Main Mode Of Transport Research Articles

Effects of Pipeline Pressure on Diffusion Characteristics of Leaked Natural Gas in Tunnel Space.

Pipeline transportation has become the main mode of natural gas transportation. Due to inevitable aging, corrosion, and third-party damage, natural gas pipeline leakage accidents occur frequently. Leakage in the tunnel will lead to the leakage and accumulation of natural gas, and the potential explosion risk will threaten the tunnel's safety. It is significant to elaborate on the diffusion behavior of leaked natural gas in tunnel space for the traceability of leakage points and the formulation of safety technical measures. In this paper, a scale-down experimental platform for natural gas pipeline leakage in the tunnel is built, and the influence of pipeline pressure on natural gas diffusion characteristics is described. The results show that the diffusion process of leaked natural gas in the tunnel space shows obvious segmentation characteristics, and the concentration of natural gas reaches the maximum at the end of the continuous leakage stage. The increased pipeline pressure promotes natural gas diffusion, and the concentration of natural gas under 1.0 and 1.2 MPa rises sharply. First dangerous time (FDT) and maximum accumulated concentration (MAC) have a negative correlation with the leakage distance, while FDT and MAC have a good exponential and linear relationship with the pipeline pressure (0.2-1.2 MPa), respectively.

Islandization of the University Town from the Perspective of Student Off-Campus Behavior: A Case Study of Changqing University Town, Jinan City, China

In the wake of China’s rapid urbanization and higher education reform, a large number of new urban spaces have emerged, in particular, university towns. When promoting urbanization and stimulating economic growth, the isolation of the university town from the central city has become increasingly apparent. This article defined the islandization of the university town and analyzed it from the perspective of the behavior of the main actors of the university town, the students. Taking Jinan Changqing University Town, Jinan City, China as a case study, this article used a survey questionnaire and interviews to investigate the patterns of university town students' off-campus behavior. By constructing an analysis framework, this article discussed the characterization, influencing factors, and formation mechanism of the islandization of the university town. The results indicated that although the daily behavior of students was concentrated mainly in the university town, the student's needs could not be fully satisfied in the university town alone. Therefore, students needed to go to the central area of Jinan City, China for important activities, which included studying, working part-time jobs, shopping, recreation, and medical treatment. The main mode of transportation for the students that left the university town was public transport, which was considered inconvenient and costly in terms of time. Student behavioral characteristics indicated that the university town was spatially separated from society, which is a significant feature of islandization. The imperfection in the spatial factors was the basis of the islandization of the university town, which further triggered the behavior and psychological isolation of the students. In addition, spatial, student behavior, and psychological factors interacted and reinforced each other, which eventually formed a vicious circle and led to the increased isolation of the university town.

Structural analysis of factors for revitalizing lena river logistics using ISM method

Currently, inland water transport is the main mode of transport in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The Lena remains the main river connecting Yakutia with the federal transport infrastructure. However, the state of the Republic’s transport infrastructure does not meet the needs of its economy The infrastructure limits the effective realization of the industrial and resource potential and use of the geographical position of the Republic of Sakha. Therefore, to provide an insightful analysis of the factors affecting the logistics of the Lena River, we conducted a detailed analysis of the current problems of the inland waters of the Republic. This article analyzes the logistics of the Lena River and presents an assessment of the problems hindering the process of modernizing the inland water transport of the Republic of Sakha. Analyzing the factors for revitalizing the Lena River logistics through the Interpretative Structural Modeling method revealed the region’s main water transport logistics problems. Through the literature review, 12 key factors affecting the logistics of the Lena River were identified, and interrelationships among them were represented. The results illustrate that inland water transport of the Republic requires the development of transport infrastructure and financial support from the state to implement republican targeted programs. Therefore, this study is important in both academic and practical aspects.

