Main Engine Research Articles

Application of ship’s information system to control and monitor the technical condition of ship’s equipment

Failures and breakdowns of marine equipment that occur during the daily operation of ships can lead to major accidents, endangering the lives of the crew and passengers of ships, and also pose a threat to the environment. A project for using a ship information system to monitor the technical condition of ship power equipment in real time through integration with ship automated systems is presented in the paper. The implementation of the information system was carried out on the Handy Size dry-cargo vessel with a deadweight of 36,987 tons, during which an analysis of ship systems was carried out and sources for obtaining initial information were identified. These were AMS system (alarm monitoring system), technical control system of MAN 5S50ME-B “CoCoS” main engine condition, equipment on the navigation bridge (AIS, GPS, ECDIS, VDR). During the implementation of the project, a secure connection to the above-mentioned ship systems for collecting and processing information using the installed Dataloger computer with software was made. Channels for transmitting information to the shore through the satellite Internet and mobile communication systems using data coding and compression to reduce traffic volume were determined. The use of the implemented information system makes it possible to remove some of the routine tasks for the crew and the onshore technical service, to obtain more accurate information on the formation and control of maintenance tasks in real time.

The use of hydrogen as alternative fuel for ship propulsion: A case study of full and partial retrofitting of roll-on/roll-off vessels for short distance routes

Roll-on/Roll-Off (Ro-Ro) vessels, including those without and with passenger accommodation Roll-on/roll-off passenger (Ro-Pax), can be totally or partially retrofitted to reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in maritime transport not only during hoteling operation at the dock but also during service. This study is based on data of the vessel routes connecting the Port of Piombino to the Elba Island in Italy. Three retrofitting scenarios have been considered: replacement of the main and auxiliary engines with fuel cells (FC) (full retrofitting), replacement of the auxiliary engines with FCs (partial retrofitting) and replacement of the auxiliary engines with FCs and hoteling only with auxiliary engines for one specific vessel. The amount of hydrogen, the filling time and the energy needed for production, compression and pre-cooling of hydrogen have been calculated for the different scenarios.

Cooling Design Analysis of The Use of Land Engine On Ship

Based on the survey, the majority of fishermen in Indonesia choose to use land engines as propulsion for the main engine and auxiliary engine on ships because in terms of the price of land engines, they are much cheaper than ship engines produced by marine engine factories. Therefore, not a few workshops that often serve land engine modifications for further use as ship propulsion. Regulations regarding the use of land engines as ship’s main engines in Indonesia are currently not widely regulated in the Classification Agency regulations. Heat exchanger that supports the cooling system for optimal use of land engines on ships. Furthermore, the heat exchanger design process with a heat transfer load of 17,416 Watt was carried out using the LMTD method and obtained a heat transfer area value of 1,204 m2 with a staggered arrangement configuration. From the results of the CFD simulation, the temperature value at the hot water outlet is 51.39 C.

A meta-analysis of the relationship between service teamwork mechanisms and customer service outcomes

PurposeIn many contemporary service organizations, service teams or service units are the main engines used to deliver key services to customers, client or patients. However, it remains unclear how teamwork mechanisms (i.e. the ways team members work together) influence customer service outcomes, and whether these relationships vary across different service contexts. To advance knowledge on the nature of teamwork in service teams and to set an agenda for further work in this area, there is a need to integrate and synthesize findings across the diverse literature on service teamwork. This paper aims to discuss the aforementioned objectives.Design/methodology/approachUsing a meta-analytic approach, the authors analyzed a substantial pool of relevant effect sizes (a total of 372 effect sizes from 82 studies, with 14,291 service teams/units) to examine the effects of affective, behavioral, cognitive, motivational as well as perceptual teamwork mechanisms on customer service outcomes. The authors also investigated two key service context variables (service climate and service type) as boundary conditions on these effects.FindingsThe authors found that cognitive teamwork mechanisms were more strongly positively associated with customer evaluative outcomes than other mechanisms, whereas motivational and perceptual teamwork mechanisms had stronger associations with financial outcomes. Further, four of the five teamwork mechanisms demonstrated stronger correlations under a high service climate. The strength of the correlations between the teamwork mechanisms and customer service outcomes also exhibited different patterns when considered for different service types.Research limitations/implicationsAs with all meta-analysis, the quality of the primary studies influences the quality of the insights obtained from summarized effects. As most studies are cross-sectional design, the relationships examined in this paper cannot be interpreted causally. The authors cannot rule out the possibility of reverse causality, for example, reciprocal effects of customer service outcomes on teamwork dynamics due to the reciprocal feedback loop between customers and service providers.Practical implicationsThe results hold important practical implications for enhancing customer evaluation and financial performance. First, the overall findings point to the need for employers to emphasize on certain types of teamwork training in order to encourage employee collaboration within service teams. For instance, service organizations could plan team building activities for service teams to promote trust, strengthen interpersonal bonds and improve problem-solving.Originality/valueThe results of this study provide an integration of previous research on service teamwork and fill two important gaps in the knowledge: (1) which aspect of teamwork is more important in determining customer service outcomes? And (2) does the effect of teamwork on customer service outcomes differ across different service contexts?

