Main Schools Research Articles

Əbu Hənifə və Rəy məktəbi

As it is known, in the early Islamic period, that is, during the time of the Prophet and his companions it was not difficult to find answers to the questions. However, when we look at the later periods, we see that people who had just accepted Islam, belonging to many new cultures, asked new questions. It was not so easy to answer these questions merely based on the Qur'an and the Sunnah. For this reason, Kufa scholars considered it necessary to use ijtihad with raʾy (free legal reasoning). They were subjected to a lot of criticism in that period and today because they resorted to raʾy while doing ijtihad. One of the two main schools that criticized the Ahl al-Ra’y the most was the Ahl al-Hadith (people of hadith) school. From the early days of the formation of the Hadith school of jurisprudence, the Iraqi school has been accused of abandoning the book and the Sunnah in the interpretation of Shari'ah rulings and preferring the rulings obtained by the intellectual method. This intellectual method that we are talking about has been the target of criticism in certain historical periods, sometimes in the name of ra’y, sometimes inthe name of qiyas (analogy), and sometimes in the name of istihsan. Abu Hanifa is one of the famous scholars who have been criticized by Ahl al-Hadith. This article deals with the life, works and school of ra’y of Abu Hanifa.

Jawwad Ridla's Interpretation of Islamic Educational Philosophical Schools

. Islamic education is a process that takes place continuously and sustainably. Based on this, the tasks and functions that Islamic education needs to carry out are education for the whole person and lasts throughout life. This concept means that the tasks and functions of education are targeted at students who continue to grow and develop dynamically from the womb until the end of their lives. The objectives of this research are 1) what is Islamic education? 2) What are the schools of Islamic education that demand jawwad ridha? The research method in this article uses literature research through document analysis in the form of literature study. The form of this research is qualitative with a descriptive method in the form of a depiction of a particular situation or phenomenon using interactive methods. There are three schools of thought proposed by Jwaad Ridha, namely conservative religious, rational religious and pragmatic. There are several aspects to the Islamic Education Theory built by Muhammad Jawwad Ridla, including the Concept of Teaching/Learning, Psychological Basics of the Learning Process, Understanding of Educational Subjects, Teaching Methods, Teaching (Teachers) and Preparation of Individuals to Actively Participate in the Economic Life of Society. Muhammad Jawwad Ridla classifies three main schools of Islamic educational philosophy with the main figures in each of these schools. The three main schools of Islamic educational philosophy that have been discussed above have different opinions from one another.

The unbroken chain of female genital mutilation: a qualitative assessment of high school girls’ perspectives

BackgroundFemale Genital Mutilation (FGM) is defined as any procedure that involves damage to the female external genitalia. This practice is majorly prevalent in Sudan, as it is estimated that over 12 million Sudanese women are circumcised. This study uncovers rural females’ knowledge and insights about FGM domestically.MethodsA qualitative, deductive study with thematic analysis was conducted. A total of 42 female high school students were recruited and divided into five focus groups, each of which included girls from four different high school classes in the main school of the study area. A topic guide was prepared and used to lead the focus groups. Thematic analysis was used, and the study data had been categorized into four themes: knowledge, procedure and performance, experience, and practice. The condensed meaning units of each theme were identified, then classified to formulate sub-themes.ResultsAll the participants indicated that FGM is a traditional practice in the village. The vast majority have heard about it from family members, mainly mothers and grandmothers. Regarding the procedure, all the participants agreed that midwives perform FGM, but most of them don’t know what exactly is being removed. According to all participants, mothers and grandmothers are the decision-makers for FGM. The majority of the participants stated that they do not discriminate between the circumcised and uncircumcised women and most of them agreed that circumcision has negative side effects. They have mentioned pain, difficult urination, and walking as early side effects, while psychological impacts and labor obstruction as late ones. Generally, the majority of the participants agreed that circumcision is not beneficial and should stop.ConclusionKnowledge regarding the dangers of FGM among high school girls is better than expected given the high prevalence of the practice. Generally, the process is well understood, the performers are known, the experience is universal, and the side effects are acknowledged. Nevertheless, a majority still showed an intent to circumcise their daughters in the future.