Unraveling the supply-service relationship between high-speed railway and conventional railway: A temporal perspective

With the rapid development of high-speed railway (HSR), many scholars have studied the competition between HSR and aviation or inter-city coach, but few studies have discussed the supply-service relationship within the railway system. This paper explores the competition and cooperation between HSR and conventional railway (CR) at the city-pair level of 39 core cities in China from the temporal perspective. Comprehensive considering the departure time and arrival time between city pairs as the representation of train service quality, we find that the proportion of superior quality service of high-speed train (HST) is far higher than that of conventional train (CT). However, the time slots representing the competition degree show that CR with fewer superior quality trains is easier to be replaced than HSR. The supply-service relationships of the railway system indicate that HSR has become the main transportation mode between core cities, and the CR, as an auxiliary transportation, shows a certain complementary effect in the temporal perspective. Spatially, HSR and CR services are more likely to generate temporal competition on the mainline, but temporal complementarity between city pairs on non-arterial lines. This study can provide inspiration for regional spatial planning by better understanding the operation strategy of railway passenger transport system.

Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the profile and preferences of urban mobility in Brazil: Challenges and opportunities

Daily commuting characteristics were highly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, since restriction of the movement of people was one of the main preventive measures adopted. Understanding of the effects that the pandemic had on mobility is essential to help in mitigating the problems arising from this crisis, while also providing an opportunity for the implementation of sustainable policies in the post-pandemic period. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the impacts of the pandemic on the profile of travel behavior and mobility preferences in Brazil, using a case study of cities located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The data obtained from an online survey were modeled using exploratory factor analysis, resulting in the extraction of 15 main factors that explain behavioral changes in mobility due to the effects of the pandemic, as well as future perspectives. In the pandemic period, the use of private vehicles grew as the main mode of transport to the principal activity. Conversely, the use of public transport decreased drastically, due to compulsory measures taken by the health authorities to prevent the spread of the new virus. There was also greater receptivity to the adoption of active mobility, especially the bicycle, although it is necessary to provide better conditions for use of this transport mode. The findings support the development of public policies to reduce urban mobility problems and to provide guidelines for sustainable planning in the post-pandemic period.

A network-based analysis to assess COVID-19 disruptions in the Bogotá BRT system.

The global COVID-19 crisis has severely affected mass transit in the cities of the global south. Fear of widespread propagation in public spaces and the dramatic decrease in human mobility due to lockdowns have resulted in a significant reduction of public transport options. We analyze the case of TransMilenio in Bogotá, a massive Bus Rapid Transit system that is the main mode of transport for an urban area of roughly 10 million inhabitants. Concerns over social distancing and new health regulations reduced the number of trips to under 20% of its historical values during extended periods of time during the lockdowns. This has sparked a renewed interest in developing innovative data-driven responses to COVID-19 resulting in large corpora of TransMilenio data being made available to the public. In this paper we use a database updated daily with individual passenger card swipe validation microdata including entry time, entry station, and a hash of the card's ID. The opportunity of having daily detailed minute-to-minute ridership information and the challenge of extracting useful insights from the massive amount of raw data (∼1,000,000 daily records) require the development of tailored data analysis approaches. Our objective is to use the natural representation of urban mobility offered by networks to make pairwise quantitative similarity measurements between daily commuting patterns and then use clustering techniques to reveal behavioral disruptions as well as the most affected geographical areas due to the different pandemic stages. This method proved to be efficient for the analysis of large amount of data and may be used in the future to make temporal analysis of similarly large datasets in urban contexts.

Toward Attack Modeling Technique Addressing Resilience in Self-Driving Car

Self-driving cars are going to be the main future mode of transportation. However, such systems like, any other cyber-physical system, are vulnerable to attack vectors and uncertainties. As a response, resilience-based approaches are being developed. However, the approaches lack a sound attack model that recognizes the attack vectors and vulnerabilities such a system would have and that does a proper severity analysis of such attacks. Moreover, the existing attack models are too generic. Currently, the domain lacks such specific work pertaining to self-driving cars. Given the technology and architecture of self-driving cars, the field requires a domain-specific attack model. This paper gives a review of the attack models and proposes a domain-specific attack model for self-driving cars. The proposed attack model, severity-based analytical attack model for resilience (SAAMR), provides attack analysis based on existing models. Also, a domain-based severity score for attacks is calculated. Further, the attacks are classified using the decision-tree method and predictions of the type of attacks are given using long short-term memory network.

