Main Engine Research Articles

Dynamic Information System for Failure Analysis with It’s Application on Ship Main Engine

Dynamic Information System for Failure Analysis with It’s Application on Ship Main Engine

СТАНОВЛЕНИЕ СТАДИАЛЬНОГО ПОДХОДА В ТЕОРИИ «ЦИВИЛИЗАЦИИ» ОТ Л. Г. МОРГАНА ДО Ф. ЭНГЕЛЬСА

The solution of the problem of the civilizational development of mankind is unthinkable without referring to the provisions of the founders of the theory of civilization. In a comparative analysis of the theories of L. G. Morgan and F. It was revealed by Engels that the main engine of the progressive movement in the fi rst case is the production of means of subsistence, in the second — the production of means of production. The universality of the theory of civilization F. It is impossible to imagine Engels without the reasoned, historically reliable theory of L. G. Morgan. This is only the fi rst approximation to reading and understanding the work of F. Engels’ “The Origin of the family, Private property and the state”. In the future, it is necessary to consider in more detail the role of the family and private property in the process of civilization formation. This article can be used in the course of studying the new discipline “Fundamentals of Russian statehood” introduced into the higher education system.

Application of Multivariate Reinforcement Learning Engine in Optimizing the Power Generation Process of Domestic Waste Incineration

Garbage incineration is an ideal method for the harmless and resource-oriented treatment of urban domestic waste. However, current domestic waste incineration power plants often face challenges related to maintaining consistent steam production and high operational costs. This article capitalizes on the technical advantages of big data artificial intelligence, optimizing the power generation process of domestic waste incineration as the entry point, and adopts four main engine modules of Alibaba Cloud reinforcement learning algorithm engine, operating parameter prediction engine, anomaly recognition engine, and video visual recognition algorithm engine. The reinforcement learning algorithm extracts the operational parameters of each incinerator to obtain a control benchmark. Through the operating parameter prediction algorithm, prediction models for drum pressure, primary steam flow, NOx, SO2, and HCl are constructed to achieve short-term prediction of operational parameters, ultimately improving control performance. The anomaly recognition algorithm develops a thickness identification model for the material layer in the drying section, allowing for rapid and effective assessment of feed material thickness to ensure uniformity control. Meanwhile, the visual recognition algorithm identifies flame images and assesses the combustion status and location of the combustion fire line within the furnace. This real-time understanding of furnace flame combustion conditions guides adjustments to the grate and air volume. Integrating AI technology into the waste incineration sector empowers the environmental protection industry with the potential to leverage big data. This development holds practical significance in optimizing the harmless and resource-oriented treatment of urban domestic waste, reducing operational costs, and increasing efficiency.

A comprehensive feasibility analysis of dual-fuel engines and solid oxide fuel cells on a tanker ship considering environmental, economic, and regulation aspects

The paper aims to assess if liquefied natural gas (LNG)-dual-fuel (DF) engines as main engine solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), and waste heat recovery systems (WHRS) as auxiliary units are feasible configurations for current and future years on ships. Data from an oceangoing tanker ship with 115,804 DWT has been collected from noon reports to execute the analysis. Through eight different scenarios including individual usage and various system combinations, the influence of these systems has been evaluated. Findings indicate that the sole scenario that satisfies the regulatory requirements is scenario 6, which involves the hydrogen (H2)-SOFCs, WHRS, and LNG-DF engines. Scenario 5 (LNG-SOFCs, WHRS, and LNG-DF engines) has enabled the largest reductions of upstream and operational carbon dioxide emissions at 47.946 % and 48.473 % respectively. Scenarios 5 and 6 significantly reduce both other upstream and operational emissions. However, LNG usage raises methane emissions substantially, while H2 increases particular matter upstream emissions. The levelized cost of energy of the systems using the conventional auxiliary units and DF engines is lower than the base scenario, however, SOFCs become practical in 2050 economically. The energy production cost of LNG reduces remarkably in future estimations, and H2 becomes commercially viable in 2050 projections.

