Main Doctrines Research Articles

A Chinese perspective on artificial intelligence generated content and copyright

In recent years, the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of content generation has become more and more widespread, and the concept of artificial intelligence generated content (AIGC) has gradually entered the public consciousness. Can pieces of AIGC be considered works? Can AI be the author of AIGC? This paper seeks to provide a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the literature of Chinese scholars so as to sort out the different perspectives of Chinese scholars on the relevant issues. This paper uses the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) as the data source database and uses Citespace to carry out text-mining work in the retrieved literature. This literature presents twelve main doctrines on the copyrightability of AIGC and three doctrines on its attribution.

Vectors and Mechanisms of Japan’s Influence for the Development of the Countries of East Asia

The article analyzes the role of Japan in East Asia, as well as defines the vectors and mechanisms of its influence on the countries of the region. The country of the Rising Sun takes an active part in international development, cooperates with international organizations, acts as an active initiator of various international development programs and is one of the largest donors in the world. It was established that Japan constantly provides economic support to ASEAN countries, in particular in the form of official development assistance, builds infrastructure, contributes to the formation of the economic environment, provides technical assistance, promotes the development of human resources, education and health care. The study clarifies the main principles of Japan’s foreign policy regarding international cooperation in their historical development. The author presented the essence of the main doctrines of the Japanese government on supporting the development of SA countries. A comparative analysis of the global initiatives of Tokyo and Beijing and directions of interaction between China and Japan was conducted. The attitude of the ASEAN countries regarding the role of Japan in East Asia is clarified. According to the results of the conducted research, certain conclusions were made regarding the influence of Japan on EA. First, Japan remains a supporter of EA’s policy of peace and prosperity, therefore it takes an active position in ensuring peace and stable development of the region. Secondly, the country’s leadership considers the region in a broader format, more open to the outside world, therefore supports the idea of Indo-Pacific regionalization. Thirdly, Tokyo gives preference to the economic development of EA and implements various regional development mechanisms, in particular: official aid, direct investment and other forms of support. Fourth, the Japanese leadership is aware of China’s power and role in the EA, but adheres to the position of constructive cooperation and avoidance of confrontation. Fifth, Japanese political circles believe that the role of the region in the global processes of globalization will grow, so it is important to take a constructive position regarding interaction with the EA and form a new vision of regional integration.

COLLECTION OF TAX ON PROPERTY OTHER THAN LAND PLOTS: CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECTS FOR IMPROVEMENT

The purpose of the article is to study the historical and theoretical foundations of levying the tax on immovable property other than a land plot, to develop proposals for eliminating gaps in legislation and to expand the scientific basis for studying the above tax. Methodology. The study is based on the analysis of tax legislation in the field of levying tax on immovable property other than a land plot. The article outlines the historical stages of formation and development of taxation of immovable property other than a land plot. This paper analyses the current changes in legislation and establishes that the adjustments to legal regulation have affected the provisions of the list of objects and tax rates, the tax period, and the mechanism of forming a tax decision-notification. It is found that the formation of a scientific basis for the study of taxation other than land is relevant. Recent research in the field of real estate taxation is reviewed and analysed. The main doctrines and scientific positions are presented, and the analysis of domestic legislation is carried out. The imperfection of tax legislation is substantiated. The authors analyse the conceptual framework of the Tax Code of Ukraine. It is also determined that the term "tax collection" is an independent and highly specialised term, which means a set of actions of controlling authorities in the field of tax collection on real estate other than a land plot. A detailed analysis of real estate objects that are not subject to the tax under study was carried out. The research reveals abuses by taxpayers in determining the tax base for real estate objects for which the ownership is not registered. It is proposed to amend the list of taxable real estate owned by spouses in joint ownership. Positive changes in tax legislation under martial law are outlined. The difficulty of effective collection of tax on immovable property other than a land plot is substantiated. Results. In the course of the study of the theoretical foundations of taxation of immovable property other than a land plot, the authors concludes that the legislative framework for taxation has gone through its historical path and continues to evolve. Over the period of validity of the TC of Ukraine, Article 266 has undergone numerous changes, both positive and negative, however, this indicates that the legislator is looking for the best ways to ensure the quality of the tax under study. The article reveals discrepancies in the categorical apparatus of the Tax Code of Ukraine, the legislator uses the terms "administration" and "collection". This paper considers it appropriate to use the concept of levying tax on real property other than a land plot. The authors substantiate the imperfection of legal provisions regulating the collection of tax other than land, which contributes to the abuse of taxpayers. A positive novelty of the legislation is the inclusion of those objects that are not subject to taxation that are destroyed, damaged (requiring major repairs) and destroyed during the period of hostilities. Practical implications. The article provides proposals according to which amendments to the TC of Ukraine will facilitate more efficient collection of tax on immovable property other than land plots. Value/originality. The article provides proposals for amendments to the TC of Ukraine in terms of taxpayers' obligations, clarification of the preferential category of the tax base and jointly owned property.

