Main Oil Research Articles

Changes in the essential oil, fixed oil constituents, and phenolic compounds of ajowan and fenugreek in intercropping with pea affected by fertilizer sources

Intercropping systems combined with the application of organic and biofertilizers can create more sustainable and cleaner plant production systems. This study investigated the effect of organic/biofertilizers and intercropping patterns on the seed yield of ajowan (Carum copticum L.), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), and pea (Pisum sativum L.) and the essential oil and fatty acid profiles and phenolic compounds of the two medicinal and aromatic plants. The five fertilizer treatments were: no fertilizer (control), 100% chemical fertilizer (NPK), 50% chemical fertilizer+ 100% biofertilizer (CH+B), 50% chemical fertilizer + 100% humic acid (CH+H), and 100% biofertilizer + 100% humic acid (B+H). The six intercropping treatments were ajowan pure stand (Aps), fenugreek pure stand (Fps), pea pure stand (Pps), intercropping one row each of fenugreek + ajowan + pea (1 F:1 A:1 P), intercropping two rows each of fenugreek + ajowan + pea (2 F:2 A:2 P) and intercropping three rows each of fenugreek + ajowan + pea (3 F:3 A:3 P). The results showed that pure stands with CH+H fertilizer produced the highest seed yields for ajowan, fenugreek, and pea, being 29%, 25%, and 30% higher than the unfertilized control. The 2 F:2 A:2 P intercropping ratio fertilized with CH+H had the highest concentrations of ajowan essential oil (3.9%) and main chemical constituents, including thymol (51.3%) and p-cymene (19.6%). The main oil chemical constituents of ajowan included petroselinic acid (69–75.7%) oleic acid (18–23.9%), and palmitic acid (2.1–5.2%). The main chemical constituents of fenugreek oil were linoleic acid (32.4–38.9%), oleic acid (18–24.3%), linolenic acid (16.1–20.9%), and palmitic acid (7.2–14.1%). The 2 F:2 A:2 P intercropping ratio fertilized with CH+H and CH+B had the highest concentrations of coumaric and rosmarinic acids in ajowan and fenugreek, respectively. The results suggest that the 2 F:2 A:2 P intercropping ratio combined with chemical and organic fertilizer application is a more sustainable and cleaner strategy for improving secondary metabolites and fatty acid profiles in ajowan and fenugreek than pure stands.

Olive Pomace and Pâté Olive Cake as Suitable Ingredients for Food and Feed.

Olive oil extraction generates several by-products that represent an environmental issue, mainly for Mediterranean countries where olive oil is mostly produced. These by-products represent an ecological issue for their phenolic components, such as oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, and tyrosol. However, olive oil by-products can be treated and properly exploited in different fields for their health-promoting properties, and they represent great potential for the food and beverage, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Furthermore, recovery and treatment processes can contribute to efficient waste management, which can enhance the sustainability of the olive oil industry, and in turn, lead to relevant economic benefits. The solid waste, i.e., olive pomace, could be considered to be a suitable matrix or primary resource of molecules with high added value due to their high phenolic content. Olive pomace, at different moisture contents, is the main by-product obtained from two- or three-phase extraction systems. A commonly used centrifugal extraction system, i.e., a multiphase decanter (DMF), does not require the addition of water and can generate a new by-product called pâté or olive pomace cake, consisting of moist pulp that is rich in phenols, in particular, secoiridoids, without any trace of kernel. Although several reviews have been published on olive wastes, only a few reviews have specifically focused on the solid by-products. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to provide a comprehensive overview on the current valorization of the main solid olive oil by-products, in particular, olive pomace or pâté olive cake, highlighting their use in different fields, including human nutrition.

