Main Proof Research Articles

RhD detection in transfusion medicine

Transfusion medicine represents one of the emerging medicine branches of the last century. With the discovery of isoagglutinin, the main proof has been made that blood group inheritance is encoded in genes which established the theory of four blood groups. Moreover, the presence of certain antibodies, later known as Rh factors, directly reflects the ability to accept or reject of blood group. Several methods of detection of Rh factor have been used in transfusion medicine which helps in diagnostic procedures. This is of great importance, especially during pregnancies or during blood donation processes. Molecular approaches enable the identification and analysis of blood that is negative for specific antigens against which a patient may have generated antibodies, the detection and analysis of antibodies, and the identification of donors who are negative for common antigens.

Retorika Voditelja Intern Literature Sangam

Sangam literature reveals the best thoughts about ancient Tamils. The effecting usage of words according to the situation is called rhetoric. The rhetoric generally refers to those who possess commanding personality skills. Aga ilakkiya leader has profound knowledge in elaborating her thoughts to others. The literature has also stated that the Aga ilakkiya leader’s rhetoric skills have guided her friends and man in a proper way. In the literature, the Aga ilakkiya leader’s skills in handling various traits such as accepting and rejecting ambassadors are one of the main proofs. The leader’s rhetorical skill can sometimes melt down the heart of her man. In Sangam Aga literature, the chief position was meant for leaders only. Hence the chief’s wellness is significantly taken care of by her friend. Normally friend is expected to be rich in knowledge and a leader is affiliated with feelings hence friends’ quality has been spoken high. So, the friend of Aga Ilakkiya leader’s intelligence is spoken from time to time. Hence this article describes how the rhetorical skills of a leader who could actually understand the different situations and managed her friend.

Convergence analysis of two conservative finite difference fourier pseudo-spectral schemes for klein-Gordon-Dirac system

In this paper, we propose and study two conservative finite difference Fourier pseudo-spectral schemes numerically solving the Klein-Gordon-Dirac (KGD) system with periodic boundary conditions. The resulting numerical schemes are time symmetric and proved to conserve the discrete mass and the discrete energy. We give a rigorously convergence analysis for the schemes. Specifically, we establish the error estimates which are without any restrictions (CFL condition) on the ratio of time step to space step. The convergence rates of the new schemes are proved to be the temporal second-order and spatial spectral-order, respectively, in a Hm-norm. The main proof tools include the ideas of standard mathematical induction and the method of defining energy. Finally, we give the numerical experiments to support our theoretical analysis and error bounds.

PROOF COMPLEXITIES ON A CLASS OF BALANCED FORMULAS IN SOME PROPOSITIONAL SYSTEMS

In this paper four proof complexity characteristics for some class of balanced tautologies are investigated in two proof systems of propositional logic. One of the considered systems is based on determinative disjunctive normal form, the other on the generalization of splitting method. The optimal upper and lower bounds by logarithmic scale for all main proof complexity characteristics of considered tautologies are obtained in both systems.

The Circlet Inequalities: A New, Circulant-Based, Facet-Defining Inequality for the TSP

Facet-defining inequalities of the symmetric traveling salesman problem (TSP) polytope play a prominent role in both polyhedral TSP research and state-of-the-art TSP solvers. In this paper, we introduce a new class of facet-defining inequalities, the circlet inequalities. These inequalities were first conjectured in Gutekunst and Williamson [Gutekunst SC, Williamson DP (2019) Characterizing the integrality gap of the subtour LP for the circulant traveling salesman problem. SIAM J. Discrete Math. 33(4):2452–2478] when studying the circulant TSP, and they provide a bridge between polyhedral TSP research and number-theoretic investigations of Hamiltonian cycles stemming from a conjecture from Marco Buratti in 2007. The circlet inequalities exhibit circulant symmetry by placing the same weight on all edges of a given length; our main proof exploits this symmetry to prove the validity of the circlet inequalities. We then show that the circlet inequalities are facet-defining and compute their strength following Goemans [Goemans MX (1995) Worst-case comparison of valid inequalities for the TSP. Math. Programming 69:335–349]; they achieve the same worst case strength as the similarly circulant crown inequalities of Naddef and Rinaldi [Naddef D, Rinaldi G (1992) The crown inequalities for the symmetric traveling salesman polytope. Math. Oper. Res. 17(2):308–326] but are generally stronger. Funding: This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program [Grant DGE-1650441] and by the National Science Foundation Division of Computing and Communications Foundations [Grant CCF-1908517].