The economics of cognitive institutions: mapping debates, looking ahead

Abstract In the philosophy of mind and cognitive science, there is a pronounced paradigm shift associated with the transition from internalism to externalism. The externalist paradigm views cognitive processes as not isolated in the brain, but as interrelated with external artefacts and structures. The paper focuses on one of the leading externalist approaches – extended cognition. Despite the dominance of internalism in economics, in its main schools, there is an emerging trend towards extended cognition ideas. In my opinion, economists might develop the most advanced version of the extended cognition approach: socially extended cognition based on cognitive institutions. This paper analyses extended cognition ideas in institutional, Austrian, and behavioural economics and identifies numerous overlapping approaches and complementary research areas. I argue that the economics of cognitive institutions is a promising field for all economic schools and propose a preliminary research agenda.

Инженерный замок и Публичная библиотека: парадоксы истории

The year 2024 marks the 210th anniversary of the opening of the Imperial Public Library (National Library of Russia) to readers. During this time, due to the continuous influx of literature and the increasing number of visitors, the number of buildings occupied by the library has grown. In the 19th– 20th centuries the St. Petersburg public and state authorities considered the possibility of transferring the book collections and reading rooms to the Engineering Castle, which since 1822 had been occupied by the Main engineering school (since 1855 – Nikolaevsky) and the Engineering department (since 1862 – the Main engineering department). In the article, based on documents from central and departmental archives, some of which are introduced into the scientific circulation for the first time, as well as materials of the periodical press, analyzed the full history of the projects of moving the Public Library to one of the most famous palaces of Saint-Petersburg.

Динамика состояния здоровья детей, успешно и неуспешно обучающихся по школьным программам

The purpose — to trace the dynamics of children’s health during eight years of schooling and to compare it with the success in adapting to the main school factors – academic loads and peer groups. Material and methods. Correlation between successful adaptation to school factors and health status dynamics in 119 schoolchildren during eight years of study is analyzed. An integral medical and pedagogical assessment of students’ adaptation is carried out. Results. The overwhelming majority of students having «good» and «excellent» scores and accepted by peers «pay» for their school success with negative health dynamics. From the first to the eighth grade, the number of such schoolchildren increases. Health problems are preceded by a pronounced disturbance in the emotional state and consistently low levels of mental performance. In this regard, in grades 1, 5 and 8, it is necessary to monitor the students’ emotional state to prevent health disorders of maladaptation genesis.

La ilustración de la filosofía china para la construcción de la civilización ecológica contemporánea

Abstract: Chinese philosophy is a philosophy of ecology. The basic problem of Chinese philosophy is the relationship between heaven and man, that is, the relationship between nature and man. This is evident in the main schools of Chinese philosophy, such as Confucianism and Taoism. A correct understanding and evaluation of Chinese ecological philosophy has important practical significance for us to reflect on the ecological imbalance and environmental deterioration caused by the industrial civilization, created under the guidance of the mechanical concept of nature and anthropocentrism, and to re-examine the way of human existence, development, thinking and values. This paper aims to explore the elements of eco-philosophy in Chinese philosophy and analyze its influence on the concept, value and practice of ecological civilization.

Diferencias e integración del pensamiento político entre el confucianismo y el legalismo de la antigua china

Abstract: Confucianism and Legalism are not only the two most influential ideological schools in pre-Qin China but also the main schools of thought in ancient Chinese intellectual history. This is due to their respective social nature and contrasting political values. In Pre-Qin Confucianism, rooted in the belief in the innate goodness of human nature, there is a strong emphasis on the significance of historical traditions. It promotes values such as benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom, and seeks to redefine “Rite” by incorporating new values. It places great importance on the rule of virtue and aspires to achieve a state of Universal Harmony. Pre-Qin Legalism, driven by the inherent human inclination towards self-interest and personal gain, formulates a governance philosophy grounded in utilitarianism. It prioritizes the present and advocates for profound transformations through the implementation of strict “law” to attain national prosperity and military strength. As a result, ancient China formed different traditions of the rule of virtue and law, laying the foundation for the complementary nature of Confucianism and Legalism. This article analyzes the factors of differentiation and the process of integration in Confucian and legalist political philosophy, aiming to provide insights into the construction of contemporary political philosophical systems.

