Main Figures Research Articles

The Rise and Fall of Christian Ireland by Crawford Gribben

Reviewed by: The Rise and Fall of Christian Ireland by Crawford Gribben Kevin Hargaden (bio) Crawford Gribben, The Rise and Fall of Christian Ireland (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021), 352 pages. 'The dominance of Christianity in Ireland was never complete and has never been uncontested' (p. 2). So begins Crawford Gribben's superb account of the history of the Irish Church. Over the course of five immensely readable chapters, Gribben takes the reader across 1600 years and demonstrates that the rise of the Church was never as stratospheric as is popularly held, both within and without the Church, and he offers solid ground to place its precipitous fall in context. This is an excellent book, which will be of value to those interested in history, Christianity, or Irish culture. In the opening chapter, Gribben tells a story familiar in rough outline to many – the conversion of Ireland in the fifth century – but with much finer detail than many of us have to hand. Patrick and Palladius, the two main figures in that early stage of conversion, are explored at length. In his introduction and then continuing in this chapter, Gribben elegantly outruns popular theories about the pre-Christian religion of the Celts. What we do know for certain is limited, but this evidence does not match the widely accepted narrative that Christianity came with a persecuting zeal against the pagan beliefs that were prevalent on the island. The conversion process advanced by assimilation rather than annihilation. 'Christians co-opted traditional legends', 'sanctified festivals' and even turned some Celtic deities 'into saints' (pp. 35–36). He also disposes of the idea that can be found in some contemporary spirituality traditions that the Irish Church understood itself as an alternative to the centralised Roman orthodoxy. In the seventh century, Columbanus could write, to Pope Boniface, that the Irish Church were disciples of Peter and Paul who 'accept nothing outside the evangelical and apostolic teaching' (p. 56). The mission appeared complete: 'Christianity had converted the Irish' suggests Gribben, 'But Christianity might also have created the Irish' (p. 56). In chapter two, Gribben charts how a religious insurgency matured into the most stable institution on the island. A noteworthy strength of the book is how Gribben demonstrates that while Ireland is definitionally peripheral from the European continent, it was never isolated (p. 16). In one fascinating aside he mentions how the partial skeleton of a barbary ape was discovered [End Page 454] at the Emain Macha site in Armagh, dating from a century before Christ (p. 24). If nothing else, this suggests that Irish people were embedded within a wider consciousness long before they joined the European Economic Area and became poster-children for economic globalization! That outward-looking stance was embraced by the Irish missionaries who moved from their local monastic strongholds into Britain and then deep into the continent. The arrival of Scandinavian pirates we now know as Vikings drew 'Ireland into extensive international networks' and, in time, 'together in the structures of a common faith' (p.69). Through Gregorian reform, the arrival of the Normans, the rise of the mendicant orders and the tumult that followed the partial solidification of English rule in Ireland, the Church stayed strong. As Churches across Europe were about to become engines of acrimony with the Reformation, in Ireland it 'existed as a genuinely incorporating body' for the different communities that shared the island (pp. 86–87). The book is about the rise and fall of Christian Ireland, not Catholic Ireland. And chapter three is a fascinating account of how we came to have our three historic Christian identities: Protestant and Dissenter along with Catholic. More is said about why the Reformation never truly took hold in Ireland, but Gribben's suggestion that a key factor was the commitment of the 'Old English families in the Pale' to stay faithful to Rome is compelling (p. 91). A striking insight in this chapter – at least to this reviewer who is a leader in a Presbyterian congregation marked by its busyness – is how dreadfully lax the early Irish Protestants were. 'The small number of committedly Protestant clergy were sometimes left with nothing to do' (p. 99). As haphazard...

IMPDH inhibition activates TLR-VCAM1 pathway and suppresses the development of MLL-fusion leukemia.

Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) is a rate-limiting enzyme in de novo guanine nucleotide synthesis pathway. Although IMPDH inhibitors are widely used as effective immunosuppressants, their antitumor effects have not been proven in the clinical setting. Here, we found that acute myeloid leukemias (AMLs) with MLL-fusions are susceptible to IMPDH inhibitors invitro. We also showed that alternate-day administration of IMPDH inhibitors suppressed the development of MLL-AF9-driven AML invivo without having a devastating effect on immune function. Mechanistically, IMPDH inhibition induced overactivation of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-TRAF6-NF-κB signaling and upregulation of an adhesion molecule VCAM1, which contribute to the antileukemia effect of IMPDH inhibitors. Consequently, combined treatment with IMPDH inhibitors and the TLR1/2 agonist effectively inhibited the development of MLL-fusion AML. These findings provide a rational basis for clinical testing of IMPDH inhibitors against MLL-fusion AMLs and potentially other aggressive tumors with active TLR signaling.

TECHNOLOGICAL ACCELERATION AND THE ROLE OF ART IN PREDICTING THE AFTERMATH OF SINGULARITY

The technological advance of the last decades leads us to imagine a future where technological systems and artificial intelligence (AI) physically and intellectually surpass human intelligence (IH) reaching, in fact, to be able to improve itself without the need for human intervention. From the possibility of the emergence of Cyborgs, Post Humans, and the arrival of what experts have called Technological Singularity, we must allow ourselves to reflect on these concepts in order analyse the possible effects, the results that this rapid technological advance could lead us to, and the possible consequences that a hard superintelligence would bring with it. The study tries to probe the scope of Singularity and its fundamental aspect, the alteration of the technological ecology: the strong pace of innovation would continuously transform the world and the human being itself, making the forecasting effort extremely difficult. It presents definitions of singularity according to its main figures: Von Neumann, I. J. Good, Vernor Vinge, and Ray Kurzweil. It revolves around the idea that the technological acceleration will continue to state that humanity couldn’t control. In this case AI will surpass the human abilities. It also unfolds the role of art in predicting the aftermaths of Singularity. Since the scientists are not sure about the result after Singularity, the role of imagination becomes the proper tool for exploring the technologized future. Key words: Singularity, Technological Acceleration, Science Fiction, Vernor Vinge, and Ray Kurzweil

Еміграційні календарі та альманахи 1930-х років із нагоди ювілеїв українських товариств

Emigration almanacs and calendars dedicated to the anniversaries of Uk-rainian organizations were characterized by description of the history of the creation of an organization and its activities, as well as the inclusion of the chronicle of events, statistical information, rich illustrative material and little- known facts about the main public figures and their connection with Ukraine. The authors of the publications did not intend to make generalizations and draw significant conclusions. Their work resembles annals-chronicles, without conclusions and relevant references to sources. At the same time, this does not diminish the informative and scientific value of these publications, as they contain significant reference and archival materials, correspondence and re- collections of famous public figures. Thus, having reviewed the jubilee calendars and almanacs of Ukrainian emigration organizations and institutions, we can say that Ukrainian emigrants went through difficult historical challenges over a long period of time Uniting into socio-cultural, aid-providing, religious, and women’s organizations, emigrant did a lot of useful work and activities aimed at preserving national traditions and the Ukrainian language, popularizing Ukrainian literature, and defining self-identification. All this was carried out through campaigning in the press, speeches at rallies, pub- lication of relevant books, participation in strikes and demonstrations, and con- ducting cultural and educational work among Ukrainian youth. A characteris- tic feature of all calendars and almanacs of Ukrainian emigration in 1914–1939, including the jubilee ones, was that, regardless of religious affiliation and thematic orientation, they existed thanks to the enthusiasm of the publishers and editors themselves. They contain thorough factual material that can be used by researchers of the history of Ukrainian emigration in 1914–1939.

When morphology meets regular polysemy

This study investigates the existence of complex morphological patterns that include a regular polysemy extension. Such complex patterns derive ambiguous words whose semantic types are both related and specified. To address this issue, nouns derived from verbs in French are investigated. A sample of 2,953 deverbal nouns ending with 46 suffixes are collected and systematically analyzed with respect to semantic properties and lexical ambiguity. Thirty-eight complex patterns are identified. The formation of ambiguous nouns whose meanings fit into a regular polysemy pattern appears as a discriminative property of some suffixes. Different kinds of patterns are further distinguished, depending on whether secondary meanings in complex patterns can be directly related to a base verb or not. In accordance with the literature on the polysemy of nominalizations, the semantic categories of EVENT and RESULT are prominent in morphological patterns, but other semantic types such as AGENT, INSTITUTION and COGNITIVE OBJECT are importantly represented as well. In addition, metonymy is the main semantic figure observed in complex patterns. Overall, the article sheds new light on the relationship between word formation and lexical polysemy by describing the possibility of direct association between them.