Valve Setting Using Fuzzy Logic Method To Control Main Engine Coolant Flow

The main objective of this research is to improve the operating efficiency and performance of ship main engines by optimizing coolant flow. Improper coolant flow can cause excessive temperature rise in the engine, which in turn can reduce engine life and efficiency. In this research, the coolant flow control system is implemented using the fuzzy logic method. Fuzzy logic allows modeling that is more adaptive to parameter variations and uncertainties in the operational environment. Fuzzy rules are developed based on practical knowledge of experts and operational data related to the host machine. The test was carried out through a simulation using a water flow control circuit that supplies the coolant to the ship's main engine with the main components being an ESP32 microcontroller chip and three DS18B20 temperature sensors. The results of this research show that the use of fuzzy logic in regulating coolant flow is able to provide a faster and more accurate response to changes in engine operational conditions. This has the potential to increase cooling efficiency and prevent engine over-temperatures, which can ultimately increase the overall service life and performance of the host engine. The practical implications of the results of this research can be applied in the development of more intelligent and adaptive control systems for various types of host machines, with the potential to increase operating efficiency and reduce the risk of damage due to excessive temperatures

Anomalistic Symptom Judgment Algorithm for Predictive Maintenance of Ship Propulsion Engine Using Machine Learning

Ships serve as crucial transporters of cargo and passengers in substantial volumes and operate for a long time; therefore, an efficient maintenance system is essential for economical and stable vessel operation. In this study, a machine learning based approach was developed that considers the rapidly changing load fluctuations on ships and large variability in normal operation data to apply predictive maintenance to the propulsion engines of ships. After acquiring propulsion engine data from the alarm monitoring system of a ship, data and maintenance items were analyzed to select the data that could determine the anomalistic symptoms of the propulsion engine. Further, the main engine condition criterion value was defined as the factor for anomalistic symptom prediction. An engine anomalistic symptom judgment algorithm that can be practically used for ship maintenance prediction was developed and verified using machine learning.

Experimental investigation of hydrogen combustion in a single cylinder PFI engine

The simultaneous reduction of Green-House Gases (GHG) and criteria pollutants is the main target of current Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) development. Hydrogen (H2) fueling is one of the best options available in both regards, as it does not emit tailpipe CO2 as well as significantly abates all criteria pollutants already at engine-out level. However, optimizing hydrogen combustion in order to exploit the fuel proprieties at best is a challenging task due to the very particular properties of the fuel. In fact, H2 combustion in ICE promotes a very clean, fast and complete combustion process, with extremely low HC, CO, and PM engine-out emissions stemming only from lubricant oil. The usage of lean-boosted and EGR-diluted combustion strategies can significantly contribute to raise the brake thermal efficiency and lower the NOx emission to extremely low levels. To this end, the Authors tested a 0.5 L single cylinder engine featuring an optimized PFI layout and dedicated piston bowl profile for a retrofitted Diesel operating as H2 monofuel, in SI mode. In this paper, the authors discuss the effect of the main engine parameters, extensively investigated by means of Design of Experiments (DoE) techniques, as well as the effect of dilution and EGR to promote clean and efficient hydrogen combustion, in order to recommend the most effective practices.

