Main Provisions Research Articles

Neoclassical realism in international relations theory: Searching for its own path

Neoclassical realism emerged as part of the neorealists’ response to the criticism of their core theoretical provisions, intended to adapt the latter to the challenges of post-bipolar international relations. However, with further elucidation and formalization of the key ideas and premises of neoclassical realism it started to assert itself as an independent research approach, and even more so, as a special, metasynthetic theory. In order to assess the validity of these claims and, in general, to better understand the place of neoclassical realism in the theory of international relations, this paper considers it within the context of the evolutionary logic of the realist paradigm and neorealism, in particular. The first section identifies the origins and main theoretical provisions of neoclassical realism. The second section covers modern theoretical debates on the essence of and prospects for further development of analytical and methodological aspects of this approach. In order to provide a better understanding of the epistemological potential of the neoclassical realism, the third section examines empirical researches carried out within its framework. The author concludes that at the moment neoclassical realism can hardly qualify for the status of an independent theoretical position, let alone a meta-theory. It is more appropriate to consider it as a peculiar form, specific research model within the framework of the (neo)realist paradigm. As such, it allows putting forward verifiable hypotheses based on the analysis of the relationships between the independent, dependent and interfering variables, and also opens up new opportunities for conducting empirical research on a wide range of subject matters. At the same time, there is still a lot of work to be done to overcome the eclecticism inherent to neoclassical realism and to better define its ontological, epistemological and methodological foundations.

The problem of pain and its assessment in children with epidermolysis bullosa

Goal. Currently, there is an increasing interest in the treatment and improvement of the quality of life of patients with rare chronic diseases, and one of the urgent issues remains the problem of pain syndrome assessment and prevention. The purpose of the review article was to study the problem of pain and its assessment in children with epidermolysis bullosa. Theoretical justification. In the article, the problem of pain is considered as a complex biopsychosocial phenomenon, according to the results of a theoretical review, the main provisions of the concept of the multifactorial nature of pain are presented, which must be taken into account when selecting tools for assessing pain when working with gene dermatoses (epidermolysis bullosa) in childhood. Based on the analysis of Russian and foreign studies, a number of the most problematic areas in the assessment of pain in children are identified. Results and their discussion. According to the results of the analysis of a number of studies, the description of the main manifestations of epidermolysis bullosa and possible causes of pain is given. The biopsychosocial multifactorial nature of pain is considered, its neurobiological, psychological and functional consequences are presented, and on the basis of the research presented, conclusions are drawn for the first time about the principles of selecting the most effective tools for assessing pain and its impact on the vital activity of children with a chronic incurable disease. Pain assessment should include children’s previous experiences and expectations, coping strategies and pain relief resources, and communication features with caring adults. All forms of epidermolysis bullosa are characterized by pain and discomfort, and their elimination plays a key role in terms of the patient’s well-being and quality of life.

Patenting of inventions created with the use of artificial intelligence: problems of theory and practice

In the article, based on the tools of intellectual property analysis, international and national patent legislation is analyzed, the problems of inventing inventions created with the use of artificial intelligence (AI) are investigated: the dynamics of patenting, patent activity in the field of AI technologies, the peculiarities of patentability examination of inventions in different jurisdictions are analyzed (EPO, Germany, China, USA, Japan) and judicial practice on this issue. The main provisions of the draft law “On Amendments to the Law of Ukraine “On the Protection of Rights to Inventions and Utility Models” regarding the regulation of relations arising in relation to inventions and utility models created with the use of artificial intelligence” were considered. It was concluded that the law “On protection of rights to inventions and utility models” excludes computer programs from patented objects. It is recommended to implement the rules of the EPC Guidelines on computer-implemented inventions into the Rules for drawing up, submitting and considering an application for an invention and an application for a utility model, which do not reflect these aspects.