Impact of Some Selected Determinants on SMEs Performance: A Study on Jhenaidah District of Bangladesh

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) play a critical role in any emerging economy. These sectors are now considered as the main engine of the economy in Bangladesh. The principal objective of this study is to identify, measure and compare the impact of some selected determinants on SMEs performance in Bangladesh. The study employed qualitative interviews with the owners/employees of SMEs dealing with i) Tailoring ii) Flower cultivation iii) Restaurant business iv) Auto rice mill business v) Jewelry vi) Nursery vii) Clinic business 8. Handicrafts business ix) Rice cultivation and x) Banana cultivation in Jhenaidah district of Bangladesh. This is a survey-based study and the data were collected from 101 respondents using a structured questionnaire. The data collected for the study have been processed using MS Excel 2007. This study examined six determinants such as entrepreneurial competency, marketing capability, financial resources, modern technology, product quality, and investment capacity to determine the SMEs’ performance in terms of profit. Seven hypotheses were developed to reach the objectives in the study. The collected primary data were analyzed by applying basic statistical tools. The results of the study revealed that the most significant determinants that affect the performance of SMEs in Bangladesh were entrepreneurial competency, financial resources and investment capacity respectively. Policymakers and owners of SMEs should take necessary steps in light of the findings of the study to improve the performance and ensure the sustainable growth of SMEs sectors in Bangladesh.

THE EFFECT OF BAI, SIZE, OWNERSHIP, AND PROFITABILITY ON DISCLOSURE OF BIOLOGICAL ASSET

Data from the Ministry of Agriculture showed that during the Covid-19 pandemic, agricultural sector managed to increase the growth of GDP by 2.19% compared to the previous year (year-on-year). Then, data from the Central Bureau of Statistics shows in 2020, only the agricultural sector made a positive contribution of 1.75% to GDP compared to other business sectors. This needs to be the government's attention to develop the agricultural sector as a sector that is expected to be the main engine of development in order to realize the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The intention of this research was to find out the effect from intensity of biological asset, firm size, managerial ownership and profitability on disclosure of biological assets in agricultural enterprises listed on the IDX from 2016 to 2020. This study falls under verification research category. All agricultural companies listed on IDX period 2016-2020 are the population in this research. Purposive sampling was used to choose the sample and 13 companies were chosen. Documentary studies were used to acquired data. In this study, data was collected utilizing a documentary study with analysis of multiple linear regression. In this study data processing using the help of IBM SPSS Ver.25.0. According to the findings of this study, firm size has a considerable favorable effect on the dsiclosure of biological assets. The intensity of biological assets, management ownership, and profitability no impact disclosure of biological assets. Thus, biologiccall aset intensity, firm size, managerial oownerhip, and profitability silmutaneously impact on biological aset disclosure.

The Analysis of Effectiveness Electric Motor As A Main Propulsion In The Navy Ships

Electric motors as the main booster for ships are widely used in submarines. But now, it was used in the Navy Ships type of Xyz Class. In the world, there are quite a several warships that use electric motors as the main propulsion engines because they have high efficiency, especially in terms of maintenance budget requirements and fuel budgets. On the other side, During the operation at the Navy Ships, several advantages were felt both in terms of operation and maintenance. The electric motor was very useful to be used in Navy Ships type of Xyz because it was very efficient in fuel consumption when it was used as the main engine. Now, the Indonesian Navy has had two Navy Ships type of Xyz. And Indonesian Navy hoped that this kind of engine type can be useful and give more beneficial in the future, especially in helping its jobs.