Synconn_build: A python based synthetic dataset generator for testing and validating control-oriented neural networks for building dynamics prediction

Applying model-based predictive control in buildings requires a control-oriented model capable of learning how various control actions influence building dynamics, such as indoor air temperature and energy use. However, there is currently a shortage of empirical or synthetic datasets with the appropriate features, variability, quality and volume to properly benchmark these control-oriented models. Addressing this need, a flexible, open-source, Python-based tool, synconn_build, capable of generating synthetic building operation data using EnergyPlus as the main building energy simulation engine is introduced. The uniqueness of synconn_build lies in its capability to automate multiple aspects of the simulation process, guided by user inputs drawn from a text-based configuration file. It generates various kinds of unique random signals for control inputs, performs co-simulation to create unique occupancy schedules, and acquires weather data. Additionally, it simplifies the typically tedious and complex task of configuring EnergyPlus files with all user inputs. Unlike other synthetic datasets for building operations, synconn_build offers a user-friendly generator that selectively creates data based on user inputs, preventing overwhelming data overproduction. Instead of emulating the operational schedules of real buildings, synconn_build generates test signals with more frequent variation to cover a broader range of operating conditions.•Synconn_build is an open-source tool designed to address the lack of datasets for benchmarking control-oriented building dynamics prediction models.•The tool automates simulations, data acquisition, and EnergyPlus configuration, guided by user inputs.•Synconn_build prevents data overproduction by selectively creating data, offering a user-friendly approach to dataset generation.

Hardware acceleration of complex HEP algorithms with HLS and FPGAs: Methodology and preliminary implementation

The amount of data coming from modern acquisition systems, especially working in extreme experimental conditions, is significantly rising over the years. Combined with complex algorithms, the computation time and power consumption are considerably increasing. The issue usually occurs in many world laboratories, such as CERN, Brookhaven National Laboratory, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, and tokamak devices (JET, WEST, MAST, and more). Often well verified, but legacy codes are used as a main computational engine, resulting in weak performance unsuitable for current needs. The paper presents a methodology to appropriately adapt the legacy C/C++ high-energy physics (HEP) algorithms for computation acceleration using FPGAs, which may improve the designing of real-time systems based on verified codes. The main idea is to separate the HLS-FPGA code work areas between groups of experts: physicists and electronics. The methodology consists of several parts: interfacing, storage, verification methods, defining the algorithm and data structures, program refactoring in the scope of CPU and FPGA, performance and results analysis, FPGA verification methods, FPGA performance estimation, and automatization of the process. The methodology has been successfully tested by implementing a legacy, complex HEP algorithm for femtoscopy correlations in the HLS framework for FPGA. It works with extensive input data from international experiments, like STAR at RHIC. The implementation and verification were done successfully on the FPGA hardware platform. Following the methodology results in a clearer to analyze and debug HEP code than a machine-generated version by tools. We also confirmed that it is possible to make a working, HLS-compliant program designed by non-FPGA experts. Using the modern implementation tools, FPGA resource usage is low despite unoptimized syntax. It gives a large field for further significant optimizations and good performance. The proposed approach should be interesting to introduce in devices like tokamaks, synchrotrons, and similar, where the real-time monitoring of the experimental processes is essential.

AIS-based operational phase identification using Progressive Ablation Feature Selection with machine learning for improving ship emission estimates

ABSTRACT The work status of ships’ engines and boilers has a significant impact on emission estimates, which are closely related to ships’ operational phases. To improve the accuracy of emission estimates, this study proposed a machine learning-based classification model for identifying operational phases. We proposed 12 operational phase relevance features by analyzing motion behavior-related and geospatial characteristics-related features from the Automatic Identification System (AIS) data from the two bulk carriers. The random forest (RF) model showed the best performance in identifying one of the bulk carrier’s operational phases among the five machine models, with the accuracy, F1score and Area Under Curve (AUC) of 96.66%, 93.34% and 99.93%, respectively. By adopting the Progressive Ablation Feature Selection (PAFS) method with RF, the number of features was reduced from 12 to 8, and the accuracy (96.38%), F1score (92.70%), and AUC (98.81%) were almost same with that obtained from all 12 features. Additionally, the effectiveness of the RF model was validated on the other bulk carriers. Compared with the traditional algorithms, the RF model showed better performance in ship operational phase identification and improved the average accuracy of NOx emission estimation for the main engine and auxiliary engine by 57.83% and 93.89%, respectively, under different operational phases. These results provide the basis for port traffic management and ship emission control. Implications: A new ship operational phase identification approach was proposed in this study. If the proposed approach is adopted by International Maritime Organization, it will improve the accuracy of ship emission estimates and bring new insights into global shipping greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and their impact on global change. The port authorities could benefit from the proposed approach, which can be extended to ship types with similar behavior to bulk carriers, such as containers and general cargoes. This can reveal patterns of ship behavior in specific areas, which helps to identify potential collision risks, channel blockages, and other safety issues and take appropriate management measures to ensure the safe operation of the port. The proposed approach can help shipping companies to accurately estimate the GHG emissions of their fleets and to accurately predict carbon tax costs. Base on that, carbon emissions and carbon tax burden can be reduced by adopting corresponding management control measures.