Mathematical modelling of oil spill weathering processes for contingency planning in Izmit Bay

One of the main oil refineries in Turkey is located in Izmit. This results in a high volume of crude oil and oil products handled in Izmit ports. The region is consequently at a very high risk for oil pollution. Due to the destructive effects of oil on the various segments of the environment, comprehensive preventive measures for crisis management related to potential oil spill scenarios are necessary to minimize the contaminated areas. In this study, hydrodynamic data are obtained from the HYDROTAM3D, and 36 oil spill scenarios, which involve Basrah light, Iranian light, and Russian oil, are evaluated for oil spill weathering processes using ADIOS2. Although the API gravities of the three different oil types are within the same range, their weathering processes are noticeably different in terms of their viscosity and density. Moreover, Basrah light oil has a higher evaporation and viscosity increase rate compared to the other two types of oil. Of the three types of oil, the Basrah light is the most likely to hinder recovery actions. In situations of crisis management to provide efficient recovery actions, comparison of weathering modelling data for each handled oil type is necessary for oil spill contingency planning.

Changes in Seed and Shoot Essential Oil Yield of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) in Response to Practices of Integrated Nitrogen Management

Effects of different nitrogen nutritional systems (biologic, organic, and chemical fertilizers) on fennel were investigated in two cropping years (2013-2014 and 2014-2015) in a completely randomized blocks design. Treatments consisted of control or uniformly spreading 50% urea at planting time, and 50% at stem elongation (N1), uniformly spreading 50% of urea at planting time and spraying the other 50% of urea fertilizer at stem elongation on fennel foliage (N2), cow manure (N3), inoculation of fennel seeds with Azotobacter and Azospirillum (N4), N5 or Integrated-1 (N3 + uniformly spreading urea at stem elongation), N6 or Integrated-2 (N3 + N4). Findings showed that N2 has led to 13.4% and 14.3% more seed yield production than N1 for the first and second years, respectively. Also, the results indicated that N2 could produce 14.3% and 13.6% more essential oil yield than N1 for the first and second years of study, respectively. The main essential oil constituents were anethole, methyl chavicol, α-pinene, limonene, and fenchone. The results of this study showed that there was no positive effect of biofertilizers (Azotobacter and Azospirillum) application on fennel.

Assessment of petroleum system elements and migration pattern of Borno (Chad) Basin, northeastern Nigeria

Borno (Chad) Basin is an intra-cratonic rift basin located at the southwestern terminal of the West Africa Rift System. Despite its reported low petroleum potential, oil seepages have recently been found in the basin from its oldest and lowest stratigraphic unit, the Bima Sandstone. The lack of source beds below this reservoir sandstone makes it challenging to classify the basin petroleum system elements (PSEs) in their normal order and to predict the origin of the oil seepages in the region. Coupled structural analysis (2D Move) and petroleum system modeling (PetroMod) were employed to investigate the structural and hydrocarbon evolution of the basin to reassess its PSEs, hydrocarbon potential and migration trends. The structural model shows that the basin has extended up to 2900 km since the Late Cretaceous. The extension controlled by regional tectonic activities has affected the West and Central Africa Rift System and caused some localized tectonic disturbance in the form of igneous underplating and magmatic intrusion, leading to regional uplift. The magmatic sill intruded into the Late Cretaceous source rock formations increased the heat flow for the study area to a peak value of 128 mW/m2. This anomalous high heat flow value is 38 mW/m2 above the regional average and 18 mW/m2 above the average value for a non-volcanic rift margin. Essential petroleum system elements for trapping and accumulation of hydrocarbons were missing as a result of the uplift during the Late Cretaceous, creating hiatus and diverting sediments to other parts of the basin. The PetroMod model result indicates three zones of oil generation: Early Oil, Main Oil, and Late Oil in the Fika Shale and the Gongila source formations. Source rocks became mature at a relatively shallow burial depth of 900 m due to transient heating from the magmatic sill intrusion in the Late Cretaceous. Oil migrated updip to the surface through fault breakouts. The modeling results show no significant entrapment of conventional hydrocarbons in the study area. The findings improve our understanding of the Borno Basin petroleum system setting and offer new insight on the petroleum exploration potential in the region.