林兆恩历史观所折射出的“三教合一”思想研究

As a folk sect developed by a group of scholars, the “Three-in-One” differs from other sects such as the Luozu Religion and the Vacuum Religion, whose main doctrines are based on Buddhism and Taoism, with a distinctive “Confucianism-based” character. The most striking part of the theory of its founder, Lin Zhaoen, is that he uses Confucianism to unify Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism, and divides the three religions into an order of establishment, initiation, and extreme rule. What is striking is that Lin Zhaoen has used his historical commentary to expound on the “three religions in one”. The historical perspective embodied in his commentary reflects his unique theory of “three religions in Confucianism”, and to a certain extent, he has broken through the traditional Confucianism of reverence for the past, laying a firm theoretical foundation for the development of his sect.

Creative Thinking about God and Respect for Christian Identity

In the article I refer to the philosophy of William Hasker and his proposal to reconcile respect for the basic dogmas of Christianity with the contemporary standards of knowledge and the needs of people today.
 In the first part I analyse Hasker’s view on the idea of Christian philosophy. Since he assumes the truthfulness of the main doctrines of Christianity, he is not opposed to being referred to as a Christian philosopher, but neither is he enthusiastic about this name. This attitude is the result of his conviction that the state of absolute neutrality is not possible in philosophy and that regardless of the views accepted as true by a given thinker the requirement for good philosophy is fairness and evaluating all perspectives and beliefs for their internal coherence and their correspondence with the evidence. Therefore, Hasker first tries very carefully to reconstruct positions different from his own and to track down various difficulties in them, especially contradictions. In my opinion, however, the objection of self-contradiction is ineffective when applied to philosophical positions which, as a rule, use vague concepts. The same applies to the claim that these positions are contradictory to evidence, because one of such vague notions is also the notion of evidence. That is why philosophical claims have the extraordinary ability to persist in life or unexpectedly revive after being considered definitively dead. It does not follow from this that one cannot convincingly justify one’s position using less formal criteria. 
 In the second part I focus on the rhetorical device used by Hasker to make his concept of God more attractive. He suggests that we should shape our concept of God based on our idea of a great man, i.e. one who educates children to live independently and is able to effectively and fairly manage large groups of people. Leaving aside the accusation of anthropomorphism, the question arises about the epistemic value of this image, which is not universal, changes over time and depends on the conditions in which people live. The content of this image proposed by Hasker isn’t also consistent with the idea of the God of Christian orthodoxy, which is dominated by traditional rather than open theism. This is where the problem of linking creative thinking and respect for Christian identity arises. Regardless of the opinion that open theism has among traditional theists, Hasker supports the concept of a strong Christian identity determined by a universally recognized creed. I propose to treat this identity a little more flexibly.

Review - GABRIEL, Gottfried. Kant: Eine kurze Einführung in das Gesamtwerk. Paderborn: Brill Schöningh, 2022. 144 p.

The purpose of the review is to provide a descriptive analysis of Gottfried Gabriel's book, focusing on the main doctrines of Kant

The Supreme Goodness is Like Water

In China, there are mainly two philosophies that had tremendous impact on our civilization, which are Confucianism and Taoism. Taoism is the only belief system native to China, which had a grander perspective, about the relationship among the universe and human as well as human and human. The most important literature of Taoism is Tao Te Ching. The main doctrines of Tao Te Ching include: a natural state of being and Non-action.To Laozi, the way of water is completely different from the way of people with desire. As the source of life, water nourishes all living things on Earth. Water contributes to the world without regard for gain of loss. Remaining low, level, and quiet, water embraces and reflects everything under heaven. Water is invincible because it desires nothing and contends for nothing. It’s soft but not weak, instead, it’s full of strength. Water has three important virtues we can learn from, Which is “H2O”——humility, harmony and openness. The influence of Taoism lies in every single aspect of Chinese culture, such as traditional Chinese painting, music and Taiji(an ancient but popular Chinese self-defense art). Beyond that, Taoism has broken the boundaries of nations and attracted global attention and recognition. Of all ages, Taoist ideas have invested Chinese culture and art with a unique tone and an aesthetic beauty that emphasize inner spirit rather than outward forms.