Investigation of alternative fuelled marine diesel engines and waste heat recovery system utilization on the oil tanker for upcoming regulations and carbon tax

Energy efficiency saving and harmful emission reduction applications on marine vessels are quite valuable to achieving sustainable development goals highlighted by the IMO. In line with this goal, alternative fuels, and the WHRS have been utilized on the oil tanker in eight different scenarios since the attained EEXI and CII values of the oil tanker equipped with conventional systems don't meet the current regulations. The best performance has been obtained from scenario VII having a methanol-fuelled main engine and LNG-fuelled auxiliary engines with WHRS using the ORC. The attained EEXI of 3.543 and CII of 3.858 values have met current requirements and have kept the CII rating of the oil tanker at levels B to C. Scenario VII has also ensured roundly 31% cost advantage under the highest futuristic assumption of the carbon tax, this rate corresponds to $21M for approximately 5.5 years. As a result, all scenarios have provided superiority over the existing system in terms of meeting regulations, fuel consumption, carbon emission, and carbon tax. On the other hand, the utilization of carbon-neutral fuels in the main and auxiliary engines with the WHRS needs to be considered to comply with upcoming regulations and to achieve net-zero emission targets.

ENHANCED DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES FOR MARINE DIESEL ENGINES: ACHIEVING IMO DECARBONIZATION COMPLIANCE

This paper discusses hardware-based methods for monitoring the operational parameters of marine diesel engines and online mathematical modeling techniques (digital twins) for calculating the emissions of CO2, NOx, soot, and other harmful pollutants. It is demonstrated that measuring and analyzing the engine's vibrational diagrams in parallel with gas pressure diagrams in the cylinders allows the evaluation of the actual fuel injection and gas distribution timings. The obtained data is used to refine the mathematical model of the engine's working process, which determines the engine's indicator parameters and power, as well as the emission of harmful substances that need to be monitored in compliance with current IMO requirements. The authors have accumulated experience in using the discussed hardware-based methods for diagnosing marine engines during operation. The hardware and software methods discussed have been implemented into a real-time system for in-service diagnostics of marine engines. The system is designed based on a modern dual-core controller with high performance and low power consumption, incorporating a high-speed ADC with sufficient capability to monitor the working process with a 0.1-degree crankshaft rotation resolution for all types of marine main and auxiliary engines. The system also utilizes wireless data transmission technology. A contemporary Android/iOS smartphone or tablet serves as the computational and graphical component of the system. This real-time system enables the utilization of all the advantages of parallel pressure and vibroacoustic analysis, including real-time determination of key operating parameters, identification of top dead center position, and evaluation of fuel delivery and gas distribution phases. Additionally, it harnesses the benefits of employing a digital twin—an online mathematical model of the engine cylinder's working process. These solutions will enhance diagnostic quality and, ultimately, improve the operational efficiency of marine engines by reducing operational costs and extending the period of reliable, trouble-free operation.

Performance Analysis of Sea Water Cooling Pumps on The Smoothness of The Main Engine Cooling System on The Mt. Fail

The main engine sea water cooling pump is a type of centrifugal pump as one of the pumps that is often found in the ship machinery industry working on the principle of impeller rotation as a fluid transfer element driven by a propulsion engine. The liquid inside will rotate due to the impetus of the blades and cause a centrifugal force which causes the liquid to flow from the middle of the impeller and out through between the blades and leave the impeller at high speed. The sea water cooling pump has a very important role in supporting the cooling system process on the main engine. If the coolant pump does not work properly, it will result in a less than optimal cooling system. Like the problems the author experienced when carrying out sea practice on the MT ship. This causes problems with the lack of maximum performance from the pump impeller and pump vibrations that are too high. which resulted in affecting the performance of the main engine and disrupting the operation of the ship. The purpose of this research is to find out the cause of the less than optimal performance of the impeller on the pump and find a solution. and to find out the cause of too high vibration in the pump and find a solution. While this research method is a qualitative descriptive research method. The results of this study are expected to be useful in science as a contribution to ideas related to the analysis of the performance of seawater cooling pumps to support ship operations.