Spatial differentiation of daily commuting to work in Slovakia by modes of transport

Commuting to work is one of the most important forms of spatial mobility of the population. The mode of transport is one of its key characteristics. However, its spa-tial variability has so far been little explored, which is also due to the lack of reliable sta-tistical data. The census in Slovakia in 2021 addressed this issue, offering an opportunity to examine the use of individual modes of transport at various spatial levels, and in relation to the characteristics of commuters. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to evaluate the spatial differentiation of intra-municipal and inter-municipal daily commuting to work according to the main mode of transport used, and in relation to the age of the commuters. The basic spatial framework of the study is the system of functional urban regions in Slovakia. By applying statistical methods and cartographic visualization, the results demonstrating the spatial variability in the mode of transport were achieved. Regularities were also iden-tified in relation to various age categories of commuters. In addition, the study indicated a significant influence of the social-economic conditions and orography of specific territo-ries on the preference for commuting mode. The results have the potential to contribute to more effective spatial planning or investments in various forms of transport infrastruc-ture. At the same time, it is an initial study that encourages the examination of spatial pat-terns and forms of daily commuting in relation to other characteristics of commuters or geographical characteristics of the affected areas. The knowledge from this study is par-tially transferable to countries where similar statistical data are not available. URL: https://www.gcass.science.upjs.sk/

PROSPECTS FOR THE INTRODUCTION OF CABLE CAR TRANSPORT

Objective. The main purpose of this article is to review and analyze the possibilities of integrating cableway transport into the urban environment for unloading and redistribution of passenger flows in large cities, taking into account current issues of energy efficiency and resource conservation. Methods. It is determined that the successful functioning of the state depends on the transport process. At the same time, road transportation is becoming increasingly important. Statistical data for 2020 and 2021 on freight and passenger transportation were used. Statistics on road accidents have been increasing in recent years. The issues of passenger and freight safety are relevant. When designing a modern alternative mode of transport, it is important to consider possible innovative solutions. One of such approaches is the position on energy efficiency and resource conservation. At the same time, energy efficiency concerns not only the engineering processes of these transport systems, but also the operation of cable cars. An innovative solution can be rope systems in which cabins move along the carrier rope and are equipped with their own drive. Results. The main functions and significance of the transport system of the country, the main modes of transport, including passenger, are considered. The transport problem of large cities due to congestion of roads is determined. A review and analysis of the possibilities of integrating ropeway transport into the urban environment for unloading and redistribution of passenger flows in large cities, taking into account current issues of energy efficiency and resource conservation. The prospects for the introduction of cable transport are considered. Scientific novelty. The problems of transport of Ukraine are determined. Statistical data on road accidents, volumes of freight and passenger traffic are used. The proposed solution to unload the roads of large cities, in order to improve the safety of passenger traffic and environmental friendliness in transport. The scheme of self-propelled cable car with individual drive is developed. Practical significance. The issue of energy efficiency concerns the rational use of energy resources, which means that the use of less energy resources will reduce the cost of transportation. The use of energy efficient technologies will allow less detrimental impact on the environment, which is of great importance in a large city.

Cliff-top boulder morphodynamics on the high–energy volcanic rocky coast of the Reykjanes Peninsula (SW Iceland)