Some Observations On Yusuf Akçura And His Article “Three Ways Of Policy

In his article, “Three Ways of Policy”, Yusuf Akçura, one of the founders of the ideology of Pan-Turkism, summarizes the political discussions in Ottoman society in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In this article he analyzes the doctrines of Ottomanism, Pan-Islamism, and Pan-Turkism. The author argues that the doctrines of Ottomanism and Pan-Islamism have exhausted themselves and are failed policies for the Empire. Additionally, he expounds the effectiveness of the policy of Pan-Turkism and formulates its conceptual principles. The purpose of this article is to analyze the main doctrines presented in Akçura's famous work. The mainly focuses was on the ideology of Pan-Turkism and the author's observations connected with it. In this context, we have considered the idea of Turkic unity, which is still relevant today. He presents two important circumstances: first, he talks about other Turkic peoples and brings the ideas of Turkic unity to the political agenda. Second, Akçura understands earlier that the multiethnic Ottoman Empire must become a nation-state, which the author connects with Pan-Turkism. Akçura's Pan-Turkism ideas continue to be viable because even today the ideas of Turkic unity have an important place in Turkey's domestic and foreign policy agendas.

Human Dignity from Inherent to Constitutional Value

Human dignity is the nature of a human being. It became a modus of human existence, which differentiates humans from other biological species. Human life and human dignity are declared the priority values in international conventions and declarations. Intrinsic character of human dignity was the forerunner for the development of the new multidiscipline named bioethics in the XX century. This article begins with the basics of international regulations in the field of human dignity, definitions, analysis of main characteristics and doctrines of human dignity, inherent values and constitutional values. Further the author stresses the importance of understanding the meaning of inherent human dignity in connection with manipulations with somatic rights. The author concludes that the lack of human life and human dignity evaluation is the main point of the core principle of inherent human dignity based on personal selfawareness. In this regard the article focuses on the statement that human dignity should be an absolute value based on bioethical principles. Then the author goes on to compare constitutional values and human dignity as a value. The research is concluded with the suggestion that inherent human dignity is a base of constitutional values in the particular field of legal relations. In addition, inherent dignity may be the framework of constitutional values.

MEMAHAMI KONSEP DAN SUBJEK PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN PIDANA DALAM PASAL 39A UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 28 TAHUN 2007 TENTANG PERUBAHAN KETIGA UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 6 TAHUN 1983 TENTANG KUP

In various cases of tax criminal acts, the board of directors is often subject to criminal liability on the grounds of being a signatory to the Tax Return (and/or Tax Invoice) and as a corporate organ that is deemed responsible for all company policies, activities, and operations. In addition, some cases of Tax Criminal Investigation impose criminal responsibility on the board of directors based on evidence of signature in the Tax Return and consideration of the principle of vicarious liability, which is the expansion or representation of liability for compensation under Private Law. This study aims to analyze the criminal liability doctrine adopted by Article 39A of Law Number 28 of 2007 concerning the Third Amendment to Law Number 6 of 1983 concerning General Provisions and Tax Procedures (UU KUP) and whether corporations can be held criminally liable in the offense of that Article. The theory and concepts used are criminal liability and analysis of the elements of Article 39A of the UU KUP, the main doctrines of criminal liability, the definition of legal entities, corporate taxpayers, and corporate liability. The results of the study found that corporate taxpayers as corporations are the subject of criminal liability in Article 39A, in addition to individuals, and Article 39A adheres to the principle of no crime without guilt.

The right to euthanasia in the context of the realization of the right to life

The article examines the concept of euthanasia, the main scientific doctrines, which determine the attitude of legal experts to this phenomenon, and the reasons for the theory about the need to establish the right to euthanasia as the form of realization of the right to die in Ukrainian legislation and at the international level.Theproblemofthecontroversy of the concept that recognizes the existence of the fourth generation of human rights to which the right to euthanasia belongs is covered. It is determined that there are some disputes in scientific circles caused by theemergence of a new generation of rights. It is also determined that the new generation of rights is quite debatable, as it destroys the established classification of human rights.The concept of euthanasia is studied, the main distinguishing features between active and passive forms of the implementation of this phenomenon are characterized. It is identified that the majority of disputes about euthanasia legalizing is related to the implementation of its active form. 
 Based on the research of scientists’ positions from different fields of science on the possibility of legalizing euthanasia, the two main views have been identified: for legalizing euthanasia and against it.It has been found that the basis for the difference of opinion on this issue is the controversy of the right to euthanasia in the context of the constitutional human right to life.The case-law of the European Court of Human Rights in issues related to euthanasia is analyzed. The comparison of the two decisions of the Court has been made and on this basis the peculiarities of the regulation of this problem in the international arena are clarified.The positive and negative aspects of the implementation of the right to euthanasia are analyzed.The possibility of establishng the right to die at the state and international levels is considered, its contradiction to the right to life, which is enshrined in the Constitution of Ukraine, as well as in the Declaration of Human and Civil Rights, is justified. The emphasis is placed on the need to develop medicine in order to prevent cases that could lead to the use of euthanasia.Taking into consideration the number and importance of negative factors in euthanasia implementation and the general unwillingness of society to legalize such a right, the conclusion that justified the inadvisability of enshrining the right to euthanasia in the legislation of Ukraine has been developed.

