Main Emission Research Articles

Discovery of a Candidate Young Stellar Object in a Citizen Science Search for Compact Nebulae

We report the serendipitous discovery of a bipolar nebula in a citizen science search for non-stellar emission line objects using online sky surveys. It is associated with an infrared (IR) source and is situated next to a dark cloud, seen in emission in the far-IR (FIR). Evidence for an extinction gradient across the object has been found, pointing to close-by dust. This supports the notion that the newly found source is a young stellar object (YSO). It shows an enhanced surface brightness in the r-band, which covers the main emission lines typical for Herbig–Haro objects (HHOs). For an estimated distance of 1.7 kpc, an optical to FIR luminosity of ≳18.5 L ⊙ was derived.

Low-carbon economic multi-objective dispatch of integrated energy system considering the price fluctuation of natural gas and carbon emission accounting

Natural gas is the main energy source and carbon emission source of integrated energy systems (IES). In existing studies, the price of natural gas is generally fixed, and the impact of price fluctuation which may be brought by future liberalization of the terminal side of the natural gas market on the IES is rarely considered. This paper constructs a natural gas price fluctuation model based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) and Dynamic Bayesian networks (DBN) algorithms. It uses the improved epsilon constraint method and fuzzy multi-weight technology to solve the Pareto frontier set considering the system operation cost and carbon emission. The system operation cost is described using Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) to predict the stochastic output of the renewable energy source, and a penalty function based on the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) model to describe the thermal comfort of the user. This is analyzed using the Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm. Carbon emissions are calculated using the carbon accounting method, and a ladder penalty mechanism is introduced to define the carbon trading price. Results of the comparison illustrate that the Pareto optimal solution tends to choose less carbon emission, electricity is more economical, and gas is less carbon-intensive in a small IES for end-users when the price of natural gas fluctuates. The impacts of various extents of natural gas price fluctuation for the same load are also discussed.

Structure, luminescence properties and anti-thermal quenching of a novel Eu3+-activated red phosphor based on the negative thermal expansion material In0.5Sc1.5(MoO4)3

A new Eu3+-doped phosphor was synthesized by the high-temperature solid-state method based on In0.5Sc1.5(MoO4)3 with negative thermal expansion characteristics in the wide temperature range. The phosphor was pure phase, and the Eu3+ occupied the Sc3+-site. The main emission peak of the phosphor was located at 615 nm, which was attributed to the 5D0-7F2 energy level transition of Eu3+, and the fluorescence lifetime was between 297 and 493 μs. Its quenching concentration was 8 mol%, and the non-radiative energy transfer mechanism between Eu3+ ions was mainly exchange interaction. Under the excitation of 246 nm, the luminous intensity of phosphor was thermically enhanced after 348 K and showed near-zero thermal quenching characteristic. It could be attributed to the positive thermal expansion of phosphor change into two-dimensional negative thermal expansion. At 465 nm excitation, it also exhibited the anti- thermal quenching property and the luminous intensity remained 103.4 % at 423 K of that at the room temperature. The internal quantum efficiency of In0.5Sc1.5(MoO4)3: 8 mol% Eu3+ phosphor was 57.8 %, while the overall color purity was as high as 99.52 %. The LED device packaged it with a commercial LED chip could emit bright red light. Its comprehensive luminous properties were better than the commercial red phosphor Y2O3: Eu3+. The results showed that In0.5Sc1.5(MoO4)3: Eu3+ was a new red phosphor with good luminous performance and anti-thermal quenching characteristic.

Organic LEDs Based on Bis(8-hydroxyquinoline) Zinc Derivatives with a Styryl Group.

For the first time, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on bis(8-hydroxyquinoline) zinc with a styryl group (ZnStq) dispersed in poly(N-vinylcarbazole) matrix (ZnStq_R:PVK, where R = H, Cl, OCH3) were fabricated. The ZnStq_R:PVK films made via the spin-coating method were used as the active layer in these devices. The produced OLEDs showed strong electroluminescence with yellow emissions at 590, 587 and 578 nm for the ZnStq_H:PVK, ZnStq_Cl:PVK and ZnStq_OCH3:PVK, respectively. For all the studied thin films, the main photoluminescence emission bands were observed between 565 and 571 nm. The OLED with the ZnStq_OCH3:PVK layer with a narrow electroluminescence spectrum was found to have sufficient color purity to produce ultra-high-resolution displays with reduced power consumption (full width at half maximum of 59 nm, maximum brightness of 2244 cd/m2 and maximum current efficiency of 1.24 cd/A, with a turn-on voltage of 6.94 V and a threshold voltage of 7.35 V). To characterize the photophysical properties of the active layer, the ZnStq_R:PVK layers samples were additionally deposited on glass and silicon substrates. We found that the obtained results predestine ZnStq_R:PVK layers for use in the lighting industry in the future.