Review of the book “Practical issues of rational antibacterial therapy”

In 2023, the book “Practical Issues of Rational Antibacterial Therapy” under general ed. Yarovoy SK, Khokhlov AL, was published. This monograph is devoted to practical issues of empirical therapy for the most common nonspecific infectious and inflammatory diseases. The monograph presents the main provisions of antimicrobial therapy from the perspective of clinical pharmacology. The general patterns of prescription and distribution of antibacterial agents, the concepts of basic and reserve drugs, selection of hospital strains, natural and acquired resistance are explained. Antibacterial drugs are compared in pairs with each other based on an analysis of their spectra of antimicrobial activity. Combination (multicomponent) antibacterial therapy is being considered. Undesirable regimens of antimicrobial therapy are described, options with insufficient effectiveness and an unsatisfactory safety profile are analyzed.

Terms of exclusion or limitation of contractual liability under English civil law

Abstract English contract law pays great attention to the terms of exclusion or limitation of contractual liability that the parties may provide in a contract. This is due to the fact that these terms can be considered as a social problem, since they are a means by which the contracting parties seek to avoid liability for non-fulfillment of contractual obligations. In this sense, these terms constitute an easy way for the contracting party, which is stronger, to exclude itself from liability to the other party. This is especially true in consumer related contracts. The purpose of this paper is to address how these terms are regulated by doctrine and jurisprudence in England. This paper consists of two main cases. In the first case, the content and features of the terms of exclusion or limitation of contractual liability will be analyzed according to common law or judicial practice in England. It is understood that in this case, at the center of attention will be the analysis of the decisions of courts of different levels or the analysis of judicial precedents, since it is the latter that gives the meaning and content of these terms. In the second case, the terms of exclusion or limitation of contractual liability will be analyzed in general, according to the English law: “The Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977”. Here we will specifically analyze the reasons that drove the legislators in England to pass this law, as well as address some of the main provisions of this law, as well as the impact they have had on judicial practice. Also, special attention will be paid to the cases of English judicial practice in relation to the correct and exact meaning of the concrete provisions of this law.

Competence-based methodological resources: the experience of forming students’ ecological culture

The presented work provides data on the main trends in the educational assimilation of modern environmental science, the role of its cultural component in the training of future specialists of the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Geography of the Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education. They allow us to state that in recent years the environmental training of students has become more multidisciplinary in nature. It dialectically and harmoniously coexists the main provisions of the universal theory of systems, philosophical, evolutionary and other worldview ideas, digital technologies, quantum physics, theory and methodology of cognitive activity and other integral components of modern education. It can be confidently stated that modern ecology has increasingly begun to use an integrated systemic synergetic approach in its development, which has determined an increased role in the observed integration, primarily of its educational and methodological teachers.

CHINA’S TRADE RELATIONS WITH UKRAINE

Purpose. The purpose of the article is the study of trade relations between China and Ukraine, the analysis of the volume of bilateral trade and the product structure between trading partners, as well as the outline of challenges and opportunities for the development of future trade cooperation. Methodology of research. The article uses the method of systematic literature analysis to collect, compare and analyze relevant literary materials, including data on trade and scientific research of the two countries in recent years, for a deeper understanding of the process of development of bilateral trade relations and their structure between China and Ukraine. At the same time, the method of theoretical generalization was used to understand the challenges and opportunities that exist in trade relations between countries, the abstract and logical method – to develop proposals for solving problems and promoting cooperation; graphic method – for visual presentation of research results. Findings. Through the analysis of the development process of trade relations, the situation of trade products, the challenges faced and the prospect of the future, this paper draws the following research results: trade relations develop rapidly, and the bilateral trade volume continues to grow; trade relations face challenges such as trade barriers, geopolitical factors and political uncertainties; the cooperation between the two sides has opportunities in various fields and at various levels, which can promote economic growth and international competitiveness. Originality. Trade relations between China and Ukraine have been comprehensively and in detail analyzed, focusing on achieving bilateral mutually beneficial cooperation and strategies for overcoming challenges; proposals were developed regarding future cooperation and the practical significance of its prospects. Practical value. The main provisions of the study contain useful reference information for government officials (developed proposals for strategic planning and trade cooperation), business structures (analysis of the market situation and opportunities for trade cooperation can be used to adjust business strategy and expand the market) and academic researchers (research methods and analytical base can be used as reference materials for a deeper study of trade relations between countries). Key words: belt and Road Initiative, China-Ukraine relations, export, import, trade barriers, trade cooperation, trade relations.