F. M. Dostoevsky’s Novel “Crime and Punishment” in the Context of Sacred History: Abraham, Christ, Mohammed

The article presents a detailed commentary on the famous statement of Rodion Raskolnikov, which actualizes the ambivalent semantics of the images of the “trembling creature” and the prophet. As the results of the narrative and textual analysis of “Crime and Punishment” show, this feature of word usage makes it possible to differentiate between the positions of the author and the hero. The article also proves that in the canonical text by Dostoevsky Raskolnikov’s thought is framed as a “foreign word,” graphically and punctuationally marked, as indicated by quotation marks, italics, an initial colon and an exclamation mark at the end. In the quoted text, Raskolnikov’s exclamation and the direct speech of the prophet in the interpretation of the hero of the novel alternate twice. The article shows how the author exposes his position to crushing “plot criticism,” debunking Raskolnikov’s religious and moral mistakes, including the opposition of Christ to Mohammed, which the author eliminates in the epilogue of the novel by mentioning Abraham, “the father of all believers.” His figure is a key one in the system of historical and spiritual kinship of the three world religions. In the context of anthropology and genealogy of the Sacred History, Raskolnikov’s last vision symbolizes his return to the “bosom of Abraham.” The hero, like a prudent robber in one of the variants of the iconographic plot, seems to be next to the “forefather.” As a result of the conducted historical, cultural and textual analysis, the author concludes that Dostoevsky, following Pushkin, reproduced the effect of the hero’s co-existence with the main figures of Sacred History in his novel.

Peran Guru PAI Dalam Pembinaan Akhlak Pada Siswa Sekolah Dasar Kelas IV Di SD Negeri 3 Rukti Sediyo

The purpose of this study was to determine the role of PAI teachers in fostering morals in elementary school students. The type of research used is qualitative research. The data sources used are primary and secondary data. Data collection techniques using interviews, observation and documentation. Data analysis technique using triangulation. The results of this study are that teachers are the main figures in the process of implementing educational programs. So that the desired learning objectives can be achieved optimally. The role of the PAI teacher in moral development for grade IV students, including: helping students learn various things they do not know, the class IV PAI teacher also plays a role in providing training and guidance to students so that they have good morals, not only that their role PAI teachers can also be advisors, role models, and provide supervision both in the areas of knowledge and skills.

Pictorialism in the Context of the Bengal Renaissance

The paper examines the process of formation and development of artistic periodicals in India at the turn of the 20th century in the context of artistic development and cultural movements of the Indian national revival. The article focuses on the main figures that formed the tradition of Indian illustrated periodicals, oriented to the Indian reader, and reveals the main features of the artistic design of such publications. This paper is an overview of the principles of pictorial realism in Indian art that were a reaction not only to the fascination with the Western realistic manner of painting but also were formed under the influence of developing printing technologies directly in India. The aim of the research was to confirm the originality of the development of the printing of Indian illustrated periodicals on the material of Bengal. The methodology includes comparative, historical-cultural, and art historical methods

Sphingosine-1-phosphate controls endothelial sphingolipid homeostasis via ORMDL.

Disruption of sphingolipid homeostasis and signaling has been implicated in diabetes, cancer, cardiometabolic, and neurodegenerative disorders. Yet, mechanisms governing cellular sensing and regulation of sphingolipid homeostasis remain largely unknown. In yeast, serine palmitoyltransferase, catalyzing the first and rate-limiting step of sphingolipid de novo biosynthesis, is negatively regulated by Orm1 and 2. Lowering sphingolipids triggers Orms phosphorylation, upregulation of serine palmitoyltransferase activity and sphingolipid de novo biosynthesis. However, mammalian orthologs ORMDLs lack the N-terminus hosting the phosphosites. Thus, which sphingolipid(s) are sensed by the cells, and mechanisms of homeostasis remain largely unknown. Here, we identify sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) as key sphingolipid sensed by cells via S1PRs to maintain homeostasis. The increase in S1P-S1PR signaling stabilizes ORMDLs, restraining SPT activity. Mechanistically, the hydroxylation of ORMDLs at Pro137 allows a constitutive degradation of ORMDLs via ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, preserving SPT activity. Disrupting S1PR/ORMDL axis results in ceramide accrual, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired signal transduction, all underlying endothelial dysfunction, early event in the onset of cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases. Our discovery may provide the molecular basis for therapeutic intervention restoring sphingolipid homeostasis.