Social aspects of main religious doctrines: Buddhism

The article examines in detail the problems associated with the development of Buddhism, which introduced a personal aspect to religion and embodied the idea of the need for compassion for all living beings. A special place is occupied by the analysis of the moral and social component of this religion. Buddhism is seen as a protest movement that originated in India and is directed against the frozen hierarchy, mechanical ritualism and greed of the Brahmins. This religion challenged the Brahmin hierarchy, appealing primarily to warriors, kings, and the mass of the free population. The Buddhist community was a brotherhood of mendicant monks who did not perform any rituals, but only showed people the way to salvation by the example of their lives. Buddhism is also one of the radical reformist teachings, not only intellectually, but also socially. He called people, first of all, to inner perfection, the last stage of which can be achieved only through kindness and benevolence to all living beings. The central point of this article is devoted to the debate about the reality of the Buddha’s existence, his teaching and the transformations of this teaching. A significant place is given to the description of the way of life of Buddhist monks, the relationship within the Buddhist community and with the laity. The reasons for the attractiveness of Buddhism and its easy adaptability to other religious doctrines are substantiated. The possibilities of transformation of Buddhism, including within the framework of syncretic creeds, as well as in the activities of totalitarian and pseudo-religious sects, are shown. Examples of the politicization of this religion and its inclusion in the activities of fundamentalist organizations are given.

The Case of the Missing Disciple: Abū l-Ḥasan al-Rustughfanī and the First Reception of al-Māturīdī’s Theology in Samarqand

Abstract Despite recognition of Abū l-Ḥasan al-Rustughfanī (d. ca. 345/956) as the most important student of Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī (d. 333/944), a sustained treatment of his theological views has not hitherto appeared. One of the challenges that has been identified in prior studies is a lack of primary sources. To overcome this obstacle, I analyse manuscripts of “Bāb al-mutafarriqāt min fawāʾid” and “al-Asʾila wa-l-ajwiba,” two texts recording al-Rustughfanī’s theological responsa, locating them within available bibliographic information and discussing the question of literary structure. I then contextualise the material within the polemical milieu of mid-fourth/tenth century Samarqand, arguing that al-Rustughfanī is the earliest figure in the Samarqandī Ḥanafī kalām tradition to self-consciously adopt the full name ahl al-sunna wa-l-jamāʿa to express his theological identity. Finally, I provide an annotated theological overview of the main doctrines found in the texts with a detailed case study on divine speech and the Qurʾān, showing how al-Rustughfanī bridges the gap between al-Māturīdī’s rationalistic kalām and the Ḥanafī traditionalism of al-Ḥakīm al-Samarqandī (d. 342/953).

Profil ideowy miejskiego aktywizmu w Polsce

The paper concerns the ideological profile of urban movements in Poland. In the first part, the author definesthe concept of urban movement based on the related literature and outlines the history of the urban matterin Poland. Then, attempts are made to reconstruct the ideological profile of urban activism. This is done onthe basis of an analysis that includes the main ideas to which urban activists refer (right to the city, idea ofparticular narratives, city-view) as well as the urban theses that include the postulations developed by theCongress of Urban Movements being the effect of consolidation activities in the Polish urban movements’environment. In conclusion, the key groups of postulations formulated by activists in Polish cities are analysedthrough the perspective of the views contained in the main contemporary political doctrines.

Суфийский Путь: идея, концепция и смысл

Despite the obvious multifaceted nature of Sufism, three main doctrines are common to this trend: the doctrine of the Sufi way of knowing the Divine truth, trust in God and the doctrine of holiness, which contributed to the formation and widespread dissemination of the cult of saints. Universal concepts and defini­tions of the stages of the mystical path are “state” and “station”. The relationship between these concepts, their qualitative and quantitative characteristics, their hi­erarchy within the classification schemes built in the course of the centuries-old history of Sufism, do not fit into a single model due to the individual living and perception of this path by the mystic. The way is to leave your own world and enter the Divine world. The wanderer must approach the Almighty, dissolve in Him. Representations of the Way are an integral part of the seeker's mind – even if he believes that no way exists in principle.

