Main Forms Research Articles

Selenium - a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023.

Selenium is an essential trace element in humans, critical to the normal physiology in all animal species. The main form of selenium in food is selenomethionine, selenocysteine and a variety of organic compounds, while inorganic salts mainly occur in food supplements. In animals and humans, selenium occurs as selenocysteine in selenoproteins encoded by 25 genes (specific selenium pool). Several selenoproteins are part of the antioxidant enzyme system and serve as oxido-reductases and in thyroid hormone regulation. SelenoproteinP (SELENOP) transports selenium to peripheral tissues, is the main plasma selenoprotein, and has been used as biomarker of selenium status and intake. SELENOP in plasma represents a saturable pool of selenium and is maximised at a selenium concentration in plasma of about 110 µg/L or an intake of selenomethionine at about 1.2 µg/kg body weight in adults. In Finland, with an estimated selenium intake of 88 µg/day in men and 68 µg/day in women, the average selenium concentration in plasma is about 110 µg/L. Imported wheat from selenium rich areas is an important dietary source in Norway. Dietary intakes in the Nordic and Baltic area vary from 39 to 88 µg/day in men and 22 to 68 µg/day in women, the highest levels were from Finland. Most intervention trials on the effect of selenium supplementation on health outcomes have been carried out in 'selenium-replete'-populations and show no beneficial effect, which from a nutritional point of view would rather not be expected. Some intervention studies conducted in populations low in selenium have showed a beneficial effect. Observational studies suggest an inverse relationship between selenium status and risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cancer and all-cause mortality, and some other outcomes at low levels of intake (<55 µg/day) or in plasma or serum (<100 µg/L). However, a lack of quantitative data and inconsistencies between studies precludes these studies to be used to derive dietary reference values. At high intakes above 330 to 450 µg/day selenium may cause toxic effects affecting liver, peripheral nerves, skin, nails, and hair. An upper tolerable level (UL) of 255 µg selenium/day in adults was established by EFSA.

Exploring the Heterogeneity of Non-Syndromic Hearing Loss: A Comprehensive Review of Implicated Genes and the Role of Whole Exome Sequencing

Background: Hereditary hearing loss (HHL) accounts for approximately 50-60% of all hearing loss (HL) cases, highlighting the significant role genetics play in this condition. HHL can be mostly classified into two main forms: syndromic and non-syndromic. Of these, non-syndromic hearing loss (NSHL) is the most prevalent, contributing to over 70% of HHL cases. The hearing process involves a complex interplay of various components inside the ear, working together to convert sound waves into comprehensible signals for the brain. Non-syndromic hearing loss (NSHL) is known for its extraordinary diversity and complexity, influenced by a vast array of genes, with more than 120 identified thus far. These genes can be categorized into distinct functional groups, encompassing cochlear ion homeostasis, hair bundle development and cell adhesion, synaptic transmission, transcriptional regulation, and mitochondrial function. The advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies has been instrumental in unraveling the genetic underpinnings of NSHL. Among NGS techniques, whole exome sequencing (WES) appeared as a revolutionary advancement, outperforming other approaches like targeted panel sequencing and whole-genome sequencing in terms of cost-effectiveness and efficiency. WES not only aids in deciphering the genetic basis of hearing loss but also offers the potential to revolutionize patient care and diagnosis. It paves the way for a new era for precision medicine in the realm of hearing loss, promising more accurate and tailored treatments for affected individuals. This transformative approach is poised to bring about substantial advancements in our understanding of hereditary hearing loss and its clinical management.

Inhibitory effects and mechanisms of insoluble humic acids on internal phosphorus release from the sediments

