Main Land Research Articles

Geo-Tile2Vec: A Multi-Modal and Multi-Stage Embedding Framework for Urban Analytics

Cities are very complex systems. Representing urban regions are essential for exploring, understanding, and predicting properties and features of cities. The enrichment of multi-modal urban big data has provided opportunities for researchers to enhance urban region embedding. However, existing works failed to develop an integrated pipeline that fully utilizes effective and informative data sources within geographic units. In this article, we regard a geo-tile as a geographic unit and propose a multi-modal and multi-stage representation learning framework, namely Geo-Tile2Vec, for urban analytics, especially for urban region properties identification. Specifically, in the early stage, geo-tile embeddings are firstly inferred through dynamic mobility events which are combinations of point-of-interest (POI) data and trajectory data by a Word2Vec-like model and metric learning. Then, in the latter stage, we use static street-level imagery to further enrich the embedding information by metric learning. Lastly, the framework learns distributed geo-tile embeddings for the given multi-modal data. We conduct experiments on real-world urban datasets. Four downstream tasks, i.e., main POI category classification task, main land use category classification task, restaurant average price regression task, and firm number regression task, are adopted for validating the effectiveness of the proposed framework in representing geo-tiles. Our proposed framework can significantly improve the performances of all downstream tasks. In addition, we also demonstrate that geo-tiles with similar urban region properties are geometrically closer in the vector space.

People, Property and Territory: Valuation Perspectives and Economic Prospects for the Trazzera Regional Property Reuse in Sicily

As in many parts of Italy and Europe, the Sicilian Trazzera regional property has been for a long time the main land infrastructure supporting the agro-pastoral economy. Throughout its slow evolution, this land heritage has been affected by transport transformations and illegal appropriations by neighboring landowners, which have reduced its potential public function in the current renewed prospects of sustainability and a new balance between territories concerning the issue of the inland areas. A further issue concerns the management of the relationship between private interest and prospects for public reuse in progressively urbanized territorial contexts where this infrastructure takes on considerable economic and real estate interest. The current regional legislation suggests some measures for inter-municipal planning that also include the legitimization of illegal appropriations. From this twofold prospect, according to the wide-spread information and communication technologies (ICTs), and also including the geographic information systems (GIS), this work provides the application of two assessment tools based on a GeoDatabase of the current heard roads in the two areas of quantitative–monetary and aesthetic–qualitative assessment. The first shows the extent to which the fair compensation to be charged for legitimizing land parcels is underestimated today, to the detriment of urban social fixed capital development. The second demonstrates the way that common awareness of landscape value can be nurtured for the benefit of land and ecological–environmental rebalancing.

Toward a better understanding of uncertainty for satellite precipitation products over complex terrain with sparse rain gauge data

Satellite precipitation product quality is critical for various meteorological and hydrological applications. Products are subjected to more uncertainties in sparsely-gauged regions than in densely-gauged regions due to insufficient error correction. However, ground-truth-based validation cannot accurately quantify the spatially distributed uncertainty of satellite precipitation products over complex terrain with sparse rain gauge data. In this study, we explored a gauge-independent method, called the Three-Cornered Hat (TCH), to overcome the quantification issue and better understand the uncertainty of satellite precipitation products in such situations. Firstly, the reliability of the TCH method was explored over a topographically complex area. Then, the performance of the Soil Moisture TO RAIN-Advanced SCATterometer (SM2RAIN-ASCAT) and Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission (IMERG) in the Chuan-Yu region was evaluated using TCH, with the help of the China Merged Precipitation Analysis (CMPA) precipitation product as the third input. We found that: (1) The high consistency between error standard deviation (ESD) estimated by TCH and root mean square error (RMSE) estimated by ground-truth-based validation demonstrated that TCH is reliable for evaluating precipitation datasets over complex terrain; (2) The ESDs of SM2RAIN-ASCAT and IMERG had different spatial distributions, and the quality of IMERG was overall higher than that of SM2RAIN-ASCAT over a mountainous area; (3) IMERG performed better than SM2RAIN-ASCAT both at low (under 3000 m) and high elevations (over 3000 m) in most years, as well as for most main land cover types (woody savannas, mixed forests, and grasslands) in the study area. This method and these findings provide a new insight for better use of satellite precipitation products over complex terrain.

