Main Enemy Research Articles

Discussion or Inquisition? The Case of Alain de Benoist

Abstract In many respects, Alain de Benoist is a political and intellectual turncoat. During the 1960s, his political culture revolved around radical anti-communism and a nationalism à la Charles Maurras (vying with a supra-national, post-national perspective). His “worldview,” centered on the “defense of the West,” was based on “scientific racism” (the theory of race revised by Mendelian genetics and a differential psychology of intelligence) and a eugenic project situated at the core of the “biopolitics” of the future. During the 1970s, he gradually broke with biologism and distanced himself from anti-communism — the dominant political thinking in various groups on the Right — to the point of characterizing liberalism and the US (the embodiment of consumer society) as the “main enemy.”

Thoughts on international space cooperation and interests in the post-cold war world

There is no doubt that the end of the Cold War has made international cooperation in space endeavours more feasible and attractive to the USA. However, the loss of a main enemy and the replacement of political-military rivalry by sharpened economic competitiveness among former allies can be expected to introduce a countervailing element of caution into US policy making. This article considers how the new global realities may bring about a reevaluation of the traditional principles and practices governing the USA's approach to international cooperation in space.

The KGB against the "main enemy": how the Soviet Intelligence Service operates against the United States

The KGB against the "main enemy": how the Soviet Intelligence Service operates against the United States

Fascisme et autarcie linguistique

FASCISM AND LINGUISTIC AUTARKY The policy of linguistic autarky in Italy, linked to the general policy of fascism, is defined as such from 1937 with the publication of laws which had no real impact on the people. Therefore this policy becomes effective throughout so called neutral books (dictionaries of terms and language dictionaries). The study of some of those dictionaries shows how the linguistic borrowings from French are rejected : France was then considered as the main enemy of Italy and it had to be fought against by any means. The authoritarian linguistic policy is not the privilege of fascist Italy : Nowadays, France favors autarky (creation of the Haut Comité de la Langue Française) and Italy a foreign language because of its economical subordination to the United States of America.

Radiation for life

Man is a part of the biosphere. Owing to his intellect and with the aid of auxiliary energy sources, mainly fossil fuels, man became a major geological factor. Man's activity brings about huge changes in the life environment which in turn provoke thoughts about the significance of these changes for man's own future. It is understood that man occupies the highest developmental level due to organisms that have developed before him and that his further development will continue in close dependence on both abiotic and biotic factors of the environment. When seeking suitable strategies in further social development, man has to give thought to the laws of mass motion and conversions in the Universe including the evolution of life and has to contemplate the conditions of his own future existence. About 5 billion years ago, the Sun formed as a giant atomic pile with a reliable pressure regulation. The radiation energy emitted by the Sun arises from conversion of hydrogen to helium. This reaction made possible the origin and evolution of life on Earth; now, in the hands of man, lt is a serious menace to life. It has now become quite clear that the origin of life was not the result of some "lucky coinci? dence", as held by some, but that it is a stage in the evolution of matter, a part of the general process of the development of the Universe and, especially, of our Earth. Elucidation of the nature of origin of life has not been simple. Many pieces of evidence had to be put together before the theory of a gradual transformation of inanimate to living matter was generally accepted. When the Soviet scholar Op arin published in 1924 his materialistic hypothesis on the origin of life as being due to chemical evolution, his opponents launched a vigorous campaign to suppress this hypothesis. In the beginning of the fifties an experimental proof was obtained for synthesis of precursors of biochemically important organic substances in the Earth's atmosphere. The ancient atmosphere, simulated by a mixture of methane, ammonia, hydrogen and water, was exposed to high pressure and electric discharges and aminoacids were found among the products of the reaction. The expe? riment was described by the American scientist Miller in a modest paper in Science in 1953. Miller's proof of the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis is an example of how scientists from countries with different political systems, who share the belief in peace and development of scientific knowledge, supplement each others' work. Similar experiments were repeated successfully many times, sometimes with application of nuclear radiation, but a definite end to discussions was provided by lunar expeditions which brought unambiguous proofs from space. Op arin, the father of the field of chemical evolution, received well-earned recognition at many conferences on the origin of life and the era of chemical evolution is also called "Oparin's era". Evolution of species of organisms began when first living entities ? perhaps structures compo? sed of nucleic acids in a proteinaceous coat ? started to produce progeny differing in both shape and function. Radiation was again active in the process as a mutagenic factor. Primitive organisms utilized at first the energy of organic substances accumulated in primordial seas. Ultraviolet radiation which was the main supplier of energy for synthesis of organic substances later became the main enemy of more sophisticated organisms. Life could proceed only in seas in certain depths, the ultraviolet rays being absorbed in superficial water layers. Mutual Inter? action of primitive photosynthesizing organisms with their environment, in which active radiation

Hitler's War and the German Economy: A Reinterpretation

Hitler wanted a healthy and expanding economy so that he could convert it to the giant task of European and Asian conquest. The Blitzkrieg economy is just as elusive in the wider context of German war preparations. Industry was faced in 1939 with the prospect of rising trade and a consumer boom based on the continued modernization of the German economy. German economy, encumbered with the apparatus of Nazism, performed its tasks inefficiently. France, Russia, Britain, and even the United States were the main enemies, a conviction that wavered only with the tactics of diplomacy. This interpretation of Hitler's economic and military ambitions, which required a large rearmament and a continuing militarization of German society, accords much more satisfactorily with the evidence of war preparations, most of which pointed to a war to be fought in the mid-1940s or later.