Optimizing Air Compressor Productivity in Supporting Operational Activities on The Mt Ship. Gamalam

Air compressors are auxiliary machines on board that can produce high pressure air. This research was conducted because the productivity of the air compressor was less than optimal, causing air production and the performance of the air compressor to be less than optimal and disrupting operational activities on the ship. The impact that occurs when air production is reduced in the air compressor, the ship cannot operate according to the contract specified by the company, because the initial start of the main engine or main engine on board requires compressed air. Many factors can cause reduced production of air produced by air compressors, including the lack of performance of the suction valve and exhaust valve on the high pressure section which causes less maximum or longer time for filling air into the air bottle, low flow of the lubrication system on the piston which causes no compression to produce air. This research was carried out with the aim of identifying and analyzing the causes of the lack of performance of the suction and exhaust valves on high pressure sections and low flow of the piston lubrication system which results in less optimal performance of the air compressor when filling into air bottles. The method used in this study uses a qualitative descriptive method using primary and secondary data collection approaches and techniques. The lack of performance of the inlet and exhaust valves can be corrected by cleaning the carbon deposits on the valves and leveling the valve surfaces. The low flow of the lubrication system on the piston can be done by checking the lubricating oil pump, cleaning the lubricating oil filter, changing the lubricating oil periodically according to the instruction manual book, and adding lubricating oil according to the specifications of the air compressor.

Maintenance of Steam Bottle Water to Keep Operational Auxiliary Steam Bottles on The Mv. Ile De Re

Various types of marine vessels require fuel to drive the main engine and auxiliary engines. The fuel requires hot steam as a heater so that the fuel reaches the appropriate temperature, not only fuel but hot steam is also needed for the accommodation space on the ship. The steam boiler is a closed vessel that can produce hot steam with a pressure greater than one atmosphere, to be able to produce hot steam, a heated medium is needed, namely fresh water. The water used in the steam generation process greatly affects the condition of the boiler. Therefore, the quality of water in the boiler must always be considered and maintained so that it is always in good condition, so that the boiler will always be in prime condition. In reality, steam boilers often experience disturbances, such as on the MV. ILE DE RE there is a decrease in the quality of boiler water and the occurrence of scale in the boiler. In this case, the research used an observation research method on boiler water by testing boiler water and it was found that the quality of boiler water was not up to standard with low pH levels up to 6.8, high alkalinity and high chloride up to 200 ppm. there is also a scale formation on the boiler water pipe which can be seen from the dirty condition of the boiler water when taken.

Evaluation and optimization of an engine waste heat assisted Carnot battery system for ocean-going vessels during harbor stays

The pollution and environmental damage caused by ship emissions during docking is an urgent issues that needs to be addressed. In this study, a jacket water waste heat Carnot battery (JCB) system is designed as an energy storage device to recover the water waste heat of the ship's main engine cylinder liner and as a power output device when the main engine stops in port. The JCB system is evaluated and optimized from the perspectives of thermodynamics, exergy, and cost, with a focus on the performance under different working fluid combinations. The results show that improving the efficiency of the compressor, turbine, and recuperator can significantly enhance the system's performance, with the compressor and turbine being the most expensive components. The heat exchanger has the highest exergy destruction, accounting for almost half of the total system. In the multi-objective optimization of different working fluid combinations, R365mfc/R365mfc is found to be the best choice, with the power-to-power efficiency of the system reaching 110.15 % and the 5-year levelized cost of storage (LCOS) being 0.139 $/kWh. A case study of the actual route shows that the JCB system designed in this paper can meet the power demand of 100 %, 35.5 %, 61.91 %, and 56.9 % in the four segments during harbor stays. The JCB system proposed in this study provides a new solution for the reduction of emissions and environmental protection during the docking of ships.

On-board measurements of OC/EC ratio, mixing state, and light absorption of ship-emitted particles