Implications of CO2 emissions on the main land and forest uses in the Brazilian Amazon

The emission of soil carbon dioxide (CO2) in agricultural areas is a process that results from the interaction of several factors such as climate, soil, and land management practices. Agricultural practices directly affect the carbon dynamics between the soil and atmosphere. Herein, we evaluated the temporal variability (2020/2021 crop season) of soil CO2 emissions and its relationship with related variables, such as the CO2 flux model, enhanced vegetation index (EVI), gross primary productivity (GPP), and leaf area index (LAI) from orbital data and soil temperature, soil moisture, and soil CO2 emissions from in situ collections from native forests, productive pastures, degraded pastures, and areas of high-yield potential soybean and low-yield potential soybean production. A significant influence (p < 0.01) was observed for all variables and between the different land uses and occupation types. September and October had lower emissions of soil CO2 and low means of soil moisture and soil temperature, and no differences were observed among the treatments. On the other hand, there was a significant effect of the CO2 flux model in productive pastures, high-yield potential soybean areas, and low-yield potential soybean areas. The months with the highest CO2 flux values in the model, regardless of land use and land cover, were October and November, which is the beginning of the rainy season. There were positive correlations between soil CO2 emissions and GPP (0.208), LAI (0.354), EVI (0.363), and soil moisture (0.280) and negative correlations between soil CO2 emissions and soil temperature (−0.240) and CO2 flux model (−0.314) values. Land use and land cover showed negative correlations with these variables, except for the CO2 flux model variable. Soil CO2 emission values were lower for high-yield potential soybean areas (averages from 0.834 to 6.835 μmol m−2 s−1) and low-yield potential soybean areas (from 0.943 to 5.686 μmol m−2 s−1) and higher for native forests (from 2.279 to 8.131 μmol m−2 s−1), whereas the opposite was true for the CO2 flux model.

Main Urban Land of Jinan City Dynamic Changes based on the Landsat8 Images from 2016 to 2021

In recent years, remote sensing data has been increasingly applied to land use change with its advantages. In this paper, the dynamic land use of Jinan city over ten years are analysed based on Landsat 8 data. After the pre-processing, there are five land use types are given using the supervision classification. It can be seen from the analysis that in the main urban area of Jinan, part of the cultivated land has changed into construction land, and most of the unused land has changed into construction land. From the comparative analysis of the classified images, it can be seen that the construction land in the main urban area of Jinan has increased significantly by 195.2577 km².

Impacts of Land-Use Change on Ecosystem Services Value in the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, China.

The South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWD) in China is a trans-basin water transfer project for water resource optimization that affects ecosystem services functions along its main transfer line. Exploring the effects of land-use change on ecosystem services in the headwater and receiving areas along the SNWD is conducive to improving the protection of the surrounding ecological environment. However, previous research lacks a comparative analysis of ecosystem services values (ESVs) in these areas. In this study, the land-use dynamic degree index, land-use transfer matrix, and spatial analysis method were used to comparatively analyze the impact of land-use changes on ESVs in the headwater and receiving areas of the SNWD. The results show that cultivated land was the main land use type in the receiving areas and HAER. From 2000 to 2020, CLUDD in the headwater areas was faster than that in the receiving areas. Spatially, in general, the land-use change areas of the receiving areas were larger. During the study period, cultivated land in the headwater areas of the middle route mainly transferred to water areas and forestry areas, while built-up areas mainly occupied cultivated land in the headwater areas of the east route, receiving areas of the middle route, and receiving areas of the east route. From 2000 to 2020, the ESV increased only in the headwater areas of the middle route, while the ESV in the other three sections decreased. The variation extent of ESV in the receiving areas was greater than that in the headwater areas. The results of this study have important policy significance for land use and ecological protection in the headwater and receiving areas of the SNWD in the future.