Sir Robert Vansittart's Search for Italian cooperation against Hitler, 1933—36

As Permanent Under Secretary of State and head of the British Foreign Office from 1930 to 1938 Sir Robert Vansittart acquired a reputation as a relentless foe of Germany. From the time Hitler came to power Vansittart never ceased to warn his government about the German menace and the need for Britain to re-arm. An acknowledged expert in foreign affairs, his advice was actively sought and sometimes followed even by those who had reservations about his policies. He was respected by Britain's Foreign Secretaries with whom he worked, Sir John Simon, Sir Samuel Hoare and Anthony Eden, all of whom had high regard for his ability.1 Despite Hitler's peaceful rhetoric during the first years of the Nazi regime, Vansittart mistrusted the Fiihrer and predicted after only seven months of his leadership many of the disasters that would befall Britain unless she changed her course towards Germany.2 Since in his view Hitler's Germany was the main enemy, Vansittart believed Britain should

The Main Enemy: Privilege

The Main Enemy: Privilege Social Work, Volume 16, Issue 4, October 1971, Page 2, https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/16.4.2 Published: 01 October 1971

The Israel-Arab Conflict: Israel and Imperialism; Israel is Not the Main Enemy

This month, as on two previous occasions in Monthly Review'S history (November, 1952, and October, 1961), we are publishing two signed editorials on the same subject. We naturally tried to reach agreement on a single statement and at times came close, but differences over matters of emphasis finally proved insurmountable. There are, of course, no differences over basic principles. We had planned also to publish in this issue articles by partisans of the Israeli and Arab sides in the conflict. Owing to illness, however, one of the authors could not meet the deadline. We hope to be able to run these articles in a later issue. - The EditorsThis article can also be found at the Monthly Review website, where most recent articles are published in full.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.

A CONTRIBUTION TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE SPOTTED‐NECKED OTTER (LUTRA MACULICOLLIS LICHTENSTEIN) IN TANGANYIKA

SummaryThe Spotted‐necked Otter (Lutra maculicollis Lichtenstein), locally common in northwestern and south‐western Tanganyika, was not listed in the country's fauna until 1951. There is no previous literature about the otter in Tanganyika, and very little about it in other parts of Africa, although it is widely distributed south of Lat. 10° N., and common in Lake Victoria, where this study was made. It is a typical otter, weighing under 20 lbs., and reaching just over three feet overall. Sexes are rarely distinguishable in the field. The amount of white coloration varies from practically none to nearly the whole underside. Eyesight is poor but scent and hearing are moderately acute. Four kinds of call were noted. It is predominantly a lake‐dweller and spends almost all its waking life in the water, being comparatively clumsy on land. Most otters seen were in parties of four to six individuals and all move about considerably, although there is no true migration. Swimming otters use mainly the hind feet and dives normally last 15 seconds. Urination and defaecation take place on land and much time is spent basking and grooming. The main food is small fish but larger fish and some molluscs and crustaceans are also eaten. Otters are diurnal and the main fishing period is soon after dawn. The breeding cycle may be as follows: July—mating; September—young born; November—young taught to swim and fish; January—family parties moving about. Main enemies are man and probably crocodiles. Otters do not appear to have an adverse effect on the fishing industry.

Palynology and Its Application in Petroleum Exploration: ABSTRACT

Palynology, the study of pollen and spores, is the only known universal method by which marine sediments can be correlated with fresh-water sediments. Study of the history of pollen analysis shows a rapid expansion in the use of this technique from 1916 onward. The Royal Dutch Shell Group initiated palynological studies in 1938, and many oil companies now have palynological laboratories. Pollen and spores can undoubtedly be preserved because the outer wall of the grains is extraordinarily resistant. The chemistry of this outer wall (exine) is unfortunately very poorly understood. Relation to terpenes or similar compounds has been suggested. Although exact information concerning the distribution of pollen and spores by wind is difficult to obtain, there is considerable evidence that they can be transported very great distances. Transportation by water is important, and examples of Recent studies in the Orinoco Delta, Volga River, and Gulf Coast are discussed. Pollen and spores can not withstand prolonged oxidation. The spore and pollen wall takes up oxygen (auto-oxidation). This photo-chemical process adds oxygen molecules to double linkages in the pollen and spore wall, with the formation of peroxides. Since oxygen is the main enemy of the spore and pollen wall, it is obvious that strata deposited in reducing environments commonly contain well preserved pollen and spores. Determination of ancient shorelines, age determination of Gulf Coast salt, and palynological correlations in Venezuela, Canada, and France are examples of practical applications of the palynological method. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1601------------

The Statesman's Year-Book

THIS valuable year-book again provides the offcial statistics for every country of the world. For some of the belligerent States of Europe revised figurasfare at last available. For the main enemy countries, however, that is not yet possible. The frontier changes in eastern Europe contemplated at the Berlin Conference of July 1945 are shown in a coloured map—the allocation of the Polish corridor, East Prussia, Bessarabia and Bukovina, with the western spread of the U.S.S.R. A second map shows the changes indicated by the Potsdam proclamation to Japan, including the return of Manchuria and Formosa to China, of Karafuto and the Kurile Islands to the U.S.S.R. and the independence of Korea. The section on the League of Nations is replaced by one on the United Nations with the complete text of the Charter. The British Council is also noticed. The volume retains unchanged its compact shape and size and high standard of production.