Reunion of the main Russian schools of internal medicine: on the occasion of the centenary of the Therapeutic Archive journal. A review

The interaction of different scientific schools with each other often is very difficult due to the existing disagreements. The journal "Therapeutic Archive" throughout its activity is a unique platform for their intensive and fruitful interaction, and the editors-in-chief of the journal represent almost all major schools of internal medicine.

Воспитание бережного отношения к природе средствами познавательных задач природоохранного содержания

According to the position of the author of the article, in modern conditions of post-industrial de-velopment of civilization, the processes of interaction between man and the environment acquire a co-evolutionary character, aimed at implementing a new strategy for educating schoolchildren to respect nature. The purpose of this study is to comprehend and substantiate the cognitive tasks of the environmental content of the academic subject «Geography» for the successful education of schoolchildren's careful attitude to nature. The essence of the concept of «cognitive task» is clari-fied. The relevance of the pedagogical search in the problem field of education of a careful atti-tude to the nature of the potential of the subject «Geography» is substantiated. Attention is fo-cused on mastering the issues of «co-creation of man and nature for the sustainable development of society» (N.N. Moiseev) in the course of geography of the main school by means of cognitive tasks of environmental content. Four groups of cognitive tasks have been identified: determining the meaning of nature, identifying ways to use nature by man, mastering the directions for trans-forming nature, and implementing measures to protect nature. Examples of tasks for the education of environmentally-oriented foundations of value-based knowledge of nature by schoolchildren are given. The results obtained indicate that the education of a caring attitude towards nature by means of cognitive tasks allows one to build strategies in understanding one's role as a citizen and consumer in the context of the interconnection of natural, technological and social environments.

Promoting Habsburg Cultural Identity to Secondary School Pupils in Late Austrian-Ruled Bukovina: A Case Study of the First Imperial and Royal Gymnasium in Czernowitz

This contribution explores how notions of Habsburg cultural identity were promoted at the main grammar school (kaiserlich-königliches I. Staatsgymnasium) in Czernowitz, capital of the multilingual and multiethnic crownland of Bukovina, between 1900 and 1913. After presenting the relevant historical and linguistic context, the school’s yearbooks from that era are examined to obtain information regarding the celebration of relevant holidays and events, musical and literary performances, as well as the commemoration of important cultural luminaries. Through this analysis, insights into the contemporary means utilised to promote a wider Habsburg identity will be gained, providing useful qualitative data and thus adding to the broader discussion on educational policies in late Habsburg Bukovina.

Beryl on the Margins: A Memoir of Teaching "Under Disadvantages"


 
 
 Beryl Curtis (1891–1991) taught elementary schools in marginal mining, milling, and cross- roads agricultural settlements in eastern Ontario, Canada, from 1911 to 1927. In this memoir, I situate her career within the dramatic changes that swept through the occupation of teaching in the first three decades of twentieth-century Ontario. A childhood illness cost Beryl most of her hearing, but she succeeded as a rural teacher, earning the active support and respect of her main school inspector. She excelled in print culture and had a reputation as an “excellent disciplinarian.” She attempted to manage her hearing difficulties by learning to read lips, and she tried to escape backwoods sections. But she was expelled from normal school and refused permanent teaching status. When attendance at a normal school or a college of education be- came a requirement for elementary school teaching in the later 1920s, Beryl was one of many hundreds of rural teachers policed out of the occupation. Her hearing difficulties became a disqualifying disability.
 
 

Бібліометричний аналіз зеленого туризму при виконанні цілей сталого розвитку міжнародними туристичними компаніями

The main goal of this study is to conduct a bibliometric analysis of green tourism in the context of the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals by international tourism companies. In the course of the conducted bibliometric analysis, the main scientific schools and scientists in the world who study green tourism were considered. When conducting a bibliometric analysis, the interaction of the main definitions, which interact to the definition of green tourism, was revealed. The main prerequisites and factors of the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals by international tourism companies have been studied. Proposals for the development of green tourism in the context of the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals by international tourism companies at the level of EU countries and Ukraine have been formulated, taking into account its post-war state.