THE INFLUENCE OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION ON THE ENTERPRISES OF THE AGRARIAN, FOOD AND PROCESSING INDUSTRY WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF FOOD SECURITY OF UKRAINE

Purpose. The purpose of this study is to review of the processes of European integration influence on the enterprises of the agrarian, food and processing industries in the framework of food security of Ukraine in the conditions of war Methodology of research. The theoretical and methodological basis of the article is the fundamental provisions of modern economic science. General scientific and special research methods were used in the study, namely: systematic approach – to summarise the main views of the authors on the above-mentioned issues; monographic approach – for theoretical generalisation of the essence of food security; generalisation – to formulate the author’s own vision of the European integration impact on enterprises; abstract and logical approach – to formulate conclusions. Findings. The place and role of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine in the national economy are determined. The basic principles and principles of Ukraine’s entry into the European integration process are considered. Attention is focused on the possibilities of the agro-industrial sector of Ukraine after integration into the European Union. It is revealed that European integration is not only economic cooperation and trade, but also a certain worldview. It is substantiated that European integration will provide a real opportunity to create a system of customs regulation that would be effective and in line with the customs procedures and rules of the EU. It will also provide an opportunity to regulate, protect and fiscalize the products of Ukrainian producers when they are exported. The article analyses the impact of European integration on agricultural, food and processing enterprises. Their positive and negative aspects are analysed in the light of the historical realities of today. Originality. The European integration impact on the enterprises of the agrarian, food and processing industries within the framework of Ukraine's food security is highlighted. The prospects for the functioning of the agro-industrial sector of Ukraine in the context of European integration are reviewed. Practical value. The main provisions of the study allow agricultural producers to determine the vectors of European integration processes in Ukraine, taking into account the realities of today. Key words: european integration process, food safety, agricultural, food and processing industry enterprises.

Legal regulation of the state supply of milk, dairy raw materials and dairy products

The paper establishes that in the legal field of Ukraine there are more than 50 legal and regulatory acts that are directly or indirectly related to the regulation of the dairy industry market. The Law of Ukraine "On Milk and Dairy Products" is basic in the field of regulation of the dairy industry. The legislator fixed the interpretation of the main terms of the dairy industry in the relevant legal act - the Law of Ukraine "On Milk and Dairy Products". This act defines what "raw milk", "dairy raw materials", "dairy products", "traditional dairy products" are. Also, the legislator fixed the main institutions of the state policy of ensuring the safety and quality of milk and dairy products. In addition, the act discloses the issue of state support for producers of milk, dairy raw materials and dairy products and the mechanism for its implementation. It should be noted that the Law of Ukraine "On Milk and Dairy Products" regulates the legal and organizational foundations for ensuring the safety and quality of milk and dairy products for life and the health of the population and the environment during their production, transportation, processing, storage and sale, import into the customs territory and export from the customs territory of Ukraine. The study identified the main, in our opinion, regulatory legal acts that regulate the supply of milk, dairy raw materials and dairy products to the state, and also characterized their purpose, main provisions and meaning. It was found that milk and dairy products occupy a significant place in the market of food resources. It is noted that the production of dairy products is an important component of food security. It was found that providing the state with milk is a complex process that includes the following stages: milk production, milk processing, sale of dairy products, state regulation.

The Necessity of Developing Psychological Resilience in Individuals who have Experienced Domestic Violence: Analysis of the Issue