Coastal land use change and evaluation of ecosystem services value enhancement under the background of Yangtze River protection: Taking Jiangyin coastal areas as an example

Evaluating the ecosystem service value is an important step to promote the sustainable development and the construction of ecological civilization of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, the related research is already very rich. However, they neglect the evaluation of coastal areas and lack the deeper thinking of ecological value. To improve these deficiencies, this study takes the coastal area of Jiangyin as the study area, constructs the evaluation method system of ecosystem service value based on the land use data in 2016 and 2020, explores the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of land use and ecosystem service value in the study area, and analyzes reasons for these changes. The results show that: (1) Cultivated land is the main land type in the coastal area, with an area change rate of -15.89%, forest land increases rapidly, with a growth rate of 281.62%, followed by water area with a growth rate of 55.98%, garden land decreases the most, with a decrease rate of 86.36%, followed by construction land of 62.19%. Land use mainly presents the characteristics of changes from construction land to other land, construction land and green space, and cultivated land to cultivated land, water area and forest land. (2) The net increase of ecosystem service value in the coastal area is 483 million, with a growth rate of 137.27%. Among them, the value of forest land accounts for the largest proportion, with a net increase of 264 million yuan and a growth rate of 109.54%. In terms of single function, flood regulation and storage accounts for the main ecosystem service value, reaching more than 65%, with a net increase of 394 million yuan. (3) In terms of spatial distribution, the ecosystem service value of water conservation, flood regulation and storage has a spatial distribution characteristic of being high in the east and low in the west, while the distribution of ecosystem service value of wind prevention and sand fixation is both high and low in the west. In addition, this study further explores the response mechanism of ecological value to the protection measures along the river and the transformation path of ecosystem service value, which provides a new path for the study of government-led evaluation of ecological protection effects in important coastal areas and ecologically sustainable development with regional multi-subject participation.

Correlation between caffeine and coprostanol in contrasting Amazonian water bodies

The evaluation of contamination by domestic sewage is relevant in the Amazon region; however, it has neither been well-developed nor accompanied by research or monitoring programs. In this study, caffeine and coprostanol as indicators of sewage were investigated in water samples from Amazonian water bodies that crisscross the city of Manaus (Amazonas state, Brazil) and cover regions with distinct main land uses such as high-density residential, low-density residential, commercial, industrial, and environmental protection areas. Thirty-one water samples were studied based on their dissolved and particulate organic matter (DOM and POM) fractions. Quantitative determination of both caffeine and coprostanol was carried out using LC-MS/MS with APCI in the positive ionization mode. The streams of the urban area of Manaus had the highest concentrations of caffeine (1.47–69.65 μg L−1) and coprostanol (2.88–46.92 μg L−1). Samples from the peri-urban Tarumã-Açu stream and from the streams in the Adolpho Ducke Forest Reserve showed much lower concentrations of caffeine (20.20–165.78 ng L−1) and coprostanol (31.49–120.44 ng L−1). Samples from the Negro River showed a wider range of concentrations of caffeine (20.59–873.59 ng L−1) and coprostanol (31.72–706.46 ng L−1), with the highest values found in the outfalls of the urban streams. Levels of caffeine and coprostanol were significantly positively correlated in the different organic matter fractions. The coprostanol/(coprostanol + cholestanol) ratio proved to be a more suitable parameter than the coprostanol/cholesterol one in low-density residential areas. Proximity to densely populated areas and the flow of water bodies appear to influence the caffeine and coprostanol concentrations, which was observed in their clustering in the multivariate analysis. The results indicate that caffeine and coprostanol can be detected even in water bodies that receive very low domestic sewage input. Therefore, this study revealed that both caffeine in DOM and coprostanol in POM represent viable alternatives for use in studies and monitoring programs even in remote areas of the Amazon, where microbiological analyses are often unfeasible.

Spatiotemporal Variation of Soil Erosion Characteristics in the Qinghai Lake Basin Based on the InVEST Model