Carbon Dioxide and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from a Typical Sugarcane Soil in the Cauca River Valley, Colombia

Sugarcane is an important crop for tropical countries and to accurately inventory its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions baseline measurements are needed. In Colombia, sugarcane is one of the most important crops in terms of cultivated area and, paradoxically, scientific information reporting GHG emissions based on field measurements is almost nonexistent. The objective of this work was to quantify the direct emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) in the sugarcane-soil system of the Cauca river valley, Colombia. For this purpose, a field experiment was established in a typic haplustert soil cropped with sugarcane. The effects of nitrogen (N) fertilization and sampling site on its GHG emissions were tested using the closed static chamber method over a period of 211 days. The main cumulative emissions were 765.14 ± 34.1 g CO2–C m−2 and 125.4 ± 22.6 mg N2O–N m−2. Overall, GHG emissions were modified by N fertilization, the sampling site, and their interaction. Nitrogen fertilization with urea increased mean and cumulative CO2 and N2O emissions, especially at the row sampling site. This paper highlights the importance of considering these factors when the quantification of GHGs or a reduction of their associated uncertainties are required. This work reportss the first GHG emissions data for a typical sugarcane agroecosystem in Colombia.

Internal Shock with a Background Magnetic Field for the Prompt Emission of Gamma-Ray Bursts—A Case Study of GRB 211211A

It is proposed that the synchrotron emission from an internal shock with a decaying shock-generated magnetic field can account for the prompt emission of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). Generally, a jet from the central engine of a GRB is launched with a significant magnetization, and thus there would be a background magnetic field, rather than only the shock-generated magnetic field, in the emission region. In this paper, we study the synchrotron emission of internal shocks with both a decaying shock-generated magnetic field and a nondecaying background magnetic field. It is found that a shoulder with spectral index −1/2 appears in the low-energy regime of the radiation spectrum. The shoulder becomes dominant by increasing the ratio of the background magnetic field energy to the initial value of the shock-generated magnetic field energy f B. Correspondingly, a radiation spectrum with two bumps or a plateau around the peak of the ν F ν −ν spectrum may appear. Owing to the decay of the shock-generated magnetic field, the radiation spectral morphology in the high-energy regime is not a power-law function even though a power-law distribution of electrons is injected. We apply our model to GRB 211211A, of which the hard main emission is suggested to originate from the synchrotron emission. Compared with the spectral fitting results with a Band function and the synchrotron emission from the standard straightforward internal shocks, our model presents a perfect fitting to the observations. The fitting results show that f B is around 0.41–0.99 for the hard main emission of this burst.

Comparative carbon footprint estimation of three types of wooden door: A case study from China

As one of the most vital wood-based products, the carbon footprint of wooden doors has received increasing attention in recent years. The studies on the carbon footprints of different types of wooden doors are few. In this study, the cradle-to-grave carbon footprints of three types of wooden doors produced in China were comparatively analyzed. Models used for calculating the total life-cycle carbon footprint of a wood-based composite door, a solid wood composite door, and a solid wood door were developed. Considering the biogenic carbon storage and its delayed emissions, the wood-based composite door, solid wood composite door, and solid wood door featured carbon footprints of 0.379, 0.257, and −0.277 kg CO2 e per kg product, respectively. The solid wood door exhibited a negative carbon footprint, indicating that its carbon storage was higher than the carbon emission during the life cycle stage. The raw material acquisition (38%–66%) and the transportation stages (23%–38%) of the three types of wooden doors were the main contributors to the total carbon footprints (excluding the biogenic carbon). The product manufacturing stage released relatively small emissions (11%–24%). The waste disposal treatment at the end-of-life phase, the degradation of wood materials in landfills, and their service life displayed significant impacts on the carbon footprints of the three types of wooden doors. Fiberboard, laminated veneer lumber, sawn lumber, finger-jointed lumber, and electricity were identified as the main emission hotspots. This study provides guidelines for low-carbon development in the wooden door industry.