PROGRAM-TARGET PRIORITIES OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE MINING INDUSTRY OF UKRAINE

Introduction. The subject of the research is the рrogram-targeted priorities, relevant for all regions of Ukraine, combine measures to improve mining on an ecological and economic basis, as well as support for research and innovation. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the program-target priorities of economic development of the mining industry of Ukraine with clarification of features for the Dnieper-Donetsk and Western regions. Method (methodology). The theoretical and methodological basis of the study are scientific developments of domestic and foreign scientists related to various issues of development of mining. The following methods were used in the research process: comparative analysis – to study the trends of program-target priorities for the development of the mining industry; systemic approach – to form a coherent approach to ensuring development with the involvement of international capital and intensification of interstate cooperation in the context of sustainable development and transformation of the national economy. Results. It is proposed to distribute program-target priorities for the development of the mining industry, which are relevant for all regions of Ukraine and with a specification for its main oil and gas regions. In substantiating the problematic aspects of the development of the mining industry of the Western region, the urgency of private economic priorities, expressed in the need for privatization, the formation of cluster associations, creating conditions for various forms of public control. It was determined that security priorities for economic resuscitation, eco-modernization priorities for reclamation, modernization of the industry and retraining of laid-off workers, as well as European integration priorities with international capital and intensification of interstate cooperation should dominate the Dnipro-Donetsk region. It was found that the European vector of economic integration of the mining industry of the Dnieper-Donetsk region allows to use the benefits of European policy in the field of critical raw materials, implement progressive management practices to reduce raw material dependence through circulating resource use, environmentally friendly products and innovations. for industrial ecosystems, increasing the use of domestic sources of raw materials and diversifying supplies from different countries.

Efeitos de tratamentos com nanopartículas e estresse salino na estrutura genética e características fisiológicas de Lavandula angustifolia Mill.

Lavandula angustifolia Mill. is an aromatic herb of the Lamiaceae family, which has been widely used by humans for many centuries. In the current study, we treated L. angustifolia samples with various concentrations of ZnO and Fe2O3 nanoparticles in the presence/ absence of NaCl salinity stress to evaluate the composition of essential oils, genetic structure, glandular trichome density and cellular Zn2+ and Fe2+ contents. We used Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) molecular markers to investigate the parameters of genetic diversity among the treated samples. Furthermore, the hydro-distilled essential oil from the aerial parts of the samples was subjected to GC and GC / MS analyses. SPSS ver. 15, PAST, PopGene, and GenAlex software were employed for statistical analyses. Intracellular concentrations of Fe2+ and Zn2+ differed under various concentrations of nanoparticles and salinity treatments, and a significant negative correlation was observed between these elements, however, nanoparticles treatment significantly increased intracellular concentrations of iron and zinc ions. We found four types of glandular trichomes on the surface of the leaf of the treated plants, and the ANOVA test revealed a significant variation for most of them. Meanwhile, the short-stalked capitate trichomes were the most frequent in most of the evaluated samples. The main and trace essential oil compounds were the same among the treated plants, meanwhile, their percentages varied among the samples. The percentages of 1,8- cineole and camphor decreased in treated plants, which affects the quality of essential oils. Parameters of genetic diversity differed among the treated samples. Furthermore, the AMOVA test demonstrated a significant genetic variation that its substantial part belonged to among treated samples. These findings revealed that the treatment of nanoparticles and salinity stress strongly influenced the genetic diversity, trichomes density, iron and zinc ions content in lavender plants.

Flexible Decision Support System for Algorithmic Trading: Empirical Application on Crude Oil Markets