Carbonaceous aerosols play important roles in environmental impacts and climate effects. The characteristics of ship-emitted carbonaceous aerosols keep unclear under the latest global low sulfur fuel oil policy. This study selected four ocean-going vessels burning low sulfur fuel oils for on-board exhaust testing. The emission factors of ship carbonaceous aerosols were obtained under different engine types (main and auxiliary engines), fuel types, and engine loads. Our results showed that fuel and engine types were both important factors affecting carbonaceous aerosol emissions for ship engines. The emission factors of OC and EC from main engines were 1.18 ± 0.62 and 0.06 ± 0.04 g/kg burning heavy fuel oil (HFO), while 0.52 ± 0.35 and 0.04 ± 0.03 g/kg burning marine gas oil (MGO), respectively. The OC/EC ratios of ship-emitted particles were within a large range of 2 to 23. The OC/EC ratios from the main engines were significantly higher than those from the auxiliary engines by a factor of 6.3. The result of chemical mixing states of ship-emitted particles observed by a single particle mass spectrometer (SPAMS) showed that OC and EC were internally mixed and existed as the ECOC-bonded forms in single particles. The measured light absorption of ship-emitted particles with higher OC/EC ratios showed an evident short-wave absorption enhancement based on the aethalometer AE-33. Our results implied that ship-emitted carbonaceous aerosols (especially with high OC/EC ratios) could not be uniformly treated regarding the optical properties to more precisely estimate their potential environmental impacts and climate effects in model systems in the future.

Reduction of CO2 Emissions from Offshore Combined Cycle Diesel Engine-Steam Turbine Power Plant Powered by Alternative Fuels

Abstract Diverse forms of environmental pollution arise with the introduction of materials or energy that exert adverse effects on human health, climate patterns, ecosystems, and beyond. Rigorous emission regulations for gases resulting from fuel combustion are being enforced by the European Union and the International Maritime Organization (IMO), directed at maritime sectors to mitigate emissions of SOx, NOx, and CO2. The IMO envisions the realisation of its 2050 targets through a suite of strategies encompassing deliberate reductions in vessel speed, enhanced ship operations, improved propulsion systems, and a transition towards low and zero-emission fuels such as LNG, methanol, hydrogen, and ammonia. While the majority of vessels currently depend on heavy fuel or low-sulphur fuel oil, novel designs integrating alternative fuels are gaining prominence. Technologies like exhaust gas purification systems, LNG, and methanol are being embraced to achieve minimised emissions. This study introduces the concept of a high-power combined ship system, composed of a primary main engine, a diesel engine, and a steam turbine system, harnessing the energy contained within the flue gases of the main combustion engine. Assumptions, constraints for calculations, and a thermodynamic evaluation of the combined cycle are outlined. Additionally, the study scrutinises the utilisation of alternative fuels for ship propulsion and their potential to curtail exhaust emissions, with a specific focus on reducing CO2 output.

Regulation of the fuel injection advance angle in a transport diesel engine

The toxicity indicators of exhaust gases of a diesel engine largely depend on the quality of the fuel supply process. The possibility of a significant improvement in the toxicity of the exhaust gases of a diesel engine by optimizing the phase of the start of fuel supply - the fuel injection advance angle is shown. To assess the influence of the fuel injection advance angle on the dynamic performance of the engine and the toxicity of exhaust gases, a mathematical model of the engine has been developed. The model contains differential equations for the main elements of the combined engine - its piston part, turbocharger, in take and exhaust pipelines. These equations include polynomial dependences of the main engine parameters on its operating parameters. The object of research was diesel type D-245 (4 ChN 11/12.5) produced by the Minsk Motor Plant. Calculations of the acceleration of the engine with a variable fuel injection advance angle have been carried out. The influence of the law of regulation of the advance angle of fuel injection on the duration of the transient process and emissions of normalized toxic components is determined.

Влияние дефектов распылителя форсунки на расход топлива и контроль топливной аппаратуры на современном уровне

The basis of improving the vessel energy efficiency is economical operation of its power units - the main and auxiliary diesel engines, steam boilers. There has been described the smart control system for ship operation. The main parameters listed below are under constant control: fuel consumption of the main and auxiliary steam diesel engines, auxiliary steam boiler, operating time of the main and auxiliary diesel engines, auxiliary steam boiler; fuel level in consumable, settling and bunker fuel tanks; vessel speed, vessel position, weather conditions. The system includes flow meters, temperature, speed, power, and pressure sensors, GPS-station, digital converters, controllers, marine computer industrial design, monitors for parameters in the engine control room and on the bridge, special software for ships and offices. There has been determined the main goal of developing and assembling the system: to develop a reliable working tool for the crew and the main ashore office, to evaluate and control the quality of the vessel operation, to supplement the existing control methods with an improved and more understandable scheme of monitoring various parameters of the ship's operation, including fuel consumption. The results of developing and introducing the system help increase the actual energy efficiency of the vessel operation. An example of real-time fuel consumption control using the smart control system - ShipSmartView - is presented. The functionality of the system is quite wide. Graphs of the current fuel consumption which indicated the defect in the fuel equipment are given. Based on the data, overhaul of the fuel equipment was carried out and a malfunction of the nozzle - a crack - was defined. It has been proved that due to untimely detection of a malfunction, a loss of fuel was allowed.