Emission characteristics, environmental impacts and health risk assessment of volatile organic compounds from the typical chemical industry in China

To study the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emission characteristics of industrial enterprises in China, 6 typical chemical industries in Yuncheng City were selected as research objects, including the modern coal chemical industry (MCC), pharmaceutical industry (PM), pesticide industry (PE), coking industry (CO) and organic chemical industry (OC). The chemical composition of 91 VOCs was quantitatively analyzed. The results showed that the emission concentration of VOCs in the chemical industry ranged from 1.16 to 155.59 mg/m3. Alkanes were the main emission components of MCC (62.0%), PE (55.1%), and OC (58.5%). Alkenes (46.5%) were important components of PM, followed by alkanes (23.8%) and oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) (21.2%). Halocarbons (8.6%-71.1%), OVOCs (9.7%-37.6%) and alkanes (11.2%-27.0%) were characteristic components of CO. The largest contributor to OFP was alkenes (0.6%-81.7%), followed by alkanes (9.3%-45.9%), and the lowest one was alkyne (0%-0.5%). Aromatics (66.9%-85.4%) were the largest contributing components to SOA generation, followed by alkanes (2.6%-28.5%), and the lowest one was alkenes (0%-4.1%). Ethylene and BTEX were the key active species in various chemical industries. The human health risk assessment showed workers long-term exposed to the air in the chemical industrial zone had a high cancer and non-cancer risk during work, and BTEX and dichloromethane were the largest contributors.

Corporate Environmental Information Disclosure and Market Value

In the face of global environmental degradation, people are increasingly concerned about the environment. Heavy polluting enterprises, as the main emitters of pollutants, need to bear the main responsibility for environmental protection, and how to make heavy polluting enterprises pay attention to environmental information has become an important concern of society. Therefore, this paper examines the quality of environmental information disclosure and the market value of heavily polluting enterprises from the perspective of heavily polluting enterprises themselves, in order to promote the value of heavily polluting enterprises, achieve rapid development, improve public awareness to increase expected cash flows, and adapt to the pace of marketisation to promote the harmonisation of economic and social values.

Jovian Magnetospheric Injections Observed by the Hubble Space Telescope and Juno

AbstractWe compare Hubble Space Telescope observations of Jupiter's FUV auroras with contemporaneous conjugate Juno in situ observations in the equatorial middle magnetosphere of Jupiter. We show that bright patches on and equatorward of the main emission are associated with hot plasma injections driven by ongoing active magnetospheric convection. During the interval that Juno crossed the magnetic field lines threading the complex of auroral patches, a series of energetic particle injection signatures were observed, and immediately prior, the plasma data exhibited flux tube interchange events indicating ongoing convection. This presents the first direct evidence that auroral morphology previously termed “strong injections” is indeed a manifestation of magnetospheric injections, and that this morphology indicates that Jupiter's magnetosphere is undergoing an interval of active iogenic plasma outflow.

Pyrolysis and Combustion Characteristics of Two Russian Facemasks: Kinetic Analysis, Gaseous Emissions, and Pyrolysis By-Products

Pyrolysis and combustion experiments were performed on two facemasks (hereafter named Tissue and Surgical) commonly used in the Russian Federation, first in a thermobalance and under four low-temperature ramps (5, 10, 15, and 20 °C/min). The pyrolysis mass rate curves present a unique devolatilization peak. The combustion mass rate curves present a unique devolatilization peak followed by a shoulder or a small further peak on its right-hand side. Both processes mainly occur between 200 and 500 °C. Simulations of these pyrolysis and combustion processes are performed with good agreement using the extended independent parallel reaction (EIPR) model. The gas chromatography technique was used to analyze the by-products of pyrolysis experiments performed under isothermal temperatures of 300, 400, and 500 °C. Combustion experiments were finally performed in a horizontal oven under a temperature ramp approximately equal to 5 °C/min to measure the main gaseous emissions: CO2 emissions are the main emissions of the Tissue mask, while total hydrocarbons are the main emissions of the Surgical mask. Significant differences are observed between the results obtained for the two masks because of the fibers they are built with (natural or synthetic).