Introduction. The article is aimed at analysing the problem of overcoming the consequences of domestic violence through increasing the victim’s resilience. The relevance of the study is explained by several factors: firstly, the increasing frequency of domestic violence, and secondly, the necessity of including in rehabilitation programs blocks for the development of those personal characteristics that will allow not only to overcome the experienced stress, but also to reduce the possibility of getting into situations of violence again. Adequate levels of psychological resilience are seen by the authors as a necessary condition for optimizing the exit from the victim position. The novelty of the study is expressed in the fact that for the first time in our country resilience is considered as a factor influencing overcoming the consequences of violence.Objective. To explore the importance of developing psychological resilience in victims of domestic violence.Definition of violence and its types. The authors provide the main theoretical provisions regarding the psychological analysis of violence, the consequences of violence for the victim, and psychological resilience. Violence is distinguished from aggression and conflicts by its systematic nature and actions aimed at suppressing the will of the victim.The effects of violence on the victim. The authors mention the main consequences of violence, which include deterioration of physical and mental health, changes in behavioural patterns, and suicidal tendencies. The concept of psychological resilience. Psychological resilience as a factor influencing the recovery of a victim of violence is understood by the authors as the ability to withstand difficult life situations while maintaining mental and physical health.Discussion. The authors’ ideas about the mandatory development of resilience in victims of domestic violence are confirmed by the opinion of researchers of victim behaviour. The development of victim psychological resilience is associated with the replacement of victim behaviour with assertive behaviour. The ability to resist violence is also influenced by the development of such aspects of psychological resilience as fight avoidance, meaningfulness, emotional regulation, and building supportive social ties. In general, an adequate level of psychological resilience affects the ability to part with the subject of violence, as well as the development of psychological disorders in victims. The author’s position is expressed in the opinion that the formation of resilience in victims of violence will lead to the possibility of their self-change, which will transform public opinion about them.

Methodological provision of analysis of the efficiency of investment activities of enterprises

The paper is devoted to the disclosure of the main provisions of methodological support for the analysis of the investment activity of enterprises and practical recommendations on the use of methods for evaluating the effectiveness of the implementation of investment projects for decision-making. Making investment decisions is based on the use of various formalized and informal methods and models, taking into account the following factors: changes in the value of money over time; alternative value of resources; cash flows generated by the project; uncertainty and risk; inflation, price changes and currency exchange rate fluctuations; investment goals and investor psychology; possible changes in project parameters; synergies between investment projects of the enterprise. When forming the list of monitoring indicators, those aspects of the business entity's investment activity that are most important for owners, investors and management organizers were highlighted. It is proposed to form a system of performance indicators of the enterprise's investment activity in accordance with the sphere of investment: production, marketing, technology, organization. The principles of investment activity analysis and recommendations on the procedures for analyzing the effectiveness of project implementation have been formed, the choice of which depends on the management goals aimed at achieving a stable cash flow and ensuring the financial stability of the enterprise. The essential characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of the existing approaches to evaluating the effectiveness of investment projects are revealed. A system of indicators and criteria for the analysis of the effectiveness of investment activities of indicators characterizing the effectiveness of investments depending on the sphere of investment of funds: production, marketing, technology, organization are proposed. Recommendations for choosing a specific method for evaluating the effectiveness of investment projects in the context of achieving the priority goal - maximizing project profitability, risk acceptability and investors' interests are substantiated.

International Legal Issues in the Conservation of Marine Genetic Resources

INTRODUCTION. Nowadays the issues concerning conservation of marine biological diversity become important for the community of States in the light of the expansion of the scale of economic activity in marine spaces and of the opportunities of using such resources. At the universal contractual level an answer was proposed to a number of questions that have arisen in this area: on March 4, 2023, the text of the Agreement (under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea) with a long title: “on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction” was finalized. It is predicted that the entry into force of this Agreement in the future will create a multilateral legal basis for conservation of biological diversity on the high seas, with the orderly use of its biological resources, to protect such diversity based on the principle of cooperation between States.The purpose of the article is to analyze the legal regime of marine genetic resources conservation based on the text of this Agreement.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The subject of this study comprises international treaties, international customs, general principles of international law and other sources of international law related to conservation of marine biodiversity in general. The methodological basis of the research is represented by a wide range of research methods, namely: formal-legal, comparative-legal, historical-legal and system-structural methods. In addition, the author applied the methods of analysis and generalization.RESEARCH RESULTS. The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the international legal regime of marine genetic resources based on the provisions of the Agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction. The author considers the history of the development of the draſt Agreement, analyzes its main provisions, and pays special attention to its innovative legal mechanisms.The author proposes their assessment of the content of the draſt Agreement as a universal legal basis for the conservation of marine biological diversity, and suggests some options for strengthening international cooperation in this area.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. As a result of the study, it can be stated that the draſt Agreement, prepared over many years of negotiations and published in March 2023, is a significant political and legal achievement of a universal level in the field of marine biodiversity conservation. At the same time, one can not fail to note the rather general nature of this document, as well as the fact that the entry into force of the Agreement may also require considerable time: objectively, the interests of developed and developing countries in this area are not always close; moreover, each State party to the Agreement accepts the obligation, among other things, that the use of marine natural resources should be linked to the obligation to protect marine environment, and this is always sensitive: a number of developed countries, as is known, under the pretext of economic concern, impose on developing States “green” products of their enterprises, which exacerbates the gap between developed and developing States.That is why the author comes to the conclusion that the international community, along with the development of a universal international treaty, could take the path of developing regional agreements to clarify such a legal regime, which would also contribute to the strengthening of the legal regime for biodiversity conservation at the universal level.