Energy, Exergy and Environmental Analysis of ORC Waste Heat Recovery from Container Ship Exhaust Gases Based on Voyage Cycle

Recovering the waste heat of a marine main engine (M/E) to generate electricity was an environmental way to minimize the carbon dioxide emissions for ships, especially with organic Rankine cycle (ORC) technology. The M/E had variable loads and operating times during voyage cycle, which directly affected the ORC thermodynamic potential. In this paper, a voyage cycle-based waste heat utilization from the M/E was introduced to provide reliable evaluation for proposing and designing ORC. The effect of various M/E loads and operating times on ORC performance among three dry-type substances was analyzed. The environmental impact was presented based on the data from one voyage cycle navigation of objective container ship. The results showed that Cyclohexane was capable of net power while Benzene was more suitable for thermal efficiency. The evaporator and condenser were the main irreversible components of the ORC system and required further optimization. Taking the operational profile into consideration, the evaporation pressures were 922–1248 kPa (Cyclohexane), 932–1235 kPa (Benzene) and 592–769 kPa (Toluene), respectively. During the voyage cycle, the carbon dioxide emissions were 99.68 tons (Cyclohexane), 96.32 tons (Benzene) and 60.99 tons (Toluene), respectively. This study provided certain reference for the design and investigation of ORC application to further improve the energy efficiency for container ship.

Определение промысловой годности траулеров по тяговым характеристикам

The article considers the problems of the Russian fishing fleet. The trawlers whose age exceeds thirty years are actively operating along with commissioning of the new fishing vessels. Over such a long service life, they lose the necessary traction force due to the increased resistance of the hull and wear of the propulsion system. The possibility of rapid assessment of the traction characteristics of the vessel has been illustrated on the example of a large trawler-freezer type “Pulkovo meridian” project 1288, which has been in use since 1982. The dependence of the ship loss of traction on the voyage time was derived as well. Moreover, there is proposed a method for reducing the hydrodynamic resistance of the trawl system by replacing nylon mesh panels of a trawl’s net part with mesh panels of a smaller tie diameter made of modern high-strength materials. In preparation for the fishing voyage, it is necessary to store up consumables for trawl repairing, so if the fishing vessel-trawl is properly operated, such net sheets should be included in the consolidated list of materials. Numerical examples of the method are given here as well. As a result of applying this method, substituting the panels of the net part with a mesh pitch of 1 200 and 800 mm of the pelagic trawl P-K-120/1120 for the mesh panels made of high-strength Dyneema material can reduce the hydrodynamic resistance of the trawl by 1.3 times. The proposed methodology for determining a trawler’s commercial viability and correcting the hydrodynamically heavy fishing gear should solve the problem of the optimal correlation between the propulsion of a vessel and the hydrodynamic resistance of a trawl quickly, in the process of fishing by a crew of a vessel. The proposed methodologies would help avoid high main engine maintenance costs, operating a trawl that is not in line with the technical condition of the trawler or reduce fishing shortfalls of a smaller trawl.

Characterization of the nitrogen stable isotope composition (δ15N) of ship-emitted NOx