Growth and spectral properties of a novel praseodymium-doped alpha-barium borate laser crystal

A novel Praseodymium-doped borate (Pr:α-BBO) laser crystal was grown successfully by using the Czochralski method. The phase structure, absorption and fluorescence lifetime, as well as blue laser diode (LD) pump performances of Pr:α-BBO were totally studied. The segregation coefficient and valence state of Pr ions in the crystals were investigated using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A 450 nm blue LD was employed to carry out a pump experiment on the Pr:α-BBO slab crystal with a doping concentration of 0.22 at.%. The main emission peaks of Pr3+ ions in the orange-red light band were found to be at 611.5 nm, 634.7 nm, and 638.3 nm. The experimental results show that the Pr:α-BBO crystal exhibits higher orange light fluorescence emission performance, with an emission peak intensity at 611 nm that is 2.1 times stronger than that at 635 nm due to the splitting of the 3P0→3F2 transition (635 nm). By optimizing the Pr:α-BBO laser crystal growth process and further solid-state laser experiments, it can be expected to have broad applications in laser medicine, spectral detection, and nonlinear optical frequency conversion fields.

Ingestion of car tire crumb rubber and uptake of associated chemicals by lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus)

Car tire rubber constitutes one of the largest fractions of microplastics emissions to the environment. The two main emission sources are tire wear particles (TWPs) formed through abrasion during driving and runoff of crumb rubber (CR) granulate produced from end-of-life tires that is used as infill on artificial sports fields. Both tire wear particles and crumb rubber contain a complex mixture of metal and organic chemical additives, and exposure to both the particulate forms and their leachates can cause adverse effects in aquatic species. An understanding of the exposure pathways and mechanisms of toxicity are, however, scarce. While the most abundant metals and organic chemicals in car tire rubber have multiple other applications, para-phenylenediamines (PDs) are primarily used as rubber antioxidants and were recently shown to cause negative effects in aquatic organisms. The present study investigated the responses of the marine lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) to crumb rubber exposure in a controlled feeding experiment. Juvenile fish were offered crumb rubber particles with their feed for 1 week, followed by 2 weeks of depuration. Crumb rubber particle ingestion occurred in >75% of exposed individuals, with a maximum of 84 particles observed in one specimen. Gastrointestinal tract retention times varied, with some organisms having no crumb rubber particles and others still containing up to 33 crumb rubber particles at the end of the experiment. Blood samples were analyzed for metals and organic chemicals, with ICP-MS analysis revealing there was no uptake of metals by the exposed fish. Interestingly, high resolution GC-MS analysis indicated that uptake of PDs into lumpfish blood was proportionate to the number of ingested CR particles. Three of the PDs found in blood were the same as those identified in the additive mixture Vulkanox3100. N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) was the most concentrated PD in both the crumb rubber and lumpfish blood. The transformation product 6PPD-quinone was detected in the rubber material, but not in the blood. This study demonstrates that PDs are specific and bioavailable chemicals in car tire rubber that have the potential to serve as biomarkers of recent exposure to tire chemicals, where simple blood samples could be used to assess recent tire chemical exposure in vertebrates, including humans.

Regularities of Manganese Charge State Formation and Luminescent Properties of Mn-Doped Al2O3, YAlO3, and Y3Al5O12 Single Crystalline Films

In this work, three sets of single crystalline films (SCF) of Al2O3:Mn sapphire, YAlO3:Mn perovskite (YAP:Mn), and Y3Al5O12:Mn garnet (YAG:Mn), with a nominal Mn content of 0.1%, 1%, and 10 atomic percent (at.%) in the melt-solutions, were crystallized by the liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) method onto sapphire, YAP and YAG substrates, respectively. We have also calculated the average segregation coefficient of Mn ions for Al2O3:Mn, YAP:Mn and YAG:Mn SCFs with Mn content in the melt-solution in the 0.1–10% concentration range, which was equal to 0.1, 0.14 and 0.2, respectively. The main goal of the conducted research was the spectroscopic determination of the preferable valence states of manganese ions which were realized in the SCFs of sapphire, perovskite and garnet depending on the Mn content. For this purpose, the absorption, cathodoluminescence (CL), photoluminescence (PL) emission/excitation spectra and PL decay kinetics of Al2O3:Mn, YAP:Mn and YAG:Mn SCFs with different Mn concentrations were studied. Based on the CL and PL spectra, we showed that Mn ions, depending on the Mn content in the melt-solution, are incorporated in Al2O3:Mn, YAP:Mn and YAG:Mn SCFs in the different charged states and are located in the different crystallographic positions of the mentioned oxide lattices. We have observed the presence of the luminescence of Mn4+, Mn3+ and Mn2+ valence states of manganese ions in CL spectra in all SCFs under study with 0.1 and 1% Mn concentrations. Namely, the Mn4+ ion valence state with the main sharp emission bands peaked at 642 and 672 nm, related to the 2E → 4A2 transitions, was found in the luminescence spectra of the all studied Al2O3:Mn SCFs. The luminescence of the Mn2+ valence state was found only in YAP:Mn and YAG:Mn SCFs, grown from melt solution with 1% Mn content, in the emission bands peaked at 525 and 560 nm, respectively, related to the 4T1 → 6A1 transitions. The PL and CL spectra of YAP:Mn and YAG:Mn SCFs with the Mn content in the 0.1–1% range show that the main valence state of manganese ions in these films is Mn3+ with the main emission bands peaking at 655 and 608 nm, respectively, related to the 1T2 → 5E transitions. Meanwhile, higher than 1% Mn content in the melt solution causes a strong concentration quenching of luminescence of all Mn centers in Al2O3:Mn, YAP:Mn and YAG:Mn SCFs.