Overview of the focal update (2023) of the recommendations of the European Society of Cardiology on the diagnosis and treatment of heart failure in 2021

In August 2021, the European Society of Cardiology published guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of heart failure. In these recommendations, the main focus was on the treatment of patients with a low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤40 %, while the level of evidence for patients with LVEF between 41 % and 49 % was rather weak – IIbC. The studies that were conducted at that time were not specifically focused on patients with moderately reduced LVEF. Over the next two years, new data were obtained on the treatment of patients with moderately reduced and preserved LVEF, patients with concomitant chronic kidney disease (CKD), type 2 diabetes (type 2 diabetes), and iron deficiency. Therefore, in 2023, a focal update of the recommendations for the treatment of HF was published, the main provisions of which are presented in this review.

АНАЛІЗ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ КОРПОРАТИВНОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ АГРОПРОМИСЛОВИМИ ПІДПРИЄМСТВАМИ

The article assesses the efficiency of corporate governance in the largest integrated enterprises of the agricultural sector of Ukraine. The research was conducted using the methods of induction and deduction, comparative analysis and theoretical generalization. The main provisions of large enterprises of the agricultural sector of Ukraine and their experience in implementing corporate governance were studied. The author has developed algorithms (methods) for assessing the corporate governance rating with the relevant classification areas of assessment and indicators for assessing the relevant areas, a four-level rating scale for assessing the level of formation of the corporate governance institution in integrated agricultural formations (agroholdings) of Ukraine. It is established that the main characteristic components of the assessment of the level of corporate governance are: supervisory board, board of directors, committees, corporate secretary, audit committee, charter, etc. It is determined that agriholdings whose shares are listed on international stock exchanges meet the highest level of corporate governance standards, the level of which reaches the maximum value. It is also established that this level is ensured mainly by compliance with corporate governance standards introduced by international stock exchanges (Warsaw and London). The weighted average level of corporate governance in integrated agrarian formations (agroholdings) of Ukraine is at an unsatisfactory level, which causes significant risks for shareholders and investors. It is proved that the existing theoretical and practical provisions and recommendations for the formation and development of the institution of corporate governance in integrated formations have been deepened and new theoretical and practical provisions and recommendations for the formation and development of the institution of corporate governance in integrated enterprises in the agricultural sector have been developed. The obtained practical results are a recommendation base and are aimed at solving the problems of formation and development of the institution of corporate governance of integrated enterprises in the agricultural sector, can be used by state institutions to improve the existing institutional support for the development of economic entities. The results of the research can be used by the legislative and executive bodies of the country, as well as by agrarian organizations engaged in production, harvesting and processing of products, and creation of a market system for dissemination of agricultural knowledge and information. Keywords: agrarian enterprise, corporate management, valuation of effectiveness, integrate formation, agroholdings, joint-stock company.

Мировоззренческие и теоретико-методологические положения курса «Основы российской государственности»: критический анализ

The article analyzes the ideological and theoretical-methodological foundations of the course “Fundamentals of Russian Statehood”, which started in higher educational institutions in September 2023. Based on the study of the three main textbooks for this course, an analysis of the main provisions contained in the course is given. From the author's point of view, the course is clearly ideological, conservative and idealistic in nature. In addition, in some places of the textbook, not only controversial, but also directly ideologically biased state-ments that have nothing to do with reality are allowed. According to the author, such a situation may occur if it concerns a scientific or political discussion, but is not acceptable in a mandatory training course. From the au-thor’s point of view, since the course “Fundamentals of Russian Statehood” in the form in which it is currently presented is frankly ideologized and biased, it was prematurely introduced as generally binding. This course, in the author’s opinion, carries more propaganda of conservative ideology and religious worldview than knowledge about Russia and in this regard may be present in the educational process as an elective, but not a compulsory discipline.