Release of phosphorus (P) from the sediments plays a critical role in the eutrophication of aquatic environments. Humic acids (HA), as the main form of carbon storage in the sediments, has essential impacts on the biogeochemical cycle of phosphorus in aquatic systems. Nevertheless, previous studies mainly concentrated on the competitive adsorption of HA solution and P on metal oxides and soils, with little attention paid to the effects of insoluble humic acids (IHA) on P sorption by and release from the sediments. Herein, an investigation on the rivers and lakes in Sichuan Province, China, found that there was a significantly positive correlation between the maximum P adsorption capacity (Qmax) of sediments and IHA contents (p < 0.01), but a significantly negative correlation between the zero equilibrium P concentration (EPC0) and IHA concentrations (p < 0.01). This indicated that IHA might have an inhibitory effect on the release of P from the sediments, which was verified by batch adsorption experiments and static incubation experiments. Adsorption experiments indicated that IHA can promote P adsorption by sediments. With the increase of IHA addition (from 0 to 20 mg/g) in the sediments, Qmax of sediments increased (from 0.516 to 0.911 mg/g), while EPC0 decreased greatly (from 0.264 to 0.005 mg/L). Increases in Fe (Ⅲ) bound-P, Al bound-P and humic bound-P caused by IHA were responsible for this promoting effect. Incubation experiments illustrated that IHA addition can efficiently inhibit P release from the sediments. After 32 days incubation, P concentration in the overlying water of control group (without IHA addition) was 0.651 mg/L, which was 13.29–40.69 times higher than those (0.016–0.049 mg/L) in the test groups (with 5 %-20 % IHA addition). The analysis of P species in sediments showed that transformation from loosely adsorbed-P and Fe (Ⅲ) bound-P to Al bound-P and humic bound-P was responsible for this inhibition of P release by IHA. This study demonstrated that IHA, differing from readily degradable or dissolved organic matter, have great inhibitory effects on internal P release, which provided a novel insight into the association between carbon burial and internal P release and even the management of water eutrophication.

Modeling objects movement when collising with obstacles in PascalABC.NET language in schoolchildren's project activities

To solve the methodological problem of expanding the content of school informatics textbooks in terms of practical tasks, assignments for project work can be used, which are completed by students individually or in groups. Carrying out project work that involves the application of knowledge from other subject areas contributes to the development of meta-subject skills in students. The use of group work as the main form of performing practical tasks is aimed at achieving personal learning results. The project-activity approach helps to achieve the planned learning outcomes in the section of the informatics course under consideration. The article discusses assignments in the "Beginnings of programming" section of the VIII grade informatics course, which can be offered for students' project activities to create graphical and information models and when conducting a computer experiment. Based on the implementation of gradually more complex examples, students are introduced to project-type tasks — modeling the movement of objects when collising with obstacles. The software implementation of the models is carried out in the PascalABC.NET language.

Collaborative network activity as a form of independent work of future technology teachers

Introduction. In accordance with the need to develop students’ ability and readiness for continuous self-education and self-development throughout their lives, the importance of students’ independent work increases significantly. In the context of the digital transformation of education, one of the main forms of independent work should be joint network activities of students, during which network educational communities are formed. The purpose of the article is to consider the possibilities of organizing joint network activities of future technology teachers as part of independent work in disciplines, practices, as well as in extracurricular activities; analyze the didactic potential of the online educational communities of students that are being formed.Materials and Methods. When writing the article, methods of analysis of domestic and foreign literature, comparative analysis, generalization and systematization, and pedagogical experiment were used.Results. Today, when improving the qualifications of teaching staff, the model of “horizontal training”, when training is carried out within professional communities, is quite actively used. This model can also be effective for communities of future teachers. Digital tools for organizing joint network activities within disciplines and practices are presented when organizing independent work for students at Minin University. Special attention is paid to the organization of joint network activities within the framework of the communicative and digital module of the Core of Higher Pedagogical Education. The greatest effect from joint network activities of future teachers can be obtained through project activities. Examples of network projects of teachers and students of Minin University are given, within the framework of which project and network communities are formed.Discussion and Conclusions. Properly organized independent work in the digital educational environment of the university, the use of modern digital tools for this significantly improves the quality of professional training of specialists. Joint network activities make it possible to organize mutual learning within the emerging educational student community. At the same time, conditions are created for the formation of team building skills, universal and professional competencies, ICT competence of future technology teachers, self-assessment and mutual assessment skills.

INDEPENDENT WORK OF STUDENTS AS A FACTOR OF INCREASING GENERAL AND PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE WHEN STUDYING CONDUCTING AND CHORAL DISCIPLINES

The article is devoted to the organisation of independent activities of students in conducting and choral training. The author analyses the importance and role of self-preparation in conducting classes, discusses the concept of independent work, its main types and forms. The author’s attention is focused on the leading role of a teacher in the rational and productive organisation of this activity. The article also discusses the specific characteristics and personal qualities necessary for successful vocal and choral activities, among which the leading role is played by the conductor’s will.