Generating reliable trading signals is a challenging task for financial market professionals. This research designs a novel decision-support system (DSS) for algorithmic trading and applies it empirically on two main crude oil markets. The novel DSS enables investors to interactively build algorithmic trading strategies by fine-tuning various predefined integral elements. The main novelty of this study is the forecasting procedure encompassed into the DSS, and the flexibility of the system that allows users to adjust the parameters of the predictive model embedded and the length of the recursive window, based on individual preferences and the trade-off between prediction accuracy (increased computing intensity) and computing efficiency. The DSS also introduces two new steps into a standard fixed-length recursive window out-of-sample forecasting technique. It first estimates a universe of candidate models on each rolling window and then applies a fitness function to optimize model fit and produce more reliable one-step predictions from each recursive forecasting origin. Point-forecasts are subsequently fitted into algorithmic trading strategies, whose absolute and risk-adjusted performance is finally evaluated by the DSS. In implementing the DSS-based algorithmic trading strategies, the system performs 60760 estimations and 1736 optimizations for each market. In robustness checks, an additional number of 8 DSS’s are designed and evaluated. The results confirm the superiority of DSS-based algorithmic trading strategies in terms of predictive ability and investment performance for both markets. Hence, owing to its performance, flexibility and generalizability, the DSS is an important tool for prediction, decision-making, and algorithmic trading in the financial markets.

New insights into modeling disjoining pressure and wettability alteration by engineered water: Surface complexation based rock composition study

Several laboratory studies observed wettability alteration of carbonate rocks towards a more water-wet state through modifying the composition of injected water. The change in carbonate surface charge was reported as the underlying reason behind this wettability alteration and the corresponding incremental oil recovery by engineered water injection (EWI). Although the reported results of carbonate rock sensitivity to injected water ionic strength, pH, salinity, and concentration of potential determining ions (Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , and SO 4 2− ), there is still an ambiguity on the way carbonates interact with injected water/ions. This is due to the different mineralogical compositions and electrokinetic properties of carbonates. Therefore, this paper provides more insight into the role of major rock-forming carbonate minerals (calcite and dolomite) in engineered water injection at different water compositions by utilizing surface complexation modeling (SCM). The study utilizes a geochemical simulator to highlight the effect of dolomite surface complexation reactions. After determining the total rock surface charge and surface potential, the disjoining pressure was calculated to estimate the water film thickness and consequently, infer about wettability alteration. The results showed that a successful EWI operation creates three regimes: displacement regime, surface reaction regime, and quasi-equilibrium regime. These regimes can be characterized by the proposed surface complexation technique to calculate/optimize the injection pore volumes needed for each regime, determine the location of EWI effect in the reservoir, and predict the time ranges when EWI will reach to the surface in the form of additional oil recovery. Also, it was found that the surface reaction regime is the most important one where main surface reactions and oil recovery occur. Furthermore, the study utilizes SCM for both calcite and dolomite minerals for the first time highlighting their importance in geochemical reactions of EWI when the rock has dolomite in its composition. Existing SCM considers oil-brine and rock-brine interfaces where only calcite mineral is captured in the rock-brine interface. The latter is based on assuming that the rock composition is pure calcite, which is not necessary the case. The findings of this study confirm that seawater is capable of inducing wettability alteration in carbonates under certain favorable conditions due to adsorption/desorption of the potentially determining ions. • This paper provides novel insight into the role of major rock-forming carbonate minerals (calcite and dolomite) in EWI/LSWI at different water compositions by utilizing the surface complexation reactions. • It is found that in a successful EWI operation, three regimes would be created, i.e. displacement regime, surface reaction regime, and equilibrium regime. • These regimes can be characterized by the proposed technique to calculate/optimize the injection pore volumes needed for each zone. • The developed approach can determine the location of EWI effect in the reservoir, and predict the time ranges when EWI would reach to the surface in the form of additional oil recovery. • This study utilizes SCM for both calcite and dolomite minerals for the first time highlighting their importance in geochemical reactions during EWI when the rock has dolomite as a constituent.

Assessment of the degree of environmental pollution in emergency situations on main oil pipelines

The methodology for calculating the throughput and operating parameters of the main oil pipelines has been improved, taking into account small oil leaks. Regularities of the change in oil pressure at the beginning and end of each of the sections of the pipeline, the volumetric flow rate of liquid in the pipeline from the linear dimensions of the through holes and their location on the pipeline route have been identified, and the corresponding mathematical models have been developed. The degree of environmental pollution during oil infiltration into the soil is estimated taking into account the physical properties of oil, the profile of the pipeline route, the volumetric productivity through the hole and the duration of the oil leak.