On the question of the establishment of modern Ukraine: How all the territories were brought together

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the aggravation of the socio-political situation in the world, as a result of which there is a need for a comprehensive historical analysis of the borders of Ukraine, defining its sovereignty, boundaries, and territorial integrity. The purpose of the study was to investigate the establishment of Ukraine in its modern borders. The leading approach to this problem is the historical and genetic method, which helped to comprehensively consider the topic under study by identifying and analysing the most significant events in the history of Ukraine, which had a predominant influence on the establishment of the territory of the modern Ukrainian state. General research methods were also used – analysis and synthesis, and special ones: systematisation, periodisation and chronological method. A consistent study of the emergence of Ukrainian statehood and the unification of Ukrainian lands has been conducted; the main historical periods of the establishment of the territorial borders of Ukraine have been identified and considered; the borders of the Ukrainian state at different historical stages have been described; the territorial distribution of Ukrainian lands in the Soviet period has been assessed; the prerequisites for Ukraine's declaration of independence have been established. The practical significance of the study of the unification of Ukrainian territories together and the establishment of modern borders of Ukraine lies in the possibility of using the materials of the study in teaching the history of Ukraine in secondary and high schools, including extracurricular activities, and in general courses on the history of Ukraine in universities. The main provisions and conclusions can serve as a basis for further scientific work in the field of studying the history of Ukraine in general and its territories and historical borders, in particular

Issues of the Russian judicial system in the 1860–1880s in M.N. Katkov’s works

Importance. The conservative trend in Russian social thought of the second half of the 19th century is one of the main goals of research in history science. The views analysis of one of the most prominent Russian conservatives, M.N. Katkov, on the new institutions of the Russian judicial system, the judicial corps after the reform of 1864 reflects the role of a well-known publicist and his influence on the masses and state judicial policy in the era of reforms and counter-reforms. The purpose of the study is to identify issues on a given topic in M.N. Katkov’s works, to describe the main conclusions of M.N. Katkov regarding the Russian judicial system in the 1860s and 1880s.Materials and Methods. The main sources of the study are numerous publications by M.N. Katkov, reflecting his views on the Russian judicial system in the 1860s and 1880s, and in particular on institutions new to the Russian state, law and society: world justice, cassation departments of the Governing Senate, jury trial. Additional sources of the study are the works of Russian scientists of the second half of the 19th century on a given topic. The methodological basis of the study is both general and particular methods of scientific cognition: the structural analysis method, which made it possible to assess changes in Russian society in the second half of the 19th century; the historical-comparative method, with which general and particular conclusions are drawn in the study by comparing different points of view on the Russian judicial system; the historical-systemic method that made it possible to comprehensively analyze the views of Russian researchers in the 1860s and 1880s on the post-reform Russian judicial system, in particular on world justice, cassation departments of the Governing Senate, jury trial; the logical method that allowed to identify the reasons for the change in M.N. Katkov’s views on the Russian judicial system in the 1860s and 1880s; other methods of scientific knowledge are also used.Results and Discussion. M.N. Katkov’s views on the Russian judicial system as a whole, and in particular on three institutions introduced as a result of the judicial reform of 1864: world justice, cassation departments of the Governing Senate, jury trial, are considered. The analysis of publications by a well-known journalist on problematic issues in the activities of these institutions is carried out. The influence of M.N. Katkov’s journalism on the state life of the Russian Empire in the 1860s–1880s is noted, the analysis of the reasons for the change in M.N. Katkov’s views on the Russian judicial system of in the post-reform period is given.Conclusion. The study of M.N. Katkov’s views allows us to present the complex process of struggle between the two main currents of public thought in Russia of the second half of the 19th century (liberals, conservatives) on issues of the Russian judicial system, as well as to note the most problematic and controversial moments in the provisions implementation of the Judicial Statutes of November 20, 1864, to understand the causes of disputes. The conclusion is made about the conflict of the main provisions of the Judicial Statutes of November 20, 1864 with the M.N. Katkov’s autocratic philosophy, which caused a change in the attitude of the famous publicist to the judicial reform carried out in the Russian Empire, and also determined M.N. Katkov’s apologetics in the era of the so-called counter-reforms.