Статистические данные о прогибах коленчатого вала судового дизеля

The results of the study of crankshafts that have received a deflection during operation are presented. The reasons for the appearance of the curvature of the longitudinal axis and the consequences to which this defect may lead are considered. According to the analysis of statistical data obtained from enterprises engaged in engine repair, an increase in defects of residual deformation of deflections was noted. The necessity of collecting and systematizing cases of curvature of the longitudinal axis above the permissible value is determined. The conditions for preparing shafts for defecation have been clarified. Attention is drawn to the need to take into account the results of previous measurements and the total operating time of the engine when laying the shaft approved for further operation. The object of the study is the crankshaft of the diesel engine 6 CHN 31.8/33, used in water transport as the main marine engine. Measurements of the radial runout of twenty shafts that received deflection were made. The dependence of the measurement error on the radius of the shaft neck is established. A histogram of the frequency distribution of deflections of the crankshaft frame necks depending on the repair size number is constructed and the dependence of the deflection frequency on the repair size number is illustrated. The maximum deflection of the crankshaft of 4.10 mm with an allowable deflection of 0.03 mm is fixed. The values of deflections of diesel shafts are analyzed, their dependence on the number of the repair size and the number of the frame neck on which the deflection occurred. The frequency and significant increase in the magnitude of the deflection arrow on the fourth frame neck were noted. The necessity of using the obtained statistical data on deflections for the scientific substantiation of the technology of correction of diesel krancshafts is determined.

Waste heat recovery assessment of triple heat-exchanger usage for ship main engine pre-heating and fresh water generation systems

In this study, the applicability, fuel saving and CO2 emission reducing potential of the triple heat-exchanger fed by the diesel generator exhaust gas with and without water steam have been studied for ship’s one and two main engines pre-heating and freshwater generation (FWG) cycles under port conditions with conducting energy and exergy analysis. The performance criteria (PC) and exergy efficiency (ε) values of the main engine pre-heating and freshwater generator systems of the Ro-Ro ship selected for the case study were determined by written Matlab 2021a codes merging CoolProp 6.4.2 database with Python. It was determined that even at the lowest operating load of the diesel generator (25%), the exhaust heat energy would be sufficient to preheat the main engine and generating fresh water with also saving fuel consumption. As a result, during the 12-h port period, each 1 kW heat energy reduction on steam will provide 0.0853 kg/h fuel saving in the boiler. Thus, 273 kg CO2 emission will be reduced for each kW of heat energy to be obtained. Considering the comparatively increased PC and ε values of whole system cycle containing common triple heat-exchanger for two main engines, it can be used conveniently and reliably on ships.

Utilization of Non-verbal Communication in the Engine Room Training – Basic Research on Hand Signals among Monocultural Crew on Board

Accidents are likely to occur in an environment where work is done with teamwork by multiple crew members due to lack of communication, especially in a multicultural environment. Therefore, if there are internationally common maritime hand signals, it would contribute to reduction of human error among multicultural crews on board. As basic research on utilization of hand signals among multicultural crew on board, we invented several common hand signals. Furthermore, as a first step in an experiment to verify the effectiveness of hand signals during teamwork operation in engine room, we conducted the experiment in a mono-cultural environment through onboard training on a training ship. Our target task was practical onboard training for main engine start-up procedure in engine room because it required a lot of multitasking and teamwork. We studied the effectiveness and improvement of use of hand signals through questionnaires and interviews conducted with cadets and onboard instructors.