Abstract. The nitrogen stable isotope composition (δ15N) of nitrogen oxides (NOx) is a powerful indicator of source apportionment of atmospheric NOx; however, δ15N–NOx values emitted from ships have not been reported, affecting the accuracy of source partitioning of atmospheric NOx in coastal zones with a lot of vessel activity. In addition, δ15N–NOx values from ship emissions could also be important for source apportionment of atmospheric nitrogen deposition in remote ocean regions. This study systemically analysed the δ15N–NOx variability and main influencing factors of ship emissions. The results showed that δ15N–NOx values from ships, which were calculated by weighting the emission values from the main engine and auxiliary engine of the vessel, ranged from −35.8 ‰ to 2.04 ‰ with a mean ± standard deviation of −18.5 ± 10.9 ‰. The δ15N–NOx values increased monotonically with the ongoing tightening of emission regulations, presenting a significantly negative logarithmic relationship with NOx concentrations (p<0.01). The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system was the most important factor affecting changes in δ15N–NOx values, followed by the ship category, fuel types, and operation states of ships. Based on the relationship between δ15N–NOx values and emission regulations observed in this investigation, a mass-weighted model to compute accurate assessments over time was developed, and the temporal variation in δ15N–NOx values from ship emissions in the international merchant fleet was evaluated. These simulated δ15N–NOx values can be used to select suitable δ15N–NOx values for a more accurate assessment, including the contribution of ship-emitted exhaust to atmospheric NOx and its influence on atmospheric nitrate (NO3-) air quality and nitrogen deposition studies.

Simulation Experiment and Teaching Research of a Land-Based Ship Engine Room

In order to make up for the shortage of scientific research experiments and teaching in land-based engine room laboratory, a simulation system is designed and developed using B/S mode to simulate scientific research experiments, teaching and operation processes, and designed algorithms to simulate the propulsion characteristics of the main propulsion diesel engine. A large number of experiments were carried out, and the relationship curve between output power and fuel consumption rate of the main engine was obtained in the laboratory. Apache JMeter was used to test the pressure of the simulation system deployed in Dalian Maritime University Cloud. It is found that under the test conditions, the average response time of sample request is 330 ms, which is far superior the design standard of 2 s. There is no abnormal response to all requests, and all indicators fully meet the requirements of the project team. The simulation system fills the gap in the application of panoramic interactive technology in Marine engineering education, and provides a reference for the exploration of "intelligent +" experiment and teaching mode in maritime university laboratories.

Identify The Cause and Effect of Detonation In The Main Engine

In the process of shipping, the main engine must always be maintained in prime condition to support the smooth sailing of a ship. In the main engine, there are often oddities or things that are not common in the main engine, one of which is knocking. The purpose of this study is to identify detonation that occurs in the main engine, analyze the causes and consequences of detonation. The research method used in this research is qualitative. Sources of research data obtained from data collection techniques through observation, interviews, documentation, and data validity techniques using internal validity. The place and time of the research were conducted at MV. Tanto Hemat for one year. SWOT method to analyze various factors that can be used to optimize blasting systematically against strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The study results identify detonation in the main engine, namely ignition delay and pre-ignition in the main engine. Factors that cause detonation in the main engine are poor fuel quality, high pressure and temperature in the engine combustion chamber, and improper combustion timing. The impact caused by detonation on the main engine is detonation will cause an increase in fuel consumption, damage to engine spare parts, and carbon buildup in the combustion chamber.

Causes of Leaks in the Main Engine Cooling Jacket MT. Mulia Karsa 2

Between the cylinder wall and the cylinder block is the cylinder block is an intermediary cooling device called the primary cooling jacket of the main engine system. Here, the cooling fluid is able to draw heat away from the cylinder wall and continue its circulation. Due to an issue with the jacket cooling of the primary engine system, ship operations had to be suspended for maintenance, prompting the current investigation. The study aims to pinpoint the reasons behind jacket cooling leakage in the main engine room and suggest viable countermeasures. Observation, interviews, and reviews of relevant literature are just a few methods used to gather information. The study took a descriptive, qualitative approach, using tools like SHEL and the fishbone diagram to analyze data. According to the results of this research, a lack of attention to the planning and maintenance system for the main engine, o-ring deterioration in the jacket cooling main engine system, corrosion of the cooling jacket, rust formation in the tank, suboptimal water preheating temperature, and a lack of maintenance all contribute to leaks in the main engine cooling system. Several variables contribute to the main engine's less-than-ideal cooling efficiency. The jacket cooling system damage system's o-ring or a leak in the jacket cooling system are two examples of these problems with the primary engine system. In addition, the primary engine cooler's cooling water jacket is subpar, and its circulation is subpar. In addition, the exhaust gas temperature from the main engine is inconsistent, and rising temperatures have not yet resulted in the engine's shutoff. The primary engine system performs maintenance at the specified intervals specified in the handbook to handle problems with jacket cooling leaks. O-ring and cooling jacket replacement, chemical dosing, water pH testing, and routine temperature checks are all part of the maintenance process.