The present study aims to quantitatively assess soil erosion intensity (SEI) and amounts in the Qinghai Lake Basin (QLB) over the 1990-2020 period using the Integrated Valuation Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model based on multi-source data. In addition, the changing trends and driving factors of soil erosion (SE) in the study area were systematically analyzed. The result showed: (1) An increasing-decreasing trend in the total soil erosion amount (SEA) in the QLB over the 1990-2020 period, with an average SEI of 579.52 t/km2. In addition, very low and low erosion classes covered 94.49% of the total surface area, while areas with high SEI were mainly distributed in alpine areas with low vegetation coverage (VC). (2) The highest average SEI was observed in bare land, while grassland and unused land were the main land use (LU) types where SE mainly occurred, with the ratio of the two being 95.78%. (3) The average value of SEI was positively correlated with altitude values below 4800 m. In addition, areas with altitude ranges of 4000-4400 m, 3600-4000 m, and 4400-4800 m were the main areas where SE occurred, with an average total soil erosion ratio (SER) value of 88.73%. (4) The average SEI was directly proportional to the slope degrees. SE occurred mainly in the areas with slope degree ranges of 15-25°, 25-35°, 8-15°, and >35°, accounting for 93.16% of the average total SER value. (5) The q value of the two-factor interaction was greater than that of the single-factor interaction. In addition, the areas with a high SE risk were mainly those with 1220-2510 m rainfall, <0.104 VC, the land use/land cover (LULC) type bare land, the altitude range 4400-4800 m, and a slope of >35°. The interaction between rainfall, VC, LULC, elevation, and slope had a significant impact on the spatial distribution of SEI.

Monitoring shifting cultivation in Laos with Landsat time series

Shifting cultivation is an agricultural practice in which plots of land are cultivated temporarily, then abandoned, and vegetation is allowed to regenerate during fallow periods. Shifting cultivation is usually associated with cutting and burning forests and thus it is an important driver of forest disturbance in the tropics. However, studies of shifting cultivation are limited, and current area estimates of shifting cultivation are highly uncertain. Although Southeast Asia is a hotspot of shifting cultivation, there are no national maps of shifting cultivation in Southeast Asia at moderate or high resolution (less than or equal to 30 m). Monitoring shifting cultivation is challenging because it is highly dynamic, small-scale and results in complex post-disturbance landscapes. In this study, we monitored shifting cultivation using Landsat time series on Google Earth Engine for the entire country of Laos from 1991 to 2020. First, CCDC-SMA (Continuous Change Detection and Classification - Spectral Mixture Analysis) was used to detect forest disturbances. Then, these disturbances were attributed by combining time series analysis, object-based image analysis (OBIA), and post-disturbance land cover classification. Forest disturbances were assigned to Shifting cultivation, New plantation, Deforestation, Severe Drought, and Subtle Disturbance annually from 1991 to 2020 at a 30-m resolution. The major forest disturbances in 1991–2020 were mapped with an overall accuracy of 85%. Shifting cultivation is mapped with a producer's accuracy of 88% and a user's accuracy of 80%. The margin of error of the sampling-based area estimates of Shifting cultivation is 5.9%. Shifting cultivation is the main land use in Laos, accounting for 32.9% ± 1.9% of Laos over the past 30 years. To study changes in shifting cultivation over time, the area of shifting cultivation was estimated at 5-year intervals between 1991 and 2020 with all margins of error <17%. Results show that the area of slash-and-burn activities in Laos increased in 2015–2020. Our study provides an effective approach for monitoring shifting cultivation, which can be potentially applied into other regions. Our results not only provide valuable information for land management in Laos, but also can support analysis of spatial-temporal patterns of shifting cultivation and estimation of carbon emissions associated with shifting cultivation for REDD+ reporting.

Spatiotemporal evolution of land cover changes and landscape ecological risk assessment in the Yellow River Basin, 2015–2020

The Yellow River Basin (YRB), which has faced severe ecological issues since ancient times, is one of the largest and most difficult-to-govern basins in the world. Recently, all provincial governments within the basin have individually enacted a series of measures to protect the Yellow River; however, the lack of central governance has inhibited efforts. Since 2019, the government has comprehensively managed the YRB, improving the governance to unprecedented levels; however, evaluations of the YRB's overall ecological status remain lacking. Using high-resolution data from 2015 to 2020, this study illustrated major land cover transitions, evaluated the correlated overall ecological status of the YRB via the landscape ecological risk index, and analyzed the relationship between risk and landscape structure. The results showed that the (1) main land cover types in the YRB in 2020 are farmland (17.58%), forestland (31.96%), and grassland (41.42%), with urban land accounting for 4.21%. Some social factors were significantly related to changes in major land cover types (e.g., from 2015 to 2020, forest and urban lands have increased by 2.27% and 10.71%, grassland and farmland decreased by 2.58% and 0.63%, respectively). (2) Landscape ecological risk improved, albeit with fluctuations (high in the northwest, low in the southeast). (3) Ecological restoration and governance were imbalanced since no obvious changes were observed in the western source region of the Qinghai Province (Yellow River). (4) Finally, positive impacts of artificial re-greening showed slight lags as the detected improvements in NDVI were not recorded for approximately 2 years. These results can facilitate environmental protection and improve planning policies.