Eklemeli İmalat Yöntemiyle Tekne İnşaatında Dolgu Yoğunluğu ve Örüntüsünün Mukavemet Üzerindeki Bileşik Etkisi

Prototip ve ürün üretim hızı, tasarımcılara sağladığı form geliştirme özgürlüğü, görece düşük kapasitedeki üretim ihtiyaçları için rekabetçi maliyeti, iyi kaliteye hızlı ulaşım olanaklarıyla, bilgisayar destekli tasarım ve üç boyutlu yazıcı teknolojisi temelindeki eklemeli imalat yöntemi, denizcilik endüstrisini de kapsayacak şekilde yaygın bir ilgi görmektedir. Bu ilginin temel kanıtı, eklemeli imalat yöntemine ilişkin araştırma, geliştirme etkinlikleri ve bilimsel yayın sayılarındaki ciddi artıştır. Esnek tasarımların sıklıkla güncellenmesiyle rekabetçiliği sürdürülebilir kılınabilecek küçük tekne endüstrisinin anılan avantajları nedeniyle eklemeli imalat yöntemine yönelmesi kaçınılmazdır. Eklemeli imalat yöntemi, teknelerin tasarım ve üretim sürecini verimli kılmakla birlikte, bu yöntemden iyi sonuç alabilmek onun bileşenleri üzerinde uygulamayla elde edilmiş deneyimlere dayanan verileri gereksinir. Bu çalışma kapsamında eklemeli imalat yönteminin önemli bileşenlerinden dolgu yoğunluğu ve örüntüsünün nihai ürünün temel mekanik özelliklerinden çekme mukavemeti üzerindeki etkisi deneysel olarak incelenmiştir. Üç boyutlu yazım teknolojileri temelinde yaygın olarak kullanılan polimerlerden polilaktik asitin (PLA) 13 farklı basım örüntüsü ve %10, 25, 50, 75 ve 100 olmak üzere beş farklı dolgu yoğunluğundan oluşan deney matrisi uyarınca çekme deneyleri Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi (DEÜ) Kompozit Laboratuvarı’nda yapılmıştır. Sonuçlar, mekanik niteliklerin üzerinde durulan parametrelere çok duyarlı olduğu, “kübik” örüntünün incelenen yoğunluklarda genel olarak en iyi mekanik niteliklere ulaşmakta etkin olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu örüntü ve %25 yoğunluktan yararlanılarak 1/5 ölçeğinde bir yelkenli tekne gövdesi PLA polimer kullanılarak eklemeli imalat yöntemiyle DEÜ Deniz Bilimleri ve Teknolojileri Eklemeli imalat Laboratuvarı’nda üretilmiştir.

Some classes of complete permutation polynomials in the form of (xpm − x + δ ) s + axpm + bx over F p 2m

Abstract Several classes of complete permutation polynomials (CPPs) in the form of (xpm − x+ δ ) s + axpm + bx over F p 2m are described in this paper. For fractional exponent s, the permutation properties of the given polynomials are proved by the AGW criterion and for determining the bijectivity of the corresponding piecewise functions. For exponent ssatisfying s= i(pm − 1) + pj , the main proofs here depend on the AGW criterion and the quantity of solutions for certain linearised equations. Several results generalise some earlier results on permutation polynomials (PPs).

Tunneling estimates and approximate controllability for hypoelliptic equations

This memoir is concerned with quantitative unique continuation estimates for equations involving a “sum of squares” operator L \mathcal {L} on a compact manifold M \mathcal {M} assuming: ( i ) (i) the Chow-Rashevski-Hörmander condition ensuring the hypoellipticity of L \mathcal {L} , and ( i i ) (ii) the analyticity of M \mathcal {M} and the coefficients of L \mathcal {L} . The first result is the tunneling estimate ‖ φ ‖ L 2 ( ω ) ≥ C e − c λ k 2 \|\varphi \|_{L^2(\omega )} \geq Ce^{- c\lambda ^{\frac {k}{2}}} for normalized eigenfunctions φ \varphi of L \mathcal {L} from a nonempty open set ω ⊂ M \omega \subset \mathcal {M} , where k k is the hypoellipticity index of L \mathcal {L} and λ \lambda the eigenvalue. The main result is a stability estimate for solutions to the hypoelliptic wave equation ( ∂ t 2 + L ) u = 0 (\partial _t^2+\mathcal {L})u=0 : for T > 2 sup x ∈ M ( d i s t ( x , ω ) ) T>2 \sup _{x \in \mathcal {M}}(dist(x,\omega )) (here, d i s t dist is the sub-Riemannian distance), the observation of the solution on ( 0 , T ) × ω (0,T)\times \omega determines the data. The constant involved in the estimate is C e c Λ k Ce^{c\Lambda ^k} where Λ \Lambda is the typical frequency of the data. We then prove the approximate controllability of the hypoelliptic heat equation ( ∂ t + L ) v = 1 ω f (\partial _t+\mathcal {L})v=\mathbb {1}_\omega f in any time, with appropriate (exponential) cost, depending on k k . In case k = 2 k=2 (Grushin, Heisenberg...), we further show approximate controllability to trajectories with polynomial cost in large time. We also explain how the analyticity assumption can be relaxed, and a boundary ∂ M \partial \mathcal {M} can be added in some situations. Most results turn out to be optimal on a family of Grushin-type operators. The main proof relies on the general strategy to produce quantitative unique continuation estimates, developed by the authors in Laurent-Léautaud (2019).