Review of Wind Power Bearing Wear Analysis and Intelligent Lubrication Method Research

With the significant penetration of wind generation, wind turbines require higher and higher lubrication performance for bearings. To improve the lubrication performance of wind power bearings, this study takes wind power bearings as the research object and comprehensively analyzes the wear forms of wind power bearings as well as intelligent lubrication methods. Firstly, the main roles and wear forms of wind turbine bearings are sorted out and analyzed. Secondly, the common lubrication problems of wind power bearings are analyzed from the bearing grease selection, lubrication mode, and lubrication status, highlighting the important influence of lubrication on bearings. Thirdly, the wind turbine bearing wisdom lubrication method research and organization, mainly including the wind power generation bearing lubrication materials, lubrication devices and monitoring methods, and other issues of research and analysis. Finally, current challenges and future development directions are summarized, which are designed to provide theoretical reference and technical support for the related research and engineering practice in the field of wind power engineering.

The Political Impact of Digitalization on the Judicial Method of Protection of Rights in the EAEU Countries

The article is devoted to the study of the process of digital transformation of the judicial method of protecting rights and legitimate interests in the EAEU countries. The judicial form of protection of rights has undergone fundamental changes as one of the main forms of protection of the rights and legitimate interests of citizens and business entities through the creation of digital platforms, electronic courts and the integration of information and telecommunication technologies into the process of consideration and resolution of disputes. For effective legal regulation of public relations arising under the influence of digital technologies in the course of judicial proceedings, it is necessary to theoretically develop the concept of a new type – “electronic” civil proceedings and improve the current legislation. In world practice, there are already a number of countries and integration associations that have successfully integrated digital and electronic legal proceedings, so some EAEU countries have taken the path of borrowing their positive experience.

Оценка перспектив сельскохозяйственного использования биологического ресурса лугово-пастбищных биоценозов Воронежской области

Highly productive meadow grass communities are a valuable biological resource used in agricultural production. To date, there are several main forms of using natural meadows in agriculture – this is haymaking and grazing. The paper presents the results of a comparative analysis of the biological production of aboveground phytomass of four representative sites of floodplain meadows located in Semiluksky, Ternovsky, Talovsky and Bogucharsky districts of the Voronezh region. The study covers a five-year period from 2019 to 2023. The results of the study show differences in the peak values of the aboveground plant biomass of meadows in different regions of the region, as well as the difference in the timing of the formation of the maximum biomass from the beginning of spring vegetation. Based on the results of the study, conclusions are drawn about the prospects of using the biological resource of meadow phytocenoses in the agricultural production of the region, as well as its scaling. Keywords: BIOLOGICAL RESOURCE OF MEADOW BIOCENOSES, DYNAMIC OF PRODUCTIVITY OF MEADOW BIOCENOSES, REMOTE MONITORING, FEED AND ENERGY VALUE

EFFECT OF DEICING AGENTS ON THE WATER STABILITY OF ASPHALT CONCRETE UNDER FREEZE-THAW CYCLES

Asphalt concrete pavement, as the main form of high-grade roads today, occupies an important place in modern road construction due to its advantages such as low noise level, ease of repair and short construction period. This road type is widely adopted worldwide and provides a reliable foundation for road networks in cities and villages. In cold regions, snowy weather tends to cause ice on the road surface, posing a serious safety hazard for vehicle travel. The problem of road accidents in winter is relevant both for regions with extremely cold climatic conditions and for the temperate continental climate that prevails almost throughout Ukraine. To solve this problem, deicing agents are widely used to improve the safety of road travel. The application of deicing agents effectively reduces the impact of snow and ice on roads and ensures the safe passage of vehicles in adverse weather conditions. However, while deicing agents play an important role in improving traffic flow, their widespread use has also brought some problems that should not be ignored. The chemicals in deicing agents may have adverse effects on pavement materials, especially on asphalt concrete roads. For studying the effect of deicing agents on asphalt concrete, this paper presents an experimental investigation of the effect of deicing agents on the water stability of asphalt concrete under the conditions of freeze-thaw cycle test. The impact of deicing agents and freeze-thaw cycles on asphalt concrete was investigated by evaluating the variation patterns of three key parameters: stability, residual stability and air void content. The experimental results showed that the stability and residual stability of asphalt concrete showed an overall decreasing trend with the increase of the number of freeze-thaw cycles, indicating that the asphalt concrete was damaged or degraded under the conditions of freeze-thaw cycles. The higher concentration of the deicer solution corresponded to the more pronounced changes in the test parameters, indicating a significant effect of the deicer on the asphalt concrete. At the end of 27 cycles, the average loss of stability, residual stability and void ratio were 29%, 22% and 73%, respectively. This indicates that the combined effect of freeze-thaw cycles and deicing agent is more significant for air void content.

