Abstract
Effects of different nitrogen nutritional systems (biologic, organic, and chemical fertilizers) on fennel were investigated in two cropping years (2013-2014 and 2014-2015) in a completely randomized blocks design. Treatments consisted of control or uniformly spreading 50% urea at planting time, and 50% at stem elongation (N1), uniformly spreading 50% of urea at planting time and spraying the other 50% of urea fertilizer at stem elongation on fennel foliage (N2), cow manure (N3), inoculation of fennel seeds with Azotobacter and Azospirillum (N4), N5 or Integrated-1 (N3 + uniformly spreading urea at stem elongation), N6 or Integrated-2 (N3 + N4). Findings showed that N2 has led to 13.4% and 14.3% more seed yield production than N1 for the first and second years, respectively. Also, the results indicated that N2 could produce 14.3% and 13.6% more essential oil yield than N1 for the first and second years of study, respectively. The main essential oil constituents were anethole, methyl chavicol, α-pinene, limonene, and fenchone. The results of this study showed that there was no positive effect of biofertilizers (Azotobacter and Azospirillum) application on fennel.
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