Theory of international relations: the interaction of the USA and China

This study examines how China is portrayed in U.S. political discourse, a topic of significant interest in Image Studies. No other country has captured the American public's attention as extensively and controversially as China throughout the history of their bilateral relations. The article explores the main schools of International Relations Theory-realist, liberalist, and constructivist-and demonstrates their pivotal role in shaping China's representation while overlooking other perspectives, both in the United States and globally. The review then delves into various definitions of image and representation, offering a historical overview of work on China's imagery, primarily from an interpretivist tradition. It further examines cultural, media, and communication studies, highlighting specific approaches to analyzing China's portrayal in U.S. political discourse, such as constructivist and critical approaches, including critical constructivism and critical geopolitics. The final section is dedicated to an overview of poststructuralist thought, illustrating how representational practices define power relations through discourse.

Коммуникативные трудности в обучении младших школьников

<p>The article describes the main learning difficulties primary school students face in communication. To identify these difficulties we useda digital adaptation of the School Anxiety Test (Phillips Test). Primary school students from 5 subjects of the Russian Federation were recruited for this study (The Republic of Tatarstan, Lipetsk Region, Volgograd Region, Chuvash Republic, Samara Region). 2031 4th grade students aged 9-11 years participated in the research. The data obtained revealed a significant percentage of primary school students with increased and high levels of anxiety and fears associated with school, which can be predictors of educational difficulties and school failure. Experimental testing of the developed diagnostic program proved that: 1) our initial theoretical assumptions about the forms of manifestations of learning difficulties of primary school students in the communicative area were reasonable; 2) the diagnostic method of some specific manifestations of learning difficulties is valid.</p>

The Pawn (Rahn) in Local Practice of Massanra Galung of South Sulawesi Society

The application of massanra galung has become a customary practice within the Bellu Village community. However, its execution has been observed to frequently experience certain deviations from the established regulations. This study aims to examine the application of the concept of Rahn within the context of the massanra galung practice in Bellu Village, situated in Salomekko District, Bone Regency. It was also carried out with the aim of exploring and analyzing the Rahn concept through the lens of the four main schools of thought (madhhabs) in Sunni fiqh. This research is empirical research, and it was conducted using both a phenomenological and a comparative approach. To achieve the outlined aim, data were collected from interviews with six people who practiced massanra galung and from several community leaders. The obtained results showed that within the implementation system of massanra galung in Bellu Village, it is customary for the pledgor to approach the pawn receiver to secure a loan, typically offering their rice field as collateral. It is important to acknowledge that the views of the four madhhabs on certain matters differ, specifically when considering the practice of massanra galung. However, these schools of thought all agree that due to the fulfillment of the pillars and conditions required for massanra galung, the practice is considered valid and permissible according to Islamic law. Regarding the pawn transaction, two parties are considered namely the pawn giver (rāhin) and the pawn receiver (murtahin). It was recommended that efforts aimed at reinforcing the practice of massanra galung should prioritize the enhancement of record-keeping protocols to mitigate potential disputes.

Exploring al-Shāfi'ī and Hanafī Perspectives on Local Beliefs

The increasing belief of the Sanrobone community in the sanctity of Karaeng Lolo Bayo's Tomb is rooted in the significant contributions made while alive, and the deep influence has cultivated a lasting sense of reverence among its members. Therefore, this research was conducted to report the public belief in the sacred grave of Karaeng Lolo Bayo within the Sanrobone community. The belief was subject to analysis through a comparative examination of the two main schools of Islamic fiqh, Hanafiyah and al-Shafi'iyah, specifically concerning the pilgrimage activities associated with the grave. Primary data collection was conducted using interviews with several community leaders, visitors, and experts in related fields. Meanwhile, observation and documentation were used to analyze the data obtained through the interview method. The results showed that the tradition of grave pilgrimage in the Sanrobone community serves the purpose of honoring their ancestors and enabling community members to engage in prayer rituals at the gravesite. The al-Shafi'i madhhab and the Hanafi madhhab literature permitted this tradition in line with the fundamental principles of Islam, maintained simplicity, and avoided acts associating partners with Allah.