The Cutoff Phenomenon in Wasserstein Distance for Nonlinear Stable Langevin Systems with Small Lévy Noise

This article establishes the cutoff phenomenon in the Wasserstein distance for systems of nonlinear ordinary differential equations with a dissipative stable fixed point subject to small additive Markovian noise. This result generalizes the results shown in Barrera, Högele, Pardo (EJP2021) in a more restrictive setting of Blumenthal-Getoor index α>3/2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\alpha >3/2$$\\end{document} to the formulation in Wasserstein distance, which allows to cover the case of general Lévy processes with some given moment. The main proof techniques are based on the close control of the errors in a version of the Hartman–Grobman theorem and the adaptation of the linear theory established in Barrera, Högele, Pardo (JSP2021). In particular, they rely on the precise asymptotics of the nonlinear flow and the nonstandard shift linearity property of the Wasserstein distance, which is established by the authors in (JSP2021). Main examples are the nonlinear Fermi–Pasta–Ulam–Tsingou gradient flow and dissipative nonlinear oscillators subject to small (and possibly degenerate) Brownian or arbitrary α\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\alpha $$\\end{document}-stable noise.

Доказательство бытия Бога: неосуществленный проект союза веры и разума

Proceeding from the assumption of the pos-sible union between the sphere of rational – mainly philosophical and theological – and the sphere of irrational – the proper religious comprehension of transcendent entities, the article considers the main options for proving the existence of God. The author formulates the purpose and objectives of the study and chooses a comparative research method cor-responding to them based on such an accen-tuated consideration of the problem of prov-ing the existence of God. The study results in the following conclusions. 1. There are two levels of proof of the existence of God: the level of rational-theoretical knowledge and the level of religious-practical revelation within which relations of combination and exclusion can arise. 2. The cultural and histor-ical prerequisites that determined the ideo-logical split between ancient philosophy and Christian faith, yet preserved their continui-ty, include the consequences of the trans-formation of rationalism into a kind of reli-gion. 3. There are two main proofs of the ex-istence of God – ontological and cosmologi-cal. In addition, the physic-theological (teleo-logical) argument of cosmological proof exists and is widely used. 4. The considered proofs of the existence of God confirm the validity of the conclusion that it is impossible to ra-tionally prove or refute their original thesis without taking into account the irrational features of religious truth. The final section of the article considers a phenomenological version of the proof of the existence of God as its kind of epilogue. The general conclu-sion of the study is as follows. Although the proof of the existence of God has not lost its ideological relevance over the long history of its existence it yet cannot be attributed to the category of implemented projects of the union between faith and reason.

Labour in Pandemic Capitalism

Abstract This article aims to point out some of the main destructive trends in relation to the working class that, although not caused by the covid-19 pandemic, are being widely intensified amid this health crisis. Thus, the intention is to show that the antisocial metabolism of the capital system has been developing ‘laboratories’ to experiment with labour, driven by large corporations and digital platforms, of which ‘Uberised work’ and remote working from home are examples, and that these trends have tended to expand in the post-pandemic period, further aggravating the precarious conditions of the working class on a global scale. Long working hours, intense forms of exploitation and the complete lack of labour rights constitute some of the main proofs of these precarious conditions, resulting in the elimination of large sectors of the working class that have become superfluous and disposable, thus increasing unemployment.