Complex communicative and cognitive tasks in teaching a foreign language to students of information technology training areas

Importance. The information technology sphere has been defined by the President of the Russian Federation as one of the priorities for the development of the country’s economy and maintaining its independence status. Higher education in the field of information technology makes a significant contribution to the formation of the personnel of the industry. The purpose of education at the university is to form a highly professional personality of an IT specialist with a range of competencies. Among them, competencies related to the ability to independently obtain the necessary information, constantly update professional knowledge and experience in the rapidly developing technology sector play a special role. The need to catch up with more successful players in the field of high-tech solutions (USA, China, South Korea) determines the important role of a foreign language in the professional training of computer science students. The focus of the research is on a specific type of foreign-language educational activity – complex communicative and cognitive tasks designed to model the conditions of interrelated foreign-language communicative and intellectual activities of students.Research Methods. To conduct the research, theoretical methods are used: the study of scientific literature, analysis, generalization, synthesis of the main provisions, on the basis of which practical methods are implemented – modeling and description of students’ speech-thinking activity in the course of solving complex communicative and cognitive tasks.Results and Discussion. The theoretical justification and practical illustration of the algorithm for creating a complex communicative and cognitive task are presented. The principles of learning based on complex communicative and cognitive tasks are highlighted, an algorithm for selecting content and teaching methods are presented. A specific example of a task for the purposes of higher education is given.Conclusion. The authenticity of the quasi-professional experience obtained during the learning process can be achieved through the integration of communicative and intellectual activities in the professional field. The “brainwork-speech” dichotomy can be implemented in practical pedagogical activities on the basis of complex communicative-cognitive learning problems.

"Екологічний" вектор регулювання діяльності банків: модель ЄС

Ukraine is on the verge of joining the European Union, which requires, on the one hand, the transformation of the regulation of banking activity in accordance with the standards adopted by it, and on the other hand, the implementation of the concept of sustainable financing in all spheres of public life, including the banking system. Recently, a stable trend has emerged in the countries of the Euro zone, which consists in liaison of the mechanism of regulation of banks’ activity to the goals of sustainable financing, which makes it necessary to do changes to the existing standard of requirements for the capital of credit institutions (CI) and to regulate its adequacy. The mentioned metamorphosis has also spread to the banks of Ukraine, which are only taking the first steps in the direction of introducing the key principles of sustainable financing into their practical work. Along with the above, in the near future the domestic banking sector may face the problem of "greening" the mechanism of regulation of their activity according to European standards, directives, regulations and guidelines. Solving this extremely difficult problem will require the NBU to take decisive and, at the same time, well-balanced measures, which would not hinder the active development of investment and lending in a sustainable economy. The aim of the study is to reveal the key provisions of the regulation of banks in the EU, to determine the vectors of their change in accordance with the goals of sustainable financing, as well as to develop recommendations for the banking sector of Ukraine. In this research, methods of scientific knowledge were used, in particular: obser­vation, theoretical generalization, ab­stract­tion, comparison, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction. The main provisions of the Directive on capital requirements and regula­tion of capital adequacy of banks in the European Union are outlined. The essence of harmonious finance and the stages of its transformation in EU countries are revealed. The ecological vector of the regulation of banks’ activities was considered, and the difficulties and prospects of its implementation in the banks of Ukraine were determined. A "chain" of step-by-step implementation of the NBU’s "environ­mental" regulatory initiatives in Ukrainian banks is proposed based on the best European practices and the possibilities of their imple­mentation in a country at war.

МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ПРОЦЕССА ПРЕДОКРАСОЧНОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ КУЗОВНОЙ ОБШИВКИ ЖЕЛЕЗНОДОРОЖНОЙ ТЕХНИКИ

There are data on the mathematical modeling of the manufacturing process of gas dynamic treatment. The study objective is to obtain a mathematical apparatus that allows the calculation of the main manufacturing modes of gas dynamic treatment according to the destruction rate of operational pollution, as well as to the invasiveness of the body covering. To do this, the paper presents the main provisions of the mathematical model and the results of the research.