Relevansi Budaya Keamanan Pangan dengan Implementasi Teknologi Industri 4.0 di Industri Pangan Indonesia

The application of food safety culture (FSC) which is influenced by human behavior with the development of industrial technology (IT) 4.0 with less human resources provides a challenge to understand the relationship between them. The research objective was to provide quantitative data and suggestions for improving the implementation of the FSC dimensions in synergy with the progress of IT 4.0. This research involved 35 participants from 18 local companies and 17 multinational food companies (MFC/PMA) for the survey and invited 7 selected participants from both of them to join the FGD. The FSC survey showed that the gap organizational maturity in FSC implementation between local companies (2.93) and PMA (3.62) in Indonesia was 0.7 (world best practice 4.0 – 5.0). The three main benefits and opportunities for implementing IT 4.0 were effectiveness and efficiency, safe and quality products, and early detection to prevent non-conformities or product recalls. There were three main IT 4.0 application areas, namely production, quality, and engineering. The three main forms of IT 4.0 implementation were advanced robotics, big data, and internet of things (IoT). The FGD results showed the relevance between FSC and IT 4.0. Activities in IT 4.0 helped the food industry to manage food safety and quality management system better, because technical problems that previously took time and thought can be implemented effectively and efficiently. Data analysis can be carried out more in-depth, actual, and accurate. Further research is recommended to see the strength of the relationship between FSC and IT 4.0 parameters to determine critical areas with quantitative research methods and advanced statistical data processing.

Essence of contracts concluded for implementing corporate investment

The article is focused on clarifying the essence of contracts in the field of corporate investment. Achieving the specified purpose is realized through the analysis of the relevant norms of the current legislation of Ukraine, court case-law and provisions of the legal doctrine, which is the objective of this article.&#x0D; It has been emphasized that investment contracts cover various types of civil contracts. It has been determined by the subject matter and objectives of investment (joint operation agreements, capital construction contracts, credit granting agreements, purchase and sale agreements, fiduciary management agreements).&#x0D; The contract is the main form of investing in the field of corporate legal relations. The author has substantiated the specific features of such a contract, which are: the special sphere of its application; special contracting parties.&#x0D; The sphere of application of the contracts studied in the article is corporate legal relations, that is, relations connected to the exercise of corporate rights to participate in the management of a business entity. The parties to the contract in the field of corporate investment are the subjects of investment operation, which primarily include: an investor, i.e., the subject of investment operation that makes a decision to invest own, loaned and borrowed property and intellectual values into investment objects. The other party to the contract can be, in particular, a corporate fund, assets management company as recipients of investments.&#x0D; Such contracts are not united by a common subject matter, which is determined by a specific type of investment contract (asset management actions, a share in the authorized (joint) capital of a business entity, etc.). Therefore, the author has emphasized the impracticality of uniting contracts in the field of corporate investment into a separate group of civil contracts. Contracts concluded for the purpose of implementing corporate investment are consensual, commutative and bilateral.

Infusing phytate-based biomass flame retardants into the cellulose lumens of Chinese fir wood attains superior flame retardant efficacy

To be suitable for certain construction and furniture applications, wood must be treated with a flame retardant and impregnating flame retardants into the cellulose lumens of wood is an effective flame retardant method. Phytic acid, the main storage form of phosphorus in various plant tissues, is an inexpensive, and non-toxic biomaterial that shows potential applications as an environmentally friendly bio-based flame retardant. In this study, phytic acid and zinc phytate were used to impregnate delignified wood under vacuum and pressure, which greatly enhanced the flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties of Chinese fir, while still maintaining its original texture. Phytic acid and zinc phytate were hydrogen-bonded to cellulose in wood. Phytic acid and zinc phytate were hydrogen-bonded to cellulose in wood. The results showed that the total heat release (THR) of Chinese fir treated with zinc phytate decreased from 55.66 MJ/m2 to 5.90 MJ/m2, and a compact carbonized protective layer was quickly formed on the surface of Chinese fir after ignition. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the char yield of Chinese fir treated by the flame retardant was 177.6 % higher than that of untreated wood. This study provides an efficient, sustainable, and economical method to prepare Chinese fir with excellent flame retardancy and thermal insulation performance.