Ground-truthing the pyrite trace element proxy in modern euxinic settings

Abstract Pyrite trace element (TE) chemistry is now widely employed in studies of past ocean chemistry. Thus far the main proof of concept has been correlation between large data sets of pyrite and bulk analyses emphasizing redox sensitive TE data from ancient samples spanning geologic time. In contrast, pyrite TE data from modern settings are very limited. The sparse available data are averages from samples from the Cariaco Basin without stratigraphic resolution and from estuarine sediments. To fill this gap, we present TE data (Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Ag, Pb, Bi) from the two largest euxinic basins on Earth today, locations where the majority of the pyrite formed within the water column, the Black Sea and Cariaco Basin. These locations have different water column TE contents due to their relative degrees of restriction from the open ocean, thus providing an ideal test of the relationship between pyrite precipitated under euxinic conditions from basins with different degrees of basin restriction and dissolved TE concentration. At each site we observed that down-core trends for pyrite increase before reaching relatively steady values for most TE. This observation suggests that instead of all the TE being sourced directly from the water column, some are incorporated from the sediments, presumably desorbing from detrital materials. However, since much of the adsorbed TE is adsorbed from the overlying water, the pyrite chemistry still seems to reflect the water chemistry at or near the surface. Indeed, for Mo, there is less variation in pyrite than in bulk sediment. Additionally, we found that pyrite formed during diagenesis due to sulfide diffusion into iron-rich muds revealed low-TE contents, except for siderophile elements likely to have been adsorbed onto Fe (hydr)oxides, highlighting the risk of potential false negatives from pyrite formed under these conditions. This relationship highlights the need for detailed understanding of the full context, including the use of complementary geochemical data such as sulfur isotope trends, in efforts to use pyrite TE to interpret conditions in the global ocean.

Awake Epilepsy Surgery in Patients with Focal Cortical Dysplasia

Awake craniotomy (AC) and direct electric stimulation emerged together with epilepsy surgery >80 years ago. The goal of our study was to evaluate the benefits of awake surgery in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy caused by focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) affecting eloquent areas. Our material included 95 patients with drug-resistant epilepsy and FCD, who were operated on between January 2009 and December 2018. These 95 patients were assigned into 3 groups: AC; general anesthesia (GA) with intraoperative neuromonitoring; and GA without intraoperative neuromonitoring. We investigated the following variables: age at surgery, lesion side, eloquent cortex involvement, brain mapping success rate, epilepsy surgery success rate, intraoperative complications, postoperative complications, and intraoperative changes of the preoperative resection plan according to results of the brain mapping by direct electric stimulation. We found statistically significant differences between the AC and GA groups in the mean age at operation, lesion side, eloquent localization, and postoperative transient neurologic deficit. Seizure outcome in the AC was satisfactory (71% complete seizure control) and comparable to the seizure outcome in the GA groups. Our preoperative plan was changed because of functional constraints in 6 patients (43%) operated on during AC. AC during epilepsy surgery for FCD in eloquent areas may change the preoperative plan. The good rate of postoperative seizure control and the absence of permanent postoperative neurologic deficit in our series is the main proof that AC is a useful tool in patients with FCD involving the eloquent cortex.

<em>Ibn-Rushd (Averroes).</em> The Incoherence of the Incoherence. Part Three

This series of publications is a translation of selected sections from the book “The Incoherence of the Incoherence” (Tahafut at-Tahafut) of peripatetic philosopher Ibn Rushd (Averroes, d. 1198), written in response to the book of asharite mutakallim al-Ghazali (d. 1111) “The Incoherence of the Philosophers” (Tahafut al-Falasifa). In this part Ibn Rushd examines the second of two objections raised by al-Ghazali against the main proof for the eternity of the world – “from complete cause” (in Ghazali’s wording, “impossibility of the temporal proceeding from absolute eternity”), as well as his criticism of another proof based on the eternity of time (in two formulations).

Politicization of Sports Through Media: Syncretism of Social Institutions

Modern realities suggest a special syncretic process – the politicization of sports through the media. Despite the fact, that such determinants are dialectically characteristic of countries in conditions of international tension (including latent nature), as was the case in the 20th century during the many years of confrontation between USSR and USA, the events of 2018 forced to view this picture from the standpoint of publishing political conflict, in which there was a representation of sporting events. The Olympic (so-called «doping») scandal against the Russian National Team was actively covered by European and Western media, which operated not only with rhetoric of irony, but also with the rhetoric of imaginary justice. And the discovery in the blood of a curling expert A. Krushelnitsky, meldonium and, as a result, the deprivation of his bronze medals at the Olympics-2018 became for the Western media the main (and only) proof of dishonest behavior of the National Team. In turn, the representation of the conflict by the Russian media was a mirror reaction. The politicization of sports through media at the present stage continued in the spring and summer of 2018 during the preparation and holding of the World Cup in Russia. Despite the prevalence of negative messages in the media agenda of foreign publications on the eve of the Championship (operating with the rhetoric of unreasonableness), the representation of a sporting event by the Russian media, which worked on the principle of media solidarization (complementing the agendas of «traditional» media and «new media» — blogging, social media) in accordance with the laws of media logic, constructed the atmosphere of a universal sports festival, which manifested itself at the level of high organization of both football matches at all sports venues in the country, and out-of-stage performances (flash mobs, concerts, etc.), with an emphasis on tolerance, security, service compliance with international standards, forced a number of Western and European media controllers begin to adhere to the rhetoric of recognition.