Определение оптимального метода повышения пропускной способности технологического участка магистрального нефтепровода

Определение оптимального метода повышения пропускной способности технологического участка магистрального нефтепровода

Application of Metal Oxides Prepared Based on Ferroelectric‐Based Photoelectric Conversion Materials in the Thermal Degradation of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers

In today’s environment where the society attaches great importance to environmental pollution, there has been a certain amount of research at home and abroad to explore the solutions to pollution of the large amount of polluting and persistent harmful substances that remain in nature. And most people think that it is necessary to solve the problem of pollution in two ways. (1) Energy: without discussing other energy sources, we will only discuss the main oil of today’s energy. The treatment and use of this energy will cause pollution to a certain degree, and it has been overexploited. The exploration of new energy sources and increasing the use of natural energy such as wind and solar energy are the main research directions today. (2) Degradation of existing pollutants: nowadays, due to the rapid development of various industries, attention to environmental pollution has reached a point that cannot be ignored. As a kind of brominated flame retardant, polybrominated diphenyl ethers are widely used because of their low price and stable chemical properties, mostly in electronic appliances, building materials, textiles, furniture, and other products. But the substance is extremely harmful. This article focuses on the degradation treatment of tetrabromodiphenyl ether, which is one of the polybrominated diphenyl ethers that are long‐lasting and difficult to be degraded in the environment. It has become an emerging persistent organic pollutant due to its toxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulation. Based on the reduction and debromination of zero‐valent iron, the effect of debromination of tetrabromodiphenyl ether is explored under the coupling effect of the nanosized iron powder with the smaller particles of zero‐valent iron and vitamin B12. The experimental results in this paper show that when the dosage of nanoiron powder is between 0.0 g/L and 0.15 g/L, according to the degradation diagram, the reaction rate is continuously strengthened with the increase of nanoiron powder. When the dosage of nanoiron powder is 0.15 g/L‐1.0 g/L, the effect will be weakened with the increase of the concentration. Therefore, an increase in the concentration of nanoiron powder will promote the progress of the debromination reaction. But when it reaches a certain level, the reaction rate will gradually decrease until it stops.

Investigation on the asymmetric inter-fracture asynchronous huff-n-puff technology for the horizontal well group in the tight oil reservoir

Water huff-n-puff is one of the effective energy supplement methods for the development of tight oil reservoirs by horizontal wells. However, the oil production performance of water huff-n-puff severely decreases after several cycles. Available researches indicate that the inter-fracture asynchronous injection-production technology for the horizontal well is an efficient method for improving the oil production performance of water huff-n-puff. However, considering the object of the inter-fracture asynchronous huffn- puff is the single horizontal well, the study for a horizontal well group is less. Therefore, the asymmetric inter-fracture asynchronous huff-n-puff technology for the horizontal well group was investigated in this paper. The oil productions of the horizontal well group for different huff-n-puff modes were compared and analyzed first. After that, the oil recovery mechanisms of the asymmetric inter-fracture asynchronous huff-n-puff technology for the horizontal well group were revealed. Finally, the influence of operating parameters on the oil production of the horizontal well group for the asymmetric inter-fracture asynchronous huff-n-puff technology for the horizontal well group was studied by the numerical simulation method. The results show that compared with the water huff-n-puff, the accumulative oil productions for the asymmetric inter-fracture asynchronous huff-n-puff technology for the horizontal well group increased by 5134.8m3, and the increased amplitude is 36.86%. The imbibition, the inter-fracture displacement, and the inter-well displacement are the main oil recovery mechanisms of the asymmetric inter-fracture asynchronous huff-n-puff technology for the horizontal well group. The accumulative oil production of the horizontal well group for the asymmetric inter-fracture asynchronous huff-n-puff increases first, and then declines, finally tend to be stable with the increase of injection rate. Both the injection volume and the soaking time show a positive correlation with the accumulative oil production. The accumulative oil production of the horizontal well group decreases with the increase of production rate due to the aggravation of water channeling in the production stage. This work could provide certain theoretical guidance for the effective development of similar reservoirs by the horizontal well group.