Holocene savanna hydroclimate record from Kinrara Lake, north-east Queensland, Australia

We present a record of hydroclimatic change over the Holocene from Kinrara Lake, in a seasonally dry savanna location in north-eastern Australia. The record is derived from the oxygen (δ18O) and carbon stable isotope (δ13C) composition of endogenic and biogenic (gastropod) carbonate. The stable isotope proxy records are complemented by elemental geochemical (Itrax) and sedimentological proxy data providing a record of hydrologic and climate change, spanning 10.5 ka to the present day. Two main forms of endogenic carbonate occur in the lake sediments; (i) carbonate associated with biofilms during the early-Holocene, under drier-than-modern conditions, (ii) photosynthetic and evaporatively-enriched precipitates in the late-Holocene, associated with enhanced climate variability inducing drought periods. Strong relationships between negative δ18O values and increased Ti, Rb, Fe/Mn, inc/coh, are linked with strengthened monsoon conditions, while enhanced periods of dryness are inferred from more positive δ18O values, increased Ca/∑Fe, Ti, Al, and subsequent intensifications in lake productivity (higher Si/Ti, S/Ti, Mn/Ti). Three distinct phases can be identified in palaeohydrological history of the lake; (i) a relatively stable drier-than-modern phase during the early-Holocene (10.5 to 8.2 ka), (2) a significantly wetter-than-modern, monsoon-dominated phase through the mid-Holocene into the late-Holocene (8.2–2.8 cal yr BP), and (3) after 2.8 ka, increased intensity of ENSO-related rainfall variability during the late-Holocene, continuing into the present.

Experimental structure based drug design (SBDD) applications for anti-leishmanial drugs: A paradigm shift?

Leishmaniasis is a group of neglected tropical diseases caused by at least 20 species of Leishmania protozoa, which are spread by the bite of infected sandflies. There are three main forms of the disease: cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL, the most common), visceral leishmaniasis (VL, also known as kala-azar, the most serious), and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. One billion people live in areas endemic to leishmaniasis, with an annual estimation of 30,000 new cases of VL and more than 1 million of CL. New treatments for leishmaniasis are an urgent need, as the existing ones are inefficient, toxic, and/or expensive. We have revised the experimental structure-based drug design (SBDD) efforts applied to the discovery of new drugs against leishmaniasis. We have grouped the explored targets according to the metabolic pathways they belong to, and the key achieved advances are highlighted and evaluated. In most cases, SBDD studies follow high-throughput screening campaigns and are secondary to pharmacokinetic optimization, due to the majoritarian belief that there are few validated targets for SBDD in leishmaniasis. However, some SBDD strategies have significantly contributed to new drug candidates against leishmaniasis and a bigger number holds promise for future development.

Protection of Rights of the Crimean Tatars as an Indigenous People of Ukraine in the International Arena

The purpose of this article is to study the main types and forms of participation of the Crimean Tatar people aimed at protecting the rights of the Crimean Tatars as an indigenous people of Ukraine in the international arena after the occupation of the peninsula in 2014. The article analyzes the problem of violations of international human rights law and the rights of indigenous peoples on the territory of the occupied peninsula. The paper outlines the main types and forms of participation of Crimean Tatars aimed at protecting the rights of indigenous people in the international arena, in particular, the participation of the Mejlis as a representative body of Crimean Tatars, as well as leaders of the Crimean Tatar indigenous people and human rights organizations, etc. The author also provides a list of international documents adopted since the beginning of the occupation of Crimea, which were adopted as a sign of support for Ukraine and condemnation of Russian aggression and occupation of Crimea and criminal actions of the Russian authorities. The author concludes that such participation of the Crimean Tatar indigenous people, aimed at protecting the rights of the indigenous people of Ukraine in the international arena, has become an important element of Ukraine's diplomatic struggle for Crimea. It is also emphasized that cooperation between Ukraine and the Crimean Tatar indigenous people is an important guarantee of the future processes of de-occupation and reintegration of Crimea, as well as the preservation of Ukrainian statehood on the peninsula.