Solar Power Generator as an Alternative Energy Source for the Propeller Driver Motor

Solar Power Generation is one of the renewable energy modes currently being extensively developed. This is due to environmental issues caused by non-environmentally friendly fossil fuel sources. The purpose of this research is to support efforts in reducing the use of fossil fuels by designing a model of an electric main engine using Solar Power Generation (PLTS) and understanding the working system of this design. The research method used is the Research and Development method, consisting of 10 stages. These stages include information gathering, product planning, initial product form development, initial testing, initial revisions, main testing, major revisions, testing and validation, final revisions, and product implementation. The results of this research include designing the model, starting with assembling electronic and mechanical components and integrating them into the ship's body as a system. The working system of this design involves converting solar energy into electrical energy, which is then used as the energy source to drive the ship's propeller.

Designing a Fresh Water Generator Application using Adobe Animate

Fresh water is highly essential on a ship, not only to meet the crew's needs but also for supporting the ship's operations, such as cooling the main engine, and auxiliary machinery, and for cleaning other cargo loads (tank cleaning). Therefore, there is a need for auxiliary machinery capable of converting seawater into fresh water, which is known as a fresh water generator. The researchers chose this research topic due to the lack of understanding about the working system of a fresh water generator, and in the era of society 5.0, people are accustomed to coexisting with technology, as it facilitates various human affairs. Numerous simulation applications have emerged, such as Adobe Animate, which researchers currently use to design and develop a simulation application for the fresh water generator on computer hardware. The aim of this research is twofold: first, to explore how to create a simulation application for the fresh water generator based on Adobe Animate, and second, to understand the operational aspects of the simulation application. The researchers employed the Research and Development method, utilizing the Borg and Gall model, which comprises 10 research steps: preliminary research, information gathering, product design, design validation, product revision, product testing, product revision, product testing, product revision, and mass production. The outcome of this research, the Design, and Development of an Adobe Animate-based fresh water generator application, indicates that the process of creating a simulation application for the fresh water generator using Adobe Animate can be accomplished on all types of computers with the Microsoft Windows operating system. Furthermore, the operational aspects of this simulation application can be executed on computers running the Microsoft Windows operating system without the need for an internet connection.

Design of an aircraft autonomous traction taxiing system based on hydraulic secondary control

At present, aircraft taxiing at ground airports needs to be provided with a thrust by the main engine. The taxiing process is inefficient, has high fuel consumption and serious pollution, and is prone to safety risks. In this paper, a new configuration of aircraft autonomous traction taxiing system is proposed based on the principle of hydraulic secondary control, in which a hydraulic motor drive device is installed at the front wheels of the aircraft to drive the wheels to rotate forward or backward. Based on this, autonomous taxiing can be realized without relying on the main engines, thus greatly improving airport operation efficiency. Meanwhile, this paper analyzes the influencing factors of the autonomous traction taxiing process, and investigates the parameter matching design of the new configuration system. Besides, this paper develops the ground principle prototype, designs the aircraft longitudinal bonding force observer and the aircraft wheel disturbance moment observer, and proposes the speed control method of the aircraft front wheel autonomous traction taxiing by considering the ground bonding force saturation characteristics. Finally, the ground taxiing test is conducted, and the results show that the new configuration proposed in this paper presents a new solution for aircraft autonomous traction taxiing.

ANALYSIS AND DIMENSIONING OF THE FUEL SUPPLY SYSTEM OF BULK-CARRIER

"In the context of the global oil crisis, in all fields, an optimization of fuel consumption and an improvement of the efficiency of energy installations are being attempted. Thus, the shipping and transport industry is converging towards this idea by implementing energy installations with increased yields and reduced consumption. At the same time, for this purpose, it is also tried to increase the efficiency through the appropriate preparation of the fuel or its burning in optimal conditions. Thus, in this context, the chosen topic aims to deal with aspects related to the dimensioning of the fuel supply system for a 178,000 tdw universal Bulk-Carrier. The ship is propelled by a B&W 8L60MC main engine that has been modernized in order to reduce consumption, noxious emissions and increase the energy efficiency index. Bulk-Carrier ships are intended for the transport of various goods in bulk: iron ore, grain, coal, phosphates and other similar goods. "