Immuno(T)herapy for age-related diseases.

During the last decade, the stimulation of T-cell function by the blockage of immunosuppressive checkpoints has experienced an outstanding impact in the treatment of cancer. Development of the chimeric antigen receptor T-cell technology has also emerged as a powerful alternative for patients suffering from oncological processes, especially those affected by hematological neoplasms. Recent evidence suggest that the use of immunotherapy could be extended to non-oncological diseases and could be especially relevant for age-associated disorders, opening exciting therapeutic options for a wide range of diseases of the elderly. Here we comment on the emergence of T-cell-based immunotherapies as feasible approaches that could revolutionize the future of GeroScience.

Sensitized triplet–triplet annihilation based photon upconversion in full organic and hybrid multicomponent systems

In the last 15 years, the attention dedicated to organic conjugated systems experienced outstanding growth because of the renewed interest in mechanisms involving triplet states such as singlet fission, thermally activated delayed fluorescence, and intersystem crossing enhanced phosphorescence. Photon upconversion via sensitized triplet–triplet annihilation (sTTA) enables the conversion of low-energy photons into high-energy ones, and it has been proposed in multicomponent systems as an efficient managing strategy of non-coherent photons. This mechanism exploits the annihilation of two optically dark triplet states of emitter moieties to produce high-energy photons. The annihilating triplets are sensitized through Dexter energy transfer by a light-harvester, typically a conjugated molecule or a nanocrystal, so sTTA upconversion is usually performed in bi-component systems. The high yield observed at low excitation intensities stimulated thriving research in the field, leading to the development of a large family of fully organic and hybrid sTTA multicomponent upconverters. Here, we compare the evolution of these two families of systems with respect to the sTTA upconversion main figures of merit, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of both approaches, according to the results reported in the literature. The data presented are also discussed in the perspective of future developments in the field, pointing out the challenges that are still to be faced for the technological use of the sTTA upconversion process.

Time required for commitment to T cell proliferation depends on TCR affinity and cytokine response.

T cell activation and effector functions are determined by the affinity of the interaction between T cell receptor (TCR) and its antigenic peptide MHC (pMHC) ligand. A better understanding of the quantitative aspects of TCR-pMHC affinity-dependent T cell activation is critical for the development of new immunotherapeutic strategies. However, the role of TCR-pMHC affinity in regulating the kinetics of CD8+ T cell commitment to proliferation and differentiation is unknown. Here, we show that the stronger the TCR-pMHC affinity, the shorter the time of T cell-APC co-culture required to commit CD8+ T cells to proliferation. The time threshold for T cell cytokine production is much lower than that for cell proliferation. There is a strong correlation between affinity-dependent differences in AKT phosphorylation and T cell proliferation. The cytokine IL-15 increases the poor proliferation of T cells stimulated with low affinity pMHC, suggesting that pro-inflammatory cytokines can override the affinity-dependent features of T cell proliferation.

“…PROSPERAE IN ARMENIA RES ADDIDERANT”: КОРБУЛОН, ТАЦИТ І КОНСТРУЮВАННЯ ОБРАЗІВ КАМПАНІЙ РИМУ У ВІРМЕНІЇ У ДОБУ РАННЬОЇ ІМПЕРІЇ