Study on reservoir classification and influencing factors of sandstone reservoirs

An oil field reservoir belongs to a large river-delta sedimentary system in the northern part of the Songliao Basin. The depositional environment of the reservoir has changed significantly in different periods, and the nature of the reservoir is segmented in the vertical direction, so that different types of oil layers are developed in different areas and sections. There are many sandstone layers, and the oil-bearing well section is more than 500 meters long, consisting of mutual layers of sandstone and mudstone, in which the thickness of single sand layer is only a few meters to less than 1 meter, with obvious multi-rotation nature. With the continuous development of the oil field, the oil field has entered the late stage of high water content development, and the comprehensive water content of the oil field has reached over 90%, making it more difficult to stabilize the production of the oil field. In order to further extend the stable production period of the field and achieve the goal of “oil stabilization and water control”, while doing a good job of efficient development of the main oil reservoir, the development of non-main oil reservoirs with poor pore permeability, fragmented distribution, complex reservoir properties and serious non-homogeneity is increased, and various development methods such as water drive, poly drive and ternary composite drive are used comprehensively. As the difference of reservoir properties determines the difference of oil recovery methods and oil recovery costs, for the convenience of oilfield decision making and management, oil reservoirs are divided into main and non-main reservoirs, usually the reservoir with good physical properties, high oil saturation, low oil recovery costs and high development benefits are called main reservoirs, also known as class I oil reservoirs, and other reservoirs are called non-main reservoirs.

Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Smith:A potential source of zerumbone rich essential oil

Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith (Family Zingiberaceae), popularly known as “shampoo ginger” is a rhizomatous aromatic perennial plant traditionally used in foods, beverages as well as in herbal medicines. The species is widely distributed throughout Southeast Asia, mainly India, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Vietnam and Sri Lanka. Rhizomes of Z. zerumbet have been widely used due to its exceptional biomedical application for treating inflammations, rheumatism, sprains, colic pain and various other ailments. In the present study, essential oil isolated from Z. zerumbet rhizomes grown in Eastern India was analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. A total of seventeen aromatic compounds were identified representing 99.96% of the essential oil composition. The main oil constituents were zerumbone (70.60%), α-humulene (5.65%), humulene epoxide I (5.22%) and humulene epoxide II (5.71%), camphor (1.90%), camphene (3.47%), and cayophyllene oxide (2.52%). Methanolic extracts of Z. zerumbet rhizome was found to be rich in total phenols (6.50 ± 0.01 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g DM), total flavonoids (22.57 ± 0.08 mg quercetin (QE)/g DM) and having high antioxidant activity of 69.34 ± 5.65%. Our studies suggested that Z. zerumbet from Eastern India having high oil and zerumbone content can be used as potential natural source of zerumbone which has high pharmaceutical value.

Study on the difference of pore structure characteristics between the main oil reservoir and the second oil reservoir in Daqing Oilfield

In order to study the difference of pore structure characteristics between the second oil reservoir and the main oil reservoir in Daqing oilfield, the pore structure characteristic parameters of core were characterized by routine mercury injection experiment. The results show that the average pore radius of the main reservoir ranges from 5.24μm to 12.50μm, the sorting coefficient ranges from 1.14 to 3.08, the median saturation pressure ranges from 0.04MPa to 0.27MPa, and the maximum median radius can reach 15μm. The permeability is high and the displacement pressure is low. The average pore radius of the second type reservoir is in 2.21μm~9.03μm, the sorting coefficient is 2.70~4.77, the median saturation pressure is 0.076MPa~5.148MPa, the maximum radius is only 5μm, and the permeability is low and the displacement pressure is high. It is important to clarify the difference of reservoir pore structure characteristics for efficient reservoir development.