Steady state for a predator\u2013prey cross-diffusion system with the Beddington\u2013DeAngelis and Tanner functional response

The main goal of this paper is investigating the existence of nonconstant positive steady states of a linear prey–predator cross-diffusion system with Beddington–DeAngelis and Tanner functional response. An analytical method and fixed point index theory plays a significant role in our main proofs.

The role of dental medical records in the assessment of the quality of medical care

The influence of the quality of registration of medical records in the provision of dental care to the possibility of objective evaluation of the quality of treatment in forensic examinations. The structure of complaints that became the basis for 432 patients' appeal to the court, the frequency of occurrence and the qualitative composition of questions to expert doctors are determined. It is proved, that the medical record of a dental patient is one of the main proofs in the judicial process when justifying the position of the parties: 81% of legislative examinations contained questions about compliance with clinical recommendations and treatment standards, and 69% about the presence of defects and shortcomings of treatment. Analysis of the quality 1530 of dental records in various regions of the Russian Federation showed that only 77.8±1.06% of the records contained a detailed description of the course of surgery, a description of additional diagnostic methods was present in 70.6±1.16%, and an informed consent to surgery in 15.3±0.91% of the records. Unqualified filling out of the medical record is currently regarded as poorly provided medical care so it is necessary to change the attitude of dentists to filling out medical documentation.

Blockchain based Tamper Proof Certificates

Document is the main proof for showing identity of a person and nowadays there has been many cases related to document tampering. Most of the documents like marksheet, birth certificate, identity card, etc. can be easily tampered and produced, sometimes the tampered document looks much more real and it becomes difficult for the organization or the verifier to verify the document. This research paper will try to overcome the issues with the help of blockchain technology. Blockchain is a decentralized peer-to-peer mechanism that provides protection, trustworthiness, legitimacy, immutability, and transparency. In this proposed system hashing technique is used for encryption. By using this technology people can request for the necessary documents and verifier can easily verify the documents using hash value.

Statical and Dynamical Software Analysis

The development of software built with quality has become an important trend and a natural choice in many organisations. Currently, methods of measurement and assessment of software quality, security, trustworthiness cannot guarantee safe and reliable operations of software systems completely and effectively.In this article statistical and dynamical software analysis methods, main concepts and techniques families are overviewed.The article has an overview of why combination of several analysis techniques is necessary for software quality and examples how static and dynamical analysis may be introduced in a modern agile software development life cycle.As a summary of techniques for software analysis, represented on Table 1, due to the computability barrier, no technique can provide fully automatic, robust, and complete analyses. Testing sacrifices robustness. Assisted proving is not automatic (even if it is often partly automated, the main proof arguments generally need to be human provided). Model-checking approaches can achieve robustness and completeness only with respect to finite models, and they generally give up completeness when considering programs (the incompleteness is often introduced in the modeling stage). Static analysis gives up completeness (though it may be designed to be precise for large classes of interested programs). Last, bug finding is neither robust nor complete. Another important dimension is scalability. In practice, all approaches have limitations regarding scalability, although these limitations vary depending on the intended applications (e.g., input programs, target properties, and algorithms used).Already implemented code could be analysed in a continuous integration environment by a tool like SonarQube. Properly configured metrics and quality gates provide fast and detailed feedback on incremental changes starting from development machine till highload enterprise production environments. Software analysis helps to improve quality and development speed in Agile development life cycle with reasonable cost.Manuscript received 16.05.2020

Ibn-Rushd (Averroes).The Incoherence of the Incoherence. Part Two

(Translation from Arabic into Russian, intoduction and comments)This series of publications is a translation of selected sections from the book «The Incoherence of the Incoherence» (Tahafut at-Tahafut) of a peripatetic philosopher Ibn Rushd (Averroes, d. 1198), written in response to the book of asharite mutakallim al-Ghazali (d. 1111)«The Incoherence of the Philosophers» (Tahafut al-Falasifa). The first of these sections and the longest one is devoted to the question of the world’s eternity.In this part Ibn Rushd continues examining the first of the two objections raised by al-Ghazali as the main proof for the pre-eternity of God’s creation – «from the complete cause», or, in Ghazaliane wording, «It is impossible that the temporal should proceed from the absolutely eternal». According to this objection, it is the God’s eternal will that predetermined the specific moment when the world came into being.