he Roman historiography of the early Antonine era is represented by the works of Tacitus, whose texts are our main source for the attempts to solve certain problems of the history of early imperial Rome and the history of the surrounding regions. In this context, two central problems arise and still remain: the search for the origins of those models that Tacitus used as the basis for his description of the situation in Armenia in the middle of the 1st century CE and on the other hand – the actual problems of using the evidence of Tacitus for the reconstruction of the events of Nero's time which, in our opinion even in Tacitus’s works seems to be more complicated that the events of Corbulo’s activity in the East. Using the example of Rome's policy in the Caucasus region, the author states, that for a proper reconstruction of Rome's military policy in the East, we need to take into account the contexts and approaches with which Tacitus wrote his text, and in which his own narrative strategies were ephemerally combined. The first of them was the inclusion of major military and political events in the context of the activities of prominent political figures of the era. The role of “key bright figures” in the age of Julius-Claudius becomes dominant. To some extent, it is the role of prominent figures in history (but not Emperors) that lies at the heart of how Tacitus constructs Rome's past. The discussion over the early provincial offices of Corbulo at this point cannot be solved clearly. In the time of Augustus, the role of the Emperor at this time becomes quite important – he coordinated and controlled foreign policy measures, either personally or through his relatives and friends. Tiberius tries to strengthen the position of the provincial administration, and this policy proved to be effective. Neither Caligula nor Claudius particularly changed the trend set by their predecessors. For the Armenian campaigns of Rome at the time of Nero, Corbulo became the main figure for the narrative of Tacitus. Corbulo, as the author states, did not act as a protégé of certain circles at the imperial court, but within the framework of practices already common to the imperial court and provincial administration. Corbulo, despite the fact that his unique role was no more than a narrative strategy that reflected the practices of the era and despite the fact that the reconstruction of his powers and actual influence, according to most of existing scholarship, is problematic, in hands of Tacitus acts as the figure who is the creator of all politics Rome in the Caucasus region. Secondly, the narrative of Tacitus can be placed in the larger context of the age of Hadrian, when the Romans were forced to abandon the provinces created by Trajan and the conquered territories and retreat. The impossibility of destroying Parthian power in the region by military means prompted Roman authors to seek an explanation for the events witnessed by the Romans. Against all this background, in fact, lies the actual course of the Roman-Parthian conflict in the age of Nero, which requires the researcher to pay close attention and which reminds him once again that his predecessors, even in the ancient era, wrote histories based as on their subjective ideas and questions that worried their contemporaries.

Tokoh Sentral Dalam Kodifikasi Hadis

Hadith codification is an umbrella for understanding the beginning of the book of the Prophet's hadith. and this is of course urgent in it is to talk about history. Because it itself is departing from past, present and future events. History gives its own meaning in codifying the hadith of the Prophet Muhammad. because in this event it is not necessarily recorded in a book of hadith. But through a process that departs from the pre-codification of the hadith. One of the pre-codifications is how the hadith of the Prophet saw is recorded and written in the form of sahifah. In the codification of the hadith, there are three important main figures who can serve as aspirations in developing and maintaining the hadith of the Prophet Muhammad. ulumul hadith. Because with the codification of the hadith, the history of the prophet's hadith can be understood objectively. Therefore, understanding the hadith of the Prophet saw should not only look at it from one point of view. Because it will create a subjective understanding and will give rise to a conflict that will end with a hatred, so that fellow Muslims themselves have quarrels that can be prolonged. And this is the urgency of understanding the meaning of history

Tokoh Sentral Dalam Kodifikasi Hadis

Hadith codification is an umbrella for understanding the beginning of the book of the Prophet's hadith. and this is of course urgent in it is to talk about history. Because it itself is departing from past, present and future events. History gives its own meaning in codifying the hadith of the Prophet Muhammad. because in this event it is not necessarily recorded in a book of hadith. But through a process that departs from the pre-codification of the hadith. One of the pre-codifications is how the hadith of the Prophet saw is recorded and written in the form of sahifah. In the codification of the hadith, there are three important main figures who can serve as aspirations in developing and maintaining the hadith of the Prophet Muhammad. ulumul hadith. Because with the codification of the hadith, the history of the prophet's hadith can be understood objectively. Therefore, understanding the hadith of the Prophet saw should not only look at it from one point of view. Because it will create a subjective understanding and will give rise to a conflict that will end with a hatred, so that fellow Muslims themselves have quarrels that can be prolonged. And this is the urgency of understanding the meaning of history

Comparison of GaN and InGaAs high electron mobility transistors as zero-bias microwave detectors

We report on the measurements of the two main figures of merit for microwave detection, namely, responsivity and noise equivalent power (NEP), in HEMTs based on two of the most broadly used material systems AlGaN/GaN and AlInAs/InGaAs. A comparison between their performances as RF detectors in a wide temperature range is provided by means of experiments made under probes with direct connection to the drain contact. InGaAs HEMTs exhibit much better responsivity and NEP, which are further improved when lowering the working temperature. Moreover, we analyze the possibility of optimizing the current-mode detection of the transistors by improving the impedance matching conditions through an adequate choice of the device width W.