Мониторинг изменения состояния растительного покрова на участке трассы трубопровода проекта «Сахалин-2» по данным космических съемок

The construction of underground main oil and gas pipelines leads to significant changes in natural landscapes. During the construction of main pipelines, felling of forest massifs is carried out. There is a high probability of the development of exogenous geological processes in the presence of mountain-ous relief and abundant precipitation. Revegetation control of pipelines is very important, and special attention should be paid to control when laying pipelines through specially protected natural areas. The article presents the results of assessing the nature and dynamics of the restoration of the vegetation cover on the section of the Sakhalin-2 gas pipeline in the Dolinsky sanctuary based on the results of calculating NDVI from satellite images using geoinformation technologies, and checking the results by field research data. The purpose of the research is to analyze the change in the state of the vegetation cover, determined by the volume of phytomass (calculation by NDVI) based on space monitoring da-ta. Methods: interpretation and analysis of space images from spacecraft of the Landsat and Sentinel-2 family for the period from 2001 to 2021, geoinformation mapping of changes in the state of vegetation on the ArcGIS platform. Results: 5 stages of change in the state of the vegetation cover in the studied time interval were identified. The results show revegetation 10 years after the completion of the pipeline. Good restoration of valley forests and grass cover was noted. Sparse vegetation is com-mon in sections of the pipeline where biological reclamation has not been carried out. As result of work carried out, an increase in NDVI revealed, and, consequently, the presence of good conditions for the growth of plant communities, typical for the investigated section of the pipeline of the Sakhalin-2 project after completion of construction work.

Design of well seismic combined with horizontal well and tracking adjustment while drilling in block A

Based on the accurate understanding of the reservoir, oil-water distribution and structure of block A, the main oil layers are locally developed in well blocks A, B and C, the favorable parts of the structure are optimized, and the horizontal wells are deployed according to the principle of “increasing the production of horizontal wells in the main layer, not adding new platforms, and the horizontal section is not easy to be too long”. Apply new drilling data to carry out fine structure interpretation and reservoir inversion prediction, update geological model, and guide horizontal well trajectory optimization design and tracking adjustment.

Effects of ultrasonic waves on water imbibition into oil-wet carbonate reservoirs (a case study)

In this study, imbibition tests with and without ultrasonic radiation were performed on limestone samples obtained from the Asmari formation, which is the main Iranian oil reservoirs. The test results have shown a significant increase in the oil recovery with ultrasonic radiation. Reducing the interfacial tension (IFT) and thus reducing the capillary holding force of oil is considered a possible mechanism for increasing oil recovery from oil-wet rock. The capillary pressure curve shows that a relatively large increase in the oil recovery from oil-wet samples will occur if the IFT decreases and the gravity force becomes a dominant force.

Influence of weather and endogenous cycles on spatiotemporal yield variation in oil palm

Oil palm is the major source of vegetable oil in the world and Indonesia is the main palm oil producing country. There is limited knowledge on the factors accounting for spatial and temporal variation in fresh fruit bunches (FFB) yield. Here we investigated relationships between weather and endogenous factors with FFB yield and its components (bunch number and individual bunch weight) using data collected from well-managed plantations in Indonesia. The database included many sites and years (total of 136 block-years observations), portraying a wide range of FFB yield and environmental conditions. We used average annual values to detect spatial variations in yield associated with weather, and monthly values to detect temporal yield variations in yield associated with weather and endogenous cycles. We found that water stress was the key factor accounting for the spatial and/or temporal variation in FFB yield. Our analysis also highlights the importance of vapor pressure deficit (VPD) as a stress factor in oil palm, with this study being the first to demonstrate the negative relationship between yield and VPD and yield and water-use efficiency at the block level. Meteorological anomalies during the bunch failure, anthesis, and sex differentiation periods had the largest impact on yield. Besides climate factors, we confirmed the existence of endogenous yield cycles, with high-yield cycles typically followed by low-yield cycles and vice versa. Our findings extend current knowledge about sources of variation in oil palm yield, providing useful information to describe oil palm production environments and improve oil palm modeling and yield forecasting.