Tracing the dominant sources of sediment flowing towards Lake Victoria using geochemical tracers and a Bayesian mixing model

PurposeLake Victoria has been increasingly silting over the past decades, impacting water quality and loss of biodiversity. Sediment control strategies require information on the relative and absolute contributions of sediment from different sources. However, to date, there is no continuous monitoring of sediment flux or water quality in any of the tributaries, prohibiting an assessment of the scale of the problem. The aim of this study was to trace the dominant sources of riverine sediment using geochemical fingerprinting, thereby generating a knowledge base for improving land management and reducing sediment yields in Simiyu River catchment, one of the main contributing rivers to Lake Victoria.Materials and methodsGeochemical tracer concentrations were analyzed in transported sediment from the main river and two tributaries (riverbed sediments) and from soils in five dominant land use types (agricultural land, bush land, forest land, channel banks, and main river banks). Dominant sources to the Simiyu main river sediment were attributed using the Bayesian MixSIAR model.Results and discussionThe mixing model outputs showed that the Simiyu tributary was the dominant source of sediment to the Simiyu main river with 63.2%, while the Duma tributary accounted for 36.8%. Cultivated land was shown to be the main land use source of riverine sediment, accounting for 80.0% and 86.4% in Simiyu and Duma sub-tributaries, respectively, followed by channel banks with 9.0% in both sub-tributaries. Direct unmixing of the Simiyu main river sediment to the land use sources yielded 64.7% contribution of cultivated land and 26.5% of channel banks.ConclusionThe demonstrated application of sediment source tracing provides an important pathway for quantifying the dominant sources of sediment in the rivers flowing towards Lake Victoria. Eroded soil from agricultural areas is the biggest contributor to transported sediment in the Simiyu River. This information is vital for the design of catchment wide management plans that should focus on reducing soil erosion and sediment delivery from farming areas to the river networks, ultimately supporting both food security and water quality in the Lake Victoria Basin.

Peri-urban Development: Discussion with Land Use Zoning, Statutory Provision, and Issues inside Katahari Rural Municipality, Nepal

The peri-urban area is a transitional zone between the city and its hinterlands characterized by mixed land use and intensive flows of resources, people, goods, and services from and to the city center. These zones are generally misguided and haphazardly developed without a proper planning framework. The peri-urban area at present will be the urban area in the future; therefore, it needs planning intervention in its initial stage of growth. Katahari, a peri-urban area of Biratnagar metropolitan city, is developing a spontaneous lack of land use plans. Recently, the Government of Nepal has encouraged the local government to implement land use plans in the provided framework, policy, and guidelines. This study, in this context, attempts to analyze and identify land use issues and potential zones for Katahari rural municipality that also supports planning urban development in the future. The study is based on primary and secondary data and information supported by maps and figures. It is concluded that Katahari has been developed as a multi-function center adjoining the Biratnagar metropolitan city, and future expansion of the city will cover a wide range of rural municipalities. The postal highway that passes through it has attracted a wide range of urban functions. Agriculture, residential, commercial, and industrial are the main land use category at present and needs development control through providing land use zoning and related planning instruments through the increasing role of the stakeholder and the government agencies in the decision-making processes and implementation of spatial development frameworks to regulate peri-urban development in the area which will guide the future planning for liability, economic viability, social inclusion, and environmental sustainability in the area. Spill-over development activities of Biratnagar, have increased the number of economic activities, population growth, and mixed-use development.