Equally potent: Nlrp3 mutation in macrophages or neutrophils is sufficient to drive autoinflammation.

Gain-of-function mutation in NLRP3 is associated with a spectrum of autoinflammatory disorders including familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome, Muckle-Wells syndrome, and neonatal onset multisystem inflammatory disease, collectively known as cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS). However, the cell types mediating the pathogenesis of CAPS are not completely understood. Two studies in EMBO Reports now demonstrate that gain-of-function Nlrp3 mutation in either macrophages or neutrophils alone is sufficient to trigger systemic autoinflammation and lethality in mice.

A Transitivity Analysis of the Character's Actions in Joseph Jacobs's Fairy Tales

This study aims at examining the transitivity processes occurred in the characters’ action in Joseph Jacobs’s Fairy Tales. Language style for children literature has its distinction from other fictions. Such lexical and the dictions selection become its focus primarily at the main figure’s action. The purpose of this study is not only to provide worthwhile information particularly at the language style of literature for children in case of Joseph Jacobs’s fairy tales but also to remedy the neglected focus on the earlier studies which analyzes the mentioned object as well. This study used the methodology of descriptive qualitative research. To analyze the research objective, this study used Halliday’s transitivity theory which examines the processes of a sentence. Based on the data analysis, the results found 56 data in total contained with several processes as follows; 30 material processes, 5 mental processes, 5 behavioural processes, 4 verbalization, 3 relational processes, and an existential processes.

Surviving on Soy Salami: Dissidents, Exiles, Prisoners, and the Rhetoric of Affect in Postcommunist Romania

After decades of being seen, or rather heard, through Radio Free Europe as moral and political authorities preserving Romania’s values and hopes from abroad, exiles of the Cold War had a disappointing political career in the postcommunist transitional society. The main figures hailing on behalf of historic pollical parties failed to win the election in 1990, and failed to convince the electorate that they could lead them to freedom and democracy. The former dissidents who had lived overseas likewise did not manage to become opinion leaders, at least not compared to local intellectuals, and eventually damaged each other’s reputation in public fights and scandals. Why weren’t these exiles, once so full of promise for a democratic future in Romania, more impactful? The answer may point to their systematic undermining orchestrated by the neo-communist power brokers of the transitional era. Yet the answer is rather more complicated, one that this paper offers by focusing on the rhetoric of the early postcommunist decade and its emphasis on the shared deprivation experienced under communism. The slogan built around hunger—“who ate soy meat with us”—was part of a larger effect of political survivalism that viewed exiles as outsiders. I show that the contest of moral superiority, pitting those who had been imprisoned against those who had fled, fed a rhetoric of suffering that would eventually marginalize the exiles and any political contribution they could have made after 1989.

Tunnel-FET Evolution and Applications for Analog Circuits

In this work different generations of field effect tunneling transistor (TFET) are evaluated through DC digital and analog figures of merits. For TFET devices the main digital figure of merit is the subthreshold slope (SS), while for analog application the intrinsic voltage gain (AV) is the most important one. For the early generations, that are based on silicon, the SS does not reach values smaller than 60mV/dec at room temperature, however, the AV reaches values up to 80 dB, showing to be promising for analog applications. As the TFETs were being optimized for digital applications and consequently presenting better switching performance, the intrinsic voltage gain moves in the opposite direction. This opposite trend is related to which transport mechanism is predominant for each type of device. While III-V TFETs are more dependent on Band to Band Tunneling (BTBT), silicon devices are more relying on Trap-Assisted Tunneling (TAT). While BTBT allows for faster switching, TAT is less dependent on the drain electric field, so the former favors SS while the latter favors AV. Based on the good analog behavior of silicon channel TFETs, a two-stage operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) was designed with different TFET technologies and the compared results were discussed.