Solar influences on the Earth’s atmosphere: solved and unsolved questions

Solar influences on the Earth’s atmosphere: solved and unsolved questions

Democracy and Civic Space: Normative Models and Ukrainian Discourse

The article, authored by Ukrainian and Polish social researchers, analyses normative approaches towards understanding models of democracy and their relation to civic space. Despite the existence of multiple models of democracy, they can largely be reduced to two main forms: direct and representative democracy.Deliberative democracy is posited as a third form, which, according to some scientists, combines elements of representative, direct, and participatory democracy. The analysis is based on the assessment of democracy and civic space in Ukraine, utilising data from six applied international social studies, as well as the evaluation of the modern characteristics of some components of Ukrainian civic space. According to the rating of CIVICUS Monitor, Ukraine has been classified in the category of countries where the civic space is «obstructed» from 2019 to the present time (Autumn 2023). Currently, the advancement of civic space in Ukraine towards more favourable forms of freedom of association, peaceful assembly, and expression of opinion in the country are threatened by several factors simultaneously, with the dominant role being Russia's full-scale war against Ukraine.During the martial law and in the post-war context of Ukraine, civil society acts as an indispensable ally of the authorities in the process of democratic reconstruction. Civil society organizations (CSOs) represent a wide range of social interests, ensuring that the voices of different groups and segments of thepopulation are heard and taken into account. Their broad base allows them to bridge the gap between government and citizens, helping to build trust and ensuring transparency. CSOs have a proven track record of institutional monitoring, which is a critical factor in preserving and strengthening democratic values in a post-conflict environment.The article also uses the results of the authors' previous and current academic research*, as well as the results of twenty years of advocacy and analytical work as public experts in Ukraine and Europe. ==== *Remark. The Ukrainian author relies on the results of her own previous and current academic research within the H. Skovoroda Institute of Philosophy of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and analytical studies as a public expert, and the research of the Polish co-author was supported by the National Science Center (research project 2019/33/B/HS5/02648).

Currency and Its Evolution in the Conditions of Digital Transformation

The article discusses the evolution of the currency in the context of digital transformation. The main forms of fiat money are presented, including their modern development through digital form, as well as distinctive features. Attention is paid to the essence and features of the use of electronic money, their main differences. The focus is on the digital currency of the central bank. Information on the introduction and use of digital currency of central banks has been accumulated and systematized. The relevance of the introduction of the digital currency of the central bank is determined, its differences from the cryptocurrency are listed. The essence of the blockchain is explained and the process of its functioning is considered. The main models for the functioning of the digital currency of central banks, as well as options for cross-border settlements through the use of the digital currency of central banks, are indicated. The prospects for the integration of digital currencies of central banks are touched upon, including their impact on cross-border settlements.

СУЧАСНІ ФОРМИ СПІВПРАЦІ УКРАЇНИ З МІЖНАРОДНИМИ ФІНАНСОВИМИ ІНСТИТУТАМИ

In this article, the importance of modern forms of Ukraine’s cooperation with international financial institutions (IFSs) is discussed. The author systematised IFIs by classification criteria and looked into the main forms of financial cooperation between the government of Ukraine and IFIs. The analysis indicates that in today’s global economic system, the most common form of cooperation between governments and IFIs lies in lending. The structural and dynamic analysis of the forms of financial assistance from IFIs to Ukraine also confirmed this. The analysis of the cooperation between the Ukrainian government and IFIs also confirmed that loans from IFIs are the main source of long-term financing for socio-economic development projects in Ukraine’s priority sectors. Additionally, the author analyses the aspects of Ukraine’s cooperation with the IMF, the World Bank Group, and the IBRD, and identifies the areas of use of credit and investment resources in 2020-2023. Hence, the borrowed credit resources received by Ukraine from the IMF are used to service external debt, finance the budget deficit and deficits in the balance of payments and trade. In times of crisis for Ukraine’s economy, the IMF’s loans help replenish the NBU’s foreign exchange reserves, maintain the stability of the national currency, and optimize the monetary policy of the National Bank of Ukraine which stimulates lending to the real economy. Ukraine used the loan resources from the IFIs of the World Bank Group to cover the budget deficit, to implement institutional and structural reforms as well as long-term investment projects. The author also defines the importance and role of international technical assistance in the framework of Ukraine’s cooperation with IFIs, proving that international technical assistance is provided to Ukraine on a free and non-refundable basis by donor countries and international institutions. In conclusion, the author underlines the expected risks and necessity of this cooperation.