Interactions between Climate and Land Cover Change over West Africa

Climate–land interaction over West Africa has often been assessed using climate simulations, although the model-based approach suffers from the limitations of climate models for the region. In this paper, an alternative method based on the analysis of historical land cover data and standardized climatic indices is used to investigate climate–land interactions, in order to establish climatic conditions and their corresponding land cover area changes. The annual variation in land cover area changes and climatic changes are first estimated separately and then linked using various spatiotemporal scales. The results show that incidences of land cover change result from abrupt changes in climatic conditions. Interannual changes of −1.0–1.0 °C, 0–1.5 °C, and −0.5–0.5 °C, and up to ±50 mm changes in precipitation and climatic water balance, lead to 45,039–52,133 km2, 20,935–22,127 km2, and approximately 32,000 km2 changes, respectively, while a ±0.5 °C and ±20 mm change represents normal climate conditions with changes below 20,000 km2. Conversely, conversions of cropland, forest, grassland, and shrubland are the main land cover change types affecting the climate. The results offer a basis for the re-evaluation of land cover change and climate information used in regional climate models simulating land–climate interactions over West Africa.

Effects of Land Use and Physicochemical Factors on Phytoplankton Community Structure: The Case of Two Fluvial Lakes in the Lower Reach of the Yangtze River, China

Potential changes in phytoplankton community structure in shallow lakes due to land use could pose a serious threat to ecosystem sustainability and functioning. Nevertheless, this effect has not been analyzed in detail. In this study, we chose two adjacent lakes, the main land use types around them are farmland and forest, respectively. We investigated the spatial differences in the phytoplankton community structure, water quality physicochemical parameters, and land use patterns in the two lakes. The results indicated that the annual average cell density and biomass of phytoplankton in the former were 1.84 times and 2.38 times that of the latter, respectively. The results of Pearson correlation and Redundancy analysis showed that total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), water depth (WD), and water temperature (WT) were the main environmental factors influencing the structural changes of phytoplankton communities in the two lakes. The results indicated that different land use patterns, such as farmland and towns around the lake, increase the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) content of the lake, while the forests distributed around the lake can reduce the N and P entering the lake, which is probably the main reason for the spatial difference in the characteristics of phytoplankton communities in the two lakes. Our results highlight that land use significantly affects the community structure of phytoplankton by influencing physicochemical factors in water bodies. Our study can provide guidance for pollution control and water quality management of shallow lakes.

Multitemporal Feature-Level Fusion on Hyperspectral and LiDAR Data in the Urban Environment

Technological innovations and advanced multidisciplinary research increase the demand for multisensor data fusion in Earth observations. Such fusion has great potential, especially in the remote sensing field. One sensor is often insufficient in analyzing urban environments to obtain comprehensive results. Inspired by the capabilities of hyperspectral and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data in multisensor data fusion at the feature level, we present a novel approach to the multitemporal analysis of urban land cover in a case study in Høvik, Norway. Our generic workflow is based on bitemporal datasets; however, it is designed to include datasets from other years. Our framework extracts representative endmembers in an unsupervised way, retrieves abundance maps fed into segmentation algorithms, and detects the main urban land cover classes by implementing 2D ResU-Net for segmentation without parameter regularizations and with effective optimization. Such segmentation optimization is based on updating initial features and providing them for a second iteration of segmentation. We compared segmentation optimization models with and without data augmentation, achieving up to 11% better accuracy after segmentation optimization. In addition, a stable spectral library is automatically generated for each land cover class, allowing local database extension. The main product of the multitemporal analysis is a map update, effectively detecting detailed changes in land cover classes.

Exploring Spatio-Temporal Variations of Ecological Risk in the Yellow River Ecological Economic Belt Based on an Improved Landscape Index Method.

Intense human activities have led to profound changes in landscape patterns and ecological processes, generating certain ecological risks that seriously threaten human wellbeing. Ecological risk assessment from a landscape perspective has become an important tool for macroecosystem landscape management. This research improves the framework and indices of the ecological risk assessment from a landscape perspective, evaluates the land use pattern and landscape ecological risk dynamics in the Yellow River Ecological Economic Belt (YREEB), analyzes the spatiotemporal variation, and identifies key areas for ecological risk management. The results indicate the following: The main land use types in the region are grassland and cropland, but the area of cropland and grassland decreased during the study period, and with the accelerated urbanization, urban land is the only land use type that continued to increase over the 20-year period. The ecological risk in the YREEB tended to decrease, the area of low ecological risk zones increased, while the area of high ecological risk zones gradually decreased. Most areas are at medium risk level, but the risk in central Qinghai and Gansu is obviously higher, and there is a dispersed distribution of local high- and low-risk zones. A total of 37.7% of the study area is identified as critical area for future risk management, and the potential for increased risk in these areas is high. These results can provide a basis for sustainable development and planning of the landscape and the construction of ecological civilization in ecologically fragile areas.

