Overview of the focal update (2023) of the recommendations of the European Society of Cardiology on the diagnosis and treatment of heart failure in 2021

Abstract

In August 2021, the European Society of Cardiology published guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of heart failure. In these recommendations, the main focus was on the treatment of patients with a low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤40 %, while the level of evidence for patients with LVEF between 41 % and 49 % was rather weak – IIbC. The studies that were conducted at that time were not specifically focused on patients with moderately reduced LVEF. Over the next two years, new data were obtained on the treatment of patients with moderately reduced and preserved LVEF, patients with concomitant chronic kidney disease (CKD), type 2 diabetes (type 2 diabetes), and iron deficiency. Therefore, in 2023, a focal update of the recommendations for the treatment of HF was published, the main provisions of which are presented in this review.