Cliff-top boulder deposits (CBDs) are morphological indicators of high-energy conditions. Since 2014, a monitoring of CBDs dynamics has been undertaken on the south-western coast of Iceland (Reykjanes Peninsula) to monitor their long-term activation (quarrying, transport and deposition) as a proxy of the inter-annual winter storminess variations and basaltic cliff erosion processes in a context of rocky coast progradation. Annual topomorphological surveys of four study sites were conducted and Structure-from-Motion photogrammetry was performed to quantify CBDs displacements. Hydrodynamic conditions were analyzed based on offshore waves and water level. Results show that CBDs activation occurs every winter, regardless of the variability of hydrodynamic conditions. Depending on the site and the year, >2% and 17% of the CBDs accumulated above 8 m to 10 m asl at the top of the cliffs are regularly mobilized. While inland movements represent the main mode of transport of blocks (between 50% to 60%), seaward and longshore movements are also well represented (10% to 20%). Longshore displacement is favored by the wide tabular morpho-structural setting of the wave-scour cliff-top platforms, which is explained by the structure of pāhoehoe lava flows. The activation of CBDs –measured from the volumes of displaced boulders–, shows a good correspondence with the frequency and duration of storms. However, as was the case during the winter of 2018–2019, it was rather the intensity of two highly morphogenic episodes combining storm waves and especially very high spring tide water levels, that generated the largest boulders displacements. Substantial interannual activation of the CBDs confirms that they constitute an important and still understudied proxy of the morphogenic system of high-energy rocky coasts, whose the dynamic in terms of carrying, transport, and deposition, could significantly increase with rising sea level.

都市の代表交通手段別構成比と平均歩行時間の関係

都市の代表交通手段別構成比と平均歩行時間の関係

Assessment of Body Mass Index (BMI) and General Health Status of Male Auto-Rickshaw Drivers in Garia, Kolkata

Background: In India, auto-rickshaw is one of the main modes of public transport in urban and semi-urban areas; however, auto-rickshaw drivers often suffer from various nutritional deficiencies. Objective: The objective of this work is to assess the body mass index (BMI) and the general health status of the auto-rickshaw drivers of the Garia Southern Avenue auto-rickshaw stand (in Kolkata). Method: To achieve this objective, a cross-sectional study has been undertaken, whereby data have been collected in February-July 2018, regarding duration of work, nature of addiction, ownership pattern, general clinical status, BMI and body fat percentage, of 157 male auto-rickshaw drivers, attached to the aforesaid stand, and belonging to the age-group of 18-55 years. Subsequently, the binomial test has been conducted at 5% level of significance.

Levels of automation and design standards in transport

The existing scheme of classification of transport routes (railways and roads) depending on the intensity of the traffic load — flows of vehicles and speeds of their movement — is shown. It is noted that there are no universal classifications of transport routes at the global level within the same transport mode. There are national, regional and network-based pathway classification systems. Due to the development of digital traffic management systems in transport, classifications of lines of transport depending on the level of automation of the rolling stock have started to appear. The classifications adopted in the Transport Strategy of the Russian Federation for the main modes of transport — land (railways, roads), water (maritime and river transport) — considered. Bearing in mind the railway transport of the Russian Federation, the set of basic concepts adopted in the Provisional National Standard of the Russian Federation given the levels of automation in the control system of railway rolling stock in automatic and remote modes, predetermining the requirements for railway infrastructure — structures and devices, respectively. A similar situation found in the classification system for smart roads proposed by the International Road Congress Association. A conclusion on the need to revise the normative documentation for the design of construction (reconstruction) of communication lines to include a calculated level of automation formulated.

Analysis of Airport Optimal Location in Papua Province as a Support for Logistics Center Distribution Development

Papua is the largest province in Indonesia. It covers an area of 316,552.6 km2. Papua Province consists of 28 regencies and one city, with a population of 4.03 million in 2020. The main mode of transportation as a link between regions in this province is air transportation, in addition to the development of sea transportation through the Sea Toll program and land transportation with the construction of the Trans Papua Road. This study takes the point of view of the transportation network, especially for air transportation, as the mode of choice backbone of the logistics distribution in the Papua area. Considering these conditions, this study considers that the airport is a logistics node, so it is necessary to inventory the number of airports in Papua Province. The method of this study was the shortest path which was included in a network model for determining the shortest and various routes. It analyzed the answers to questions such as which one will be the shortest, fastest, or cheapest route to go to a location and determined locations for logistics facilities, such as distribution centers and warehouses. The study's results were the object of this research is the airport listed on the website. Analysis of the shortest route between airports in the Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) Route Papua area network produced a distance matrix between airports. It resulted four scenarios of the number of airports and their respective service areas.

