Violence (CPV) against the mother and the father, controlling for the sex, educational level, and violent TV exposure of the participant. The sample consisted of 439 students from Compulsory Secondary Education, (238 boys and 201 girls), aged between 13 and 18. Exposure to video games was assessed through an author-elaborated questionnaire, violence justification, and pathological video-gaming were evaluated with the Exposure to Violence Questionnaire and the Assessment of Pathological Computer-Gaming, respectively, and CPV was assessed through the Child-to-Parent Aggression Questionnaire. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that pathological video-gaming and, specially, justification of violence, were related to the perpetration of CPV against both mothers and fathers. However, a relationship of exposure to violent video games and violence on TV with the perpetration of CPV was not found. These results suggest a potential new target for CPV prevention, as well as for the treatment of juvenile offenders.

Anti-crisis adaptation of the Ukrainian tourism industry

With the development of tourism, a tourism companies or destinations become as dependent as possible on a wide variety of political, social and economic events, and this actualizes a number of risks and increases vulnerability to a potential crisis. The set of crises that befell Ukraine throughout the 21st century, each time destabilized the progressive development of the tourism sector, pushed entrepreneurial initia­tives back into the past. Mitigating the impact of crisis phenomena on the development of tourism cannot be imagined without a detailed statistical analysis of these impacts and the level of adap­tability of tourism as a whole and its individual branches. The purpose of the article is to reveal the impact of several large-scale crises of the 21st century on Ukrainian tourism and study the degree of adaptability of its industries through a number of indicators, including the economic and financial results of the relevant business entities. The main hypothesis of the study was that different sectors of the economy, the enter­prises of which are part of the tourism sector, are characterized by different degrees of adaptabi­lity to large-scale crises. When writing the article, the results of several state statistical observations and expert assessments were used. The article examines in detail the ways in which crises and upheavals have shaped and changed the tourism landscape of Ukraine in recent years. The study highlights the tangible, measu­rable consequences of major shocks – from a sharp decrease in the number of tourists and their behavior patterns to sharp changes in the economic results of the sectorʼs enterprises. The work aims to provide a detailed understanding of the sustainability and adaptability of the two main sectors of tourism - the hospitality and tour operating sectors. This analysis highlights the factors that have enabled certain tourism sectors to withstand the crises of recent years, while others may have struggled to adapt and recover. By carefully cataloging these trends and pat­terns, research provides information that can help design mitigation strategies

Trade policy revisited: how government support initiatives affect international performance in SMEs?

Purpose This paper aims to understand how government support initiatives can enhance the international performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). To address the gap of literature, this paper employed three theoretical lenses to examine both of direct and indirect relationships between two main constructs. Design/methodology/approach This empirical study is based on data collected from Armenian exporter SMEs. The data collection utilized a random sampling approach, resulting in 138 fully completed questionnaires, yielding a response rate of 28.4%, comparable to previous studies in international business research. This sample includes firms from three main sectors: agriculture, manufacturing and services, reflecting the structure of Armenia's international trade. Relationships were examined using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Findings The results of this study indicate that government support initiatives lack a direct impact on international performance, while positing instead an indirect connection between the two constructs through strategic capability and institutional pressures. Originality/value The results of this study contribute to the international business literature in several ways. First, it surpasses the conventional examination of government support on firm performance by delving into both the direct and indirect relationships between these constructs. Second, it reveals that not all theoretical viewpoints hold equal strategic importance in explaining the internationalization of SMEs. From the practical point of view, findings help policymakers to maximize a country's export capacity by implementing tailored initiatives, considering the unique requirements of SMEs.

How do social enterprises respond operationally to conflicting demands? A resource-based view

PurposeSocial enterprises live in the limbo between social and market objectives, posing many operations management challenges. This study extends the discussion of operational priorities, which has focused on purely for-profit organisations, to the context of social enterprises by exploring, from a resource-based perspective, which resources and operational priorities are most important to them and how they are used to respond to conflicting demands.Design/methodology/approachMultiple case study research was carried out involving five Portuguese social enterprises, representative of the main sectors in which social enterprises operate in Europe. Ten semi-structured interviews with directors and other high-ranking respondents were conducted, and content was analysed to gather evidence on the key resources and operational priorities pursued by social enterprises. Cross-case conclusions were drawn, resulting in theoretical propositions and a conceptual framework.FindingsFindings suggest that social enterprises rely on intangible resources and combine different operational priorities, which may vary throughout their lifecycle. Community engagement has emerged as a specific operational priority, in addition to those already reported in the manufacturing and services literature. To balance conflicting demands, most social enterprises studied combine innovation with community engagement or customer focus.Originality/valueThe study contributes to the development of knowledge about the operations strategy in the specific context of social enterprises, an organisational model that has not been systematically addressed in the operations management literature, and brings the discussion of operational priorities into the social enterprise field, thus strengthening the link between these two fields.

Defaults on government guaranteed loans by potential high growth firms: Evidence from the COVID-19 period

Equity finance is used to fund innovative and growth-oriented businesses because of its resilience during economic downturns and investors' willingness to undertake higher risks compared to other financing. During the pandemic, 6500 equity-funded firms obtained government-guaranteed loans from traditional banks and new lenders. Our analysis of the determinants of loan default revealed that new lenders experienced a significantly higher default rate than the main banking sector. Additionally, firms funded by equity crowdfunding have a higher loan default rate than those backed by other equity providers. We explore the factors influencing defaults and variations by lender and investor type.