Exploring the Meaning of Faith and Kufr: Perspectives of Islamic Theological Schools

This article discusses the meaning of faith and kufr from the perspective of Islamic theological schools. Faith and kufr in particular in the four main schools, namely Mu'tazilite, Murjiah, Ash'arite and Maturidiyah. Some of the important themes focused on in this article are amal (action), sahadat (confession of testimony), tasdiq (convincing belief), and ma'rifah (sincerely believed knowledge). Despite differences in views, all traditions recognize the importance of the concepts of faith and kufr as foundational in religious practice. Tolerance and mutual respect within this diversity of views are key to maintaining ukhuwah islamiyah in Muslim religious life. This article reviews the views of four schools of Islamic theology on faith and kufr. Mu'tazilites emphasize that faith is not only related to belief, but is also influenced by good deeds as a reflection of sincere faith. Meanwhile, the Murjiah consider faith to be in the heart and not bound by deeds, but rather by beliefs believed in the heart. Ash'arites attribute faith to belief in the heart and recognize the importance of deeds in strengthening faith and earning God's pleasure. On the other hand, the Maturidis emphasize the importance of a sincere understanding of faith and kufr, which will affect the way one practices faith on a daily basis. The formulation of the problem in the article is how can the spirit of ukhuwah islamiyah be maintained in the diversity of views on faith and kufr among Muslims?

THE SYSTEM OF CORRECTIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL EDUCATION OF MATHEMATICS FOR PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS WITH INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT DISABILITIES

The article discloses the problem of corrective and developmental mathematics education for primary school students with impaired intellectual development. It has been established that in the psychological and pedagogical literature there are quite a lot of studies devoted to the problem of failure of elementary school students. It was revealed that inclusive remedial and developmental education classes are one of the effective forms of differentiated education, which allows students with intellectual disabilities to learn the main school curriculum and creates favorable opportunities for their development. The current state of mathematics teaching methods in inclusive classes of remedial and developmental education is analyzed. It has been proven that special educational conditions must be created to learn mathematics. The methodical recommendations for conducting lessons and studying individual sections and topics are analyzed, the peculiarities of using methods and techniques are indicated. It was established that most of the recommendations are aimed only at children with mentalretardation, which are not always effective for all students in remedial and developmental classes.A system of corrective and developmental work in mathematics with students of elementary school of corrective and developmental education has been developed, which takes into account the state of knowledge, peculiarities of learning the material by students and strengthens the corrective and developmental potential of mathematics, which includes: changing the structure of the content of educational material (the presence of preparatory stages aimed at forming prerequisites for the successful learning of mathematics; a change in the sequence of learning due to the joint and simultaneous study of family sections and topics, as well as reciprocal actions); methods of consolidation of didactic units, presentation of information in a visual form, methods of comparison, generalization, induction, analogies; authorʼs complexes of corrective and developmental exercises on mathematical material, which allow solving educational, developmental and corrective tasks, which allows to increase the quality of knowledge and contributes to the improvement of studentsʼ cognitive activity. General recommendations for teaching mathematics in inclusive remedial and developmental classes for students with intellectual disabilities have been formulated. We see prospects for further research in the disclosure of teachersʼ readiness for activities aimed at primary school studentsʼ mastery of educational material in mathematics in inclusive classes of remedial and developmental education.
 Keywords: inclusive classes; remedial and developmental education; mathematics; elementary school students; academic failure; cognitive processes; mental activity; intellectual development disorders.

“They didn’t ask us!” School Counselor Perception of Involvement in Superintendent Decision Making During Crisis Schooling

Mental health and social-emotional development are fundamental to positive developmental outcomes. Students faced with the collective trauma of the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting rapid closure of school buildings in the spring of 2020 encountered unprecedented challenges to their physical and mental health. Structural barriers, coupled with a disproportionate shortfall of mental health professionals in rural settings, meant that rural students were at heightened risk of suffering negative psychological consequences. School districts emerged as a high-leverage source of institutional support, providing a variety of services to sustain the well-being of students and families. Superintendents were charged with reimagining the role of their schools in providing for these needs. This study used crisis decision theory as a framework to understand superintendent decision-making around mental health and social-emotional learning (SEL). Given their high degree of expertise around students’ mental health and social-emotional needs, school counselors might have been expected to serve as expert resources for superintendents during crisis decision-making around psychological needs. This statewide quantitative study sought to understand the role Maine school counselors played in the district-level response to crisis schooling as it pertained to students’ mental health and social-emotional development across geospatial contexts. Our data shows that school counselors’ perception of their involvement in superintendent decision-making was lowest where it was needed most: in rural school districts. This points toward inequitable opportunities for rural students to obtain the mental health and SEL support they needed during crisis schooling, threatening their future well-being and positive psychological development.