Recent developments in evaluation methods and characteristics of comfort environment in underground subway

In recent years, due to the rapid progress of urbanization, the subway system with the advantages of large transport capacity, punctuality, efficiency, convenience and safety has become one of the main transportation modes in metropolitan areas. With the increase in passenger flow, the comfort of subway passengers has attracted extensive attention from the academic community. In this paper, we begin by analyzing the characteristics of the subway environment and sort out six environmental elements that affect passengers’ comfort, including thermal environment, vibration, noise, lighting, air quality, and air pressure. In addition, the measurement scheme, calculation model, and evaluation method of each element are outlined based on relevant norms and literature. Through reviewing the studies in the past 2 decades, it is found that the in-depth research is still in demand for a comprehensive comfort evaluation model with multi-element coupling. A deep understanding of the subway passengers’ comfort is the basis for the design, development, and operation regulation of the subway environmental control system. Measures to improve comfort, especially the exploitation of energy-saving air conditioning systems, will provide strong support for the sustainable and sound growth of the rail transit industry.

Traffic Safety and City Public Transport System: Case Study of Bengaluru, India

Vehicle crashes are a major concern in rapidly growing urban agglomerations. They also have attracted the attention of researchers, academicians, and policy makers. A large body of research literature exists that throws light on the magnitude of this problem and also indicates the interventions required. In a vast majority of Indian cities, buses are the main mode of public transport. An externality of the bus-based public transport system, like any other mode of transport, is the injuries and fatalities arising out of the crashes involving them. Buses are involved in 12-20 percent of fatal crashes in Indian cities. This paper presents an analysis of the fatal crashes that involved public transport buses in Bengaluru, India. The study suggests that low floor buses with mechanical doors and segregated pedestrian and bicycle lanes can have a major impact on reducing fatal crashes of bicycles and pedestrians involving buses.

Transitions of Mobilities in Rural Areas?

project aims to contribute to the field of sustain mobility in rural areas. Where rural areas traditionally have been embossed by an individual car-based automobility, this project focus to investigate how the city of Lihme can transform into a more sustainable mobility future. By using the 'Motility' framework by (Kaufmann, Bergman, & Joye, 2004), and including the citizens from Lihme through a survey, it has enabled this project to research Lihme within the science of 'Mobilities Turn'. This science evolves mobility, as something more than just going from A to B compared to more conventional way of approach the science of mobility, that focuses more upon the physical structures.This project is designed in a both qualitative and quantitative research style, as it uses a survey as the main methodological approach, where the respondents were allowed to elaborate on their reasoning and mobil-ity behavior. Furthermore, the project is done using the hermeneutic philosophy of science, as the analysis is structured by the theoretical approach by analyzing through interpretations and understandings.The project shows, that there is a great usage of the car as a main mode of transportation for everyday commuting in Lihme. This is mainly caused by the culture, but also there are identified to many limitations for using other alternative mobilities, such as infrequent schedules and coverage for the existing public transport. However, there is a recognition from the citizens in Lihme, that there are other mobilities, that can improve the current mobility situation in Lihme.This project identifies four different 'Ideal Types', distinguished by their 'Potential to be Mobile' and 'Adap-tion Level'. These ideal types represent different groups of individuals and their factors for 'Mobility Coping Strategies'. Thus, these identified ideal types enable planners to select mobilities that fits into what is wanted by citizens living at the certain area. Furthermore, this identification shows, that when individuals are switching between life spaces, there are created 'Transition Stages' where individuals are more open and exposed to be transformed into more sustainable mobilities.The project concludes that it is possible to transform individual and car-based mobility into sustainable mo-bility if the citizens are being included. This means, that implementations of new mobilities need to be suit-able for the demands the citizens might have, as they themselves as citizens constitute the solution for transforming.