Possibilities for increasing labour productivity by implementing innovative activities in the repair and service sector of animal husbandry

At present, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus are signifi cantly behind the developed countries in terms of labor productivity and the share of domestic companies implementing technological innovations in the main sectors of the economy (especially in agriculture). One of the signifi cant factors of this lag is the underestimation in past years of the promising potential of various innovative technologies and, as a consequence the very limited and slow implementation of breakthrough innovations in the most significant sectors of the domestic economy. The decisive turn of the state economic policy of neighboring states in the area of deep technological transformation of all sectors of the economy is aimed at an innovative breakthrough and reaching advanced growth rates in the technological and economic development of fraternal countries. However, along with the introduction of the latest technologies the creation of completely new modern high-tech industries, which will require colossal financial investments, the task of comprehensively and thoroughly exploring internal production reserves, searching for new forms and methods of improving the efficiency of labour organization at existing enterprises, which will also bring a noticeable economic effect, remains relevant. This article describes in sufficient detail practical activities to improve and streamline accounting, planning, certifi cation, rationalization of workplaces of animal husbandry technical service organizations under the current conditions of the developing market. The results of the studies show that certification and rationalization of workplaces are effective tools in fi nding internal production reserves to improve the use of labour resources, fixed production assets, promotes the replacement of obsolete equipment, improves the relationship between workplaces, improves working conditions, and optimally balances the need for labour with the number of existing workplaces. This will significantly increase the overall efficiency of activities and competitiveness of service enterprises in the field of animal husbandry.

Correlation between Sectoral GDP and the Values of Road Freight Transportation in Colombia

A correlation between economic development and road freight is demonstrated in the literature review provided in this paper. This relationship was studied in relation to the global gross domestic product (GDP) of the countries under review. Therefore, this paper presents the validation of this correlation in the Colombian case, based not only on global GDP, but also on the GDP for each of the main economic sectors of the country. The correlation was analyzed using several of the following statistical methods: correlation using the non-parametric method (Spearman), the causality relationship using the Granger test, the relationship between variables using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and multivariate correlation to establish the level of significance of each economic sector by means of the p-value. The study concludes that the best correlation is between the GDP of some economic sectors and the amount of freight transported one year later.

Digitalisasi Desa Wisata untuk Optimalisasi Promosi Pariwisata dan Budaya di Desa Batuan Kabupaten Gianyar

Tourism is one of the main sectors in economic growth in several countries in the world. A well-developed tourism sector can make a great contribution to a region. In Indonesia, tourism is one of the most important sources of income, especially in Bali, which is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world. One of the interesting destinations in Bali is the Batuan Tourism Village. Batuan Tourism Village has indeed planned from the beginning to create a website that is specifically for Tourism Villages only, because it has the goal of focusing more on the Tourism Village website only so that tourists can more easily find tourist destinations they want to visit. Batuan Village apparently still has difficulties in introducing its cultural and artistic tourism to prospective tourists who want to come. With the problems that have been explained, the researcher provides a solution in the form of a website that focuses on the tourism sector in the Batuan Tourism Village. The results of the post-test evaluation given to the village staff showed good results after the website management training was held.

Перспективы развития рынка мяса и мясной продукции России в условиях новых вызовов

Abstract. Topicality of adjusting the targets of agri-food policy and food security policy in Russia is determined by changes in both external and internal conditions for agri-food complex functioning. Macroeconomic forecasts create the basis for revising and adapting the directions of development of the main sectors of the agri-food complex. The purpose of this study is to develop alternative forecasts for the production and consumption of main types of meat and meat products in Russia to substantiate strategies for domestic market development. Methods. General scientific methods of cognition were used, such as dialectics, analysis and synthesis, and monographic methods. Forecast calculations were carried out using economic and mathematical methods. The scientific novelty of the study is as follows: the development of a methodological approach to substantiate the prospects for the development of meat and meat products production considering the balance of the meat products market and the consistency of conflicting targets in the field of import substitution, physical and economic accessibility of food for the country's population. The methodological recommendations developed during the study can serve as the scientific basis for midterm development programs of individual segments of the Russian food market. Results. It was revealed that in the short term, new challenges related to economic sanctions and COVID-19 had minor impact on the meat and meat products market. Limiting barriers to development are systemic economic problems: demographic situation and low real income. Alternative forecasts for development of markets for the main types of meat were developed.

Anti-Russian sanctions in the domestic oil and gas industry: problems and prospects

The relevance of the topic of the scientific article is determined by a number of circumstances related to the fact that the oil and gas industry is one of the main sectors of the Russian economy, as well as an important component of domestic exports. The sanctions of Western countries on the economy of the Russian Federation have had a noticeable impact on the operating conditions of the industry and the requirements imposed on it by the world and the national economy. The article formulates the challenges facing the industry, which is under sanctions, and shows the possibilities of its development in 2024 and in the future. According to the author, the effectiveness of industry management, improvement of technologies, logistics, as well as the search for non-traditional sales markets are of fundamental importance today. The purpose of the article is to identify the problems of the domestic oil and gas industry that arose in the sanctions conditions, to identify realistic directions for its development. The subject of the study is the hydrocarbon industry of the Russian Federation, the object of the study is changes in the domestic energy sector under the influence of Western sanctions. The article used analytical, comparative, empirical methods and visualization. It is shown that along with the development of traditional energy in the Russian Federation, it is important to pay close attention to the intensification of activities in the field of renewable energy sources. A number of measures have been proposed to reduce the negative impact of sanctions on the hydrocarbon segment of the domestic economy.