Growth, structural, optical, thermal and terahertz time-domain spectroscopy of l-alanine single crystal: A potential amino acid based nonlinear optical material

In our present work, we focused on the terahertz (THz) based characterization of a very efficient organic nonlinear optical (NLO) single crystal of l-alanine (LA). Using the well-known slow evaporation solution growth method (SEST), an optically transparent amino acid-based LA crystal was effectively grown at room temperature. The structural information of the titled crystal was analyzed using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) which confirms the space group P212121 and orthorhombic structure of the crystal. Chemical etching of an as-grown single crystal was analyzed to identify the growth patterns. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and FT-Raman spectrometry were used to figure out the major functional groups that were present in the ingot crystal. The optical behaviour of LA crystal was observed through UV–Vis and Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies. The single crystal was found to have high transmission values over a wide range of wavelength. The PL results revealed that the main emission happens at 474 nm. Thermal stability of the titled compound was acquired by thermo-gravimetric and the differential thermo-gravimetric (TG-DTG) analysis. Open and closed aperture Z-scan measurements were used to analyze the third order nonlinear behavior of the as-grown sample using a femtosecond Ti-sapphire laser. To analyze the absorption peaks behavior Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) was also performed in the range 0.2–2.0 THz. The above study shows variation in absorption coefficient and refractive index at THz frequencies.

Identification of Some Priority Heavy Metals Driver of Environmental Degradation Caused by Agricultural Activity; A Case Study in Ebonyi State Nigeria

Agriculture operation remained the main emitter of top priority pollutants in the environment. This research identified actual agricultural activities that led to unabated emission heavy metal pollutant into the environment while signaling how it has contaminated agricultural yields. Descriptive statistic were used to analze quantification of the pollutants from various sources. It was reported non-sustainable agricultural operation is mother of all environmental issues verified with statistical data which showed it constituted (80%) caused ecological deterioration and deforestation. This study identified, atleast a majority (86%) of the farmers used agrochemical in their farming activities which has led to intensification of agriculture that triggered environmental degradation. Moreso, majority (88%) of the farmers used NPK fertilizer while 82% used ammonium nitrate fertilizer on their yields. It was reported that these chemical caused serious threat to life e.g N2O in particular in severe situation. The study identified, majority (75%) of the pollutants entered into the environment through erosion (leasing) of soil nutrients. The variants responsible for determining effects conventional approach to agricultural on the environment correlation relationship was tested with multiple regression analysis the was R2 82.6% which is statistically important variables that constituted the main sources of ecological crisis. The study recommended new orientation for more sustainable context approach to agriculture to produce health food and the ecosystem.