The Advantages Of Dual Role Female Transmigration In Rural Areas (Study in Seuruway District, Aceh Tamiang Regency)

This research examines about “The Advantages of Dual Role Female Transmigration in Rural Areas”. The focus of the main stage in this study is to describe the lives of transmigration women who have a role in household/family life. The system owned by the transmigration program requires each transmigrant family to get 2 types of land, namely the main land area of 2 ha and the house and yard area of 0.5 ha. The process of working on two lands resulted in the division of work between men and women in transmigration families. Women, responsible for work in the domestic sector, gets a share of work on residential lands, where this land is usually planted with crops in the form of vegetables and seasonal crops that harvest quickly. The purpose of this research is to find out and analyze the life image related to female transmigration that are in two domains of life, both from domestic and public domains by using ethnographic methods with descriptive qualitative research. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that female transmigration in the Seruwey countryside are very different from other cases, where they get multiple benefits, other than the work in the domestic domain as a wife, and get the opportunity to manage 0.5 ah land for the yard of the house, female transmigrants also get the opportunity to work in oil palm plantations owned by local governments. It can be seen that women have skills and expertise in two domains of life, namely public and domestic, so that the role of transmigrated women in their lives gets multiple benefits to support family life.

Spatiotemporal Analysis of Land Cover Changes in Al-Hubail Wetland (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia)

Land cover dynamics were analyzed temporally and spatially in the Al-Hubail wetland (Al-Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia) to determine the evolution of the environmental status of this biologically and ecologically interesting area in Saudi Arabia. Using remote sensing data, land cover changes were estimated for 36 years (1985–2021). For this analysis, three images from 1985 (Landsat 5 MSS), 2003 (Landsat 7 ETM +), and 2021 (Sentinel-2) were used to classify and detect changes. A machine learning algorithm was used, and the images were classified into four main land cover classes: Water bodies, hydromorphic areas, vegetation, and open ground. Change detection was performed for the year pairs 1985 to 2003 and 2003 to 2021. The results of this classification showed a significant increase in the area of hydromorphic areas and vegetation. The results were checked with a confusion matrix indicating an overall accuracy between 89.3 and 92.8%. The qualitative trend data show that the Al-Hubail wetland has changed significantly during the study period. Thus, a significant expansion of the wetland was observed in conjunction with an increase in agricultural drainage toward the wetland. This analysis shows the strong anthropogenic pressure on the area and highlights the need to strengthen the existing laws to preserve local biodiversity in the long term. It suggests that more efforts should be made to manage the water resources of the region effectively.

Study on the Influence of Typical Land Use Type Change on Soil Erosion Resistance in Northeast Black Soil Region

This paper explores the soil anti-scourability characteristics of land use types in the northeast black soil region, takes the surface soil (0-10 cm) of three main land use types (including natural grassland, sylphus pine plantation and cultivated land) in the typical black soil region as the research object, analyzes the difference of soil anti-scourability coefficient of different land use types, and defines the influence of soil physical and chemical properties and root characteristics on soil anti-scourability. Identify the key factors affecting soil scourability. The results showed that: (1) the soil loss under different land use types changed sharply in the first 2 min of scour, and gradually stabilized with the extension of scour time; On the whole, the soil loss of natural grassland was the smallest, while that of cultivated land was the largest. (2) The soil scourability of different land use types was as follows: natural grassland &gt; plantation forest &gt; cultivated land; Compared with the cultivated land after reclamation, the soil anti-scour property of Pinus sylvestris plantation was significantly improved, and the soil loss was significantly reduced. (3) The geometric characteristic parameters of roots of natural grassland and Pinus sylvestris plantation were significantly higher than those of cultivated vegetation, and the root volume density had the greatest effect on soil anti-scour coefficient. The effects of different diameter classes of fine roots on soil scourability of three land use types were as follows: 1.5-2 mm&gt;1-1.5 mm&gt;0.5-1 mm&gt;0-0.5 mm. This study can provide a theoretical basis for evaluating the soil consolidation and water conservation ability of vegetation in northeast black soil region.