Comprehensive diagnosis model of environmental impact caused by expressway vehicle emission.

With the rapid development of the economy, the expressway has been used as a main mode of transportation due to its function to meet traffic demand of people and thus has been given full attention. But, at the same time, it has gradually become the main cause of pollution of traffic environment. To clarify the degree of pollution caused by expressway vehicle and improve the expressway pollution diagnosis system, upon the notion of low-carbon transportation, this paper divides expressway environmental pollution into four types: air pollution, photochemical smog pollution, noise pollution, and vibration pollution, and analyzes each of them, respectively. Then, a comprehensive diagnosis model of environmental pollution caused by running vehicles will be built. This paper monitors the pollution intensity on different spots on the expressway to obtain the single-vehicle factors of various pollutants of the motor vehicles. Combined with the geographic information system, this puts forward the diagnosis methods in terms of the environmental "air pollution," "photochemical smog pollution," "noise pollution" and "vibration pollution" caused by the expressway vehicles, respectively, and further establishes a diagnosis model of vehicle pollution corresponding to the characteristics of the expressway. The result of the case study on the actual monitoring data of six expressways in Jiangsu Province shows that the pollution diagnosis values of six expressways are all between (0.4, 0.6] which symbolizes "slight pollution." The research results can provide technical support for monitoring of environmental pollution caused by expressway more comprehensively and reasonably, and provide data support for formulating effective control strategies.

E-bikes in rural areas: current and potential users in the Netherlands

This study considers how socio-demographic characteristics, mobility situation and attitudes explain current and potential e-bike use in rural areas. Due to longer distances between travel destinations, rural areas in most western societies are characterized by a high car dependence and low use of active modes like walking and cycling. Developing e-bike mobility in these areas can support more healthy and sustainable rural mobility. A large-scale mobility survey conducted among rural residents in the northern parts of the Netherlands provides insight in the determinants of current and potential e-bike use in rural areas. The participant characteristics show that in rural areas also, the e-bike is already used among a broad population of varied ages and backgrounds and for different purposes. Among respondents who did not own an e-bike, especially those with lower socioeconomic status and a household with children showed more willingness to use an e-bike in the future. No evidence was found for current or potential substitution of public transport use. Current e-bike users less likely use a car or regular bicycle as their primary mode of transport. Those who are willing to use an e-bike are less likely to currently use a regular bicycle as their main mode of transport. These findings suggest that the e-bike can substitute both car and bicycle use to some extent. However, bicycle users seem more reluctant towards owning or adopting an e-bike than car users, suggesting greater potential for a shift away from car travel. Furthermore, current and potential e-bike users hold more positive attitudes toward different aspects of e-bike travel than non-users. This provides impetus for future actions to further encourage e-bike use.

Integrating land cover, point source pollution, and watershed hydrologic processes data to understand the distribution of microplastics in riverbed sediments

Microplastics are emerging contaminants ubiquitously distributed in the environment, with rivers acting as their main mode of transport in surface freshwater systems. However, the relative importance of hydrologic processes and source-related variables for benthic microplastic distribution in river sediments is not well understood. We therefore sampled and characterized microplastics in river sediments across the Meramec River watershed (eastern Missouri, United States) and applied a hydrologic modeling approach to estimate the relative importance of river discharge, river sediment load, land cover, and point source pollution sites to understand how these environmental factors affect microplastic distribution in benthic sediments. We found that the best model for the Meramec River watershed includes both source-related variables (land cover and point sources) but excludes both hydrologic transport-related variables (discharge and sediment load). Prior work has drawn similar and dissimilar conclusions regarding the importance of anthropogenic versus hydrologic variables in microplastic distribution, though we acknowledge that comparisons are limited by methodological differences. Nevertheless, our findings highlight the complexity of microplastic pollution in freshwater systems. While generating a universal predictive model might be challenging to achieve, our study demonstrates the potential of using a modeling approach to determine the controlling factors for benthic microplastic distribution in fluvial systems.