Regional common prosperity level and its spatial relationship with carbon emission intensity in China

The characteristics of common prosperity include harmonious relationships between humans and the environment, as well as sustainable economic and social growth. The process of achieving common prosperity will necessarily have an impact on carbon emissions. In this article, panel statistics collected from 30 Chinese provinces and cities between the years 2006 and 2020 are utilized to assess the level of common prosperity and the intensity of carbon emissions in China. Then the SDM model is applied to explore the effects of the common prosperity level on the intensity of carbon emissions. The findings reveal that: (i) The common prosperity level in China has shown an increasing tendency. Between 2006 and 2020, the mean level of common prosperity increased from 0.254 to 0.486. From the regional perspective, eastern China has seen greater levels of common prosperity than central China, while central China has experienced greater levels of common prosperity than western China; regional disparities in the degree of common prosperity are substantial among Chinese provinces from 2006 to 2020; the common prosperity level is relatively high in economically developed provinces and relatively low in economically backward provinces. (ii) China's carbon emission intensity shows a continuous downward tendency. The annual average intensity of China's carbon emissions decreased from 4.458 in 2006 to 2.234 in 2020. From the regional perspective, the three main regions' carbon emission intensity likewise exhibits a decline in tendency between 2006 and 2020; still, western China continues to have the greatest carbon emission intensity, following central China, while eastern China has the smallest; however, certain provinces, notably Inner Mongolia and Shanxi, continue to have high carbon emission intensity. (iii) China's common prosperity level and carbon emission intensity both exhibit positive spatial autocorrelation at a 1% significant level under the adjacency matrix. The spatial agglomeration effect is significant, and adjacent provinces can affect each other. (iv) The SDM (Spatial Durbin Model) model test with fixed effects finds that the increase in the level of common prosperity suppresses the intensity of carbon emissions in the local area and neighboring regions. (v) The mediating effects model indicates that the process of common prosperity suppresses carbon emission intensity through high-quality economic development, narrowing the income disparity, and the development of a sharing economy.

НАЛИЗ ДИНАМИКИ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ ВЫБРОСОВ И ПОГЛОЩЕНИЙ ПАРНИКОВЫХ ГАЗОВ В КАЗАХСТАНЕ ЗА 2012...2021 ГГ

An overview of national greenhouse gas emissions from Kazakhstan for 2012-2021 (the last 10 years according to the UNFCCC reporting schedule) by sector and IPCC categories is presented. The data sources and the general methodology of emissions estimation are shown. The main trends and causes of changes in greenhouse gas emissions and removals are described. The key sectors and categories responsible for the main emissions are shown. Recommendations on the implementation of Kazakhstan’s obligations under the Paris Agreement are given. It is shown that there is a certain result of the country’s efforts to reduce the total greenhouse gas emissions in the framework of achieving the NDC.

Battery energy storage systems environmental noise emission

The use of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) in the electricity grid is rapidly growing due to its ability to bridge the gap between times of energy needs and when certain renewable sources are not generating. The use of battery storage helps the grid to remain stable due to its ability to respond quickly to changes in energy demand. Grid-scale battery storage has the potential to significantly assist in the renewable energy transition. Noise has emerged as a key environmental impact challenge in the development of BESS. But why? In our work with BESS, the noise is commonly associated with the battery and inverter modules’ heating and cooling systems, with the use of fans and compressors being the main emitters. However, the noise levels emitted are highly variable and depend on several factors, including operating conditions, ambient temperatures, and speed drives. We will explore the noise emissions of BESS, and key challenges like: —pathways for mitigating noise, including discussion of options at different project stages, ranging from site selection to commissioning. —challenges in accurate noise emission modeling —explore lessons learnt from a project from the design stage to post construction commissioning testing. Including the noise modeling predictions and their accuracy.

ZnO-Based Materials: From Pauli’s Nonsense to a Key Enabling Technology

In this work, we aim to highlight the increasing interest in semiconductors, particularly ZnO. A revision of the evolution of the scientific production on three selected topics has been conducted. As an indicator of scientific production, the number of publications indexed in the Web of Science Data Base has been used. The search terms selected range from the general to the particular: semiconductors, oxide semiconductors, and ZnO. The period considered is from 1 January 1900 to 6 June 2023. The importance of doping processes in tailoring the properties of these materials, and the relevance of the most recently derived applications are also revised. Since many of the most recent applications that have been developed or are under development refer to optoelecronic properties, doping with rare earth elements has a central role. This was the reason behind choosing the system ZnO doped with Rare Earth elements (Eu, Gd, and Ce) and codoped with Ru to illustrate the materials’ tuning potential of doping processes. Morphology, crystal structure, and luminescent properties have been investigated. Upon doping, both the Near Band Edge and the Deep Level emissions show a remarkable difference due to the change in the relative weight of the components constituting these bands. The spectra in all cases extend over the whole visible range, with a main emission in the violet-blue region corresponding to the Near Band Edge, and a broad band extending from the blue-green to orange-red region associated with the presence of different defects.