Social aspects of main religious doctrines: Hinduism

The article analyzes the social aspects of Hinduism as a combination of not only religious, but also mythological, legal and ethical concepts. They form, on the basis on which the social life of Indian society is largely organized. The author’s analysis of the historical development of Hinduism shows that, despite the absence of a rigid organizational structure, it has an internal unity at the social, ideological and religious levels. Hinduism is united in a whole by sacred texts and the Pantheon of Gods, recognized by almost all its trends and schools, as well as the faith in karma — the causal relationship between the actions of an individual in past incarnations and his fate, character, position in society in the current incarnation, and reincarnation. The cornerstone of both the faith and the social component of the Hindu doctrine is the concept of classes and castes, which denote separate groups whose members have a common professional occupation, do not marry other groups, and do not even share meals with them. The article considers the hierarchy of classes that originated in India in the Vedic period, as well as the principles, primarily professional and regional, of the formation of modern castes.The author analyzes a set of religious prescriptions and cult practices that regulate the daily life of Hindus, the ritual side of Hinduism associated with the most significant events in human life. Special attention is paid to new practices of “redemptive rites”, including asceticism, fasting, various methods of mortification of the flesh, and redemptive gifts. It is noted that the essence of Hinduism is not limited to its religious and ideological content. An organic integral part of it is a number of social institutions, legal and moral norms, social institutions and cultural phenomena. In this regard, Hinduism is not only and not so much a religion, but a way of life and holistic behavior, which can also have its own spiritual practice.

Governance: Exploring the Islamic Approach and its Relevance for the Modern Context

Managing this wealth (amanah) leads to the basic concept of Islamic accountability where proper disclosure and transparency in every business transaction or service is encouraged. This paper attempts to explore the characteristics and application of the principles of Islamic governance. Using qualitative research methods, this study further focuses on trust and accountability with respect to governance mechanisms as required by Islamic principles and in light of today's world affairs. As a doctrinal research, the researcher reviews the relevant literature to identify the main features of government such as shura, caliphate, accountability, transparency, justice and equality as well as the current need for trust in public and private government. The findings of this study are that the Koran and the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) have provided many guidelines in the field of constitutional affairs that can help the government system. The Qur'an is flexible enough not to mention the details and details that are left for Muslims to formulate according to their particular circumstances. Finally, the aim of this paper is to inform policy makers and practitioners about the main doctrines that have been proposed by the Qur'an and which can be applied for the effective management of our affairs

Суфийский Путь: идея, концепция и смысл

Despite the obvious multifaceted nature of Sufism, three main doctrines are common to this trend: the doctrine of the Sufi way of knowing the Divine truth, trust in God and the doctrine of holiness, which contributed to the formation and widespread dissemination of the cult of saints. Universal concepts and defini­tions of the stages of the mystical path are “state” and “station”. The relationship between these concepts, their qualitative and quantitative characteristics, their hi­erarchy within the classification schemes built in the course of the centuries-old history of Sufism, do not fit into a single model due to the individual living and perception of this path by the mystic. The way is to leave your own world and enter the Divine world. The wanderer must approach the Almighty, dissolve in Him. Representations of the Way are an integral part of the seeker's mind – even if he believes that no way exists in principle.

К ВОПРОСУ ОБ ОСОБЕННОСТЯХ ИСЛАМСКОГО КОНСТИТУЦИОНАЛИЗМА

The purpose of the article is to consider the features of Islamic constitutionalism as one of the options for the development of world constitutional and legal thought. Materials and methods. This article is based on the studies of Arab, Russian and foreign legal theorists, allowing to consider the historical path of development of Arab constitutionalism, its characteristic features and development problems. To achieve this goal, the author used a systematic approach to considering the legal aspects of the development of the theory of constitutionalism, as well as the methods of legal retrospection, the comparative legal method, methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as the critical legal method. Results. Based on the analysis of scientific literature, the conclusion is formulated that Muslim constitutionalism can be regarded as one of the main legal doctrines of our time, which substantiates the basic principles of regulating social relations in the Islamic world. The foundation and the main component of the Islamic constitutional doctrine are the religious institutions and precepts of Islam, as well as the moral and legal norms organically connected with it. In contrast to the Western liberal concept, which sees the main meaning of the consolidation of human rights in the protection of the individual from encroachments by the state, in the Arab world, power is viewed as an institution created according to divine laws and playing a major role in the implementation of the principles of social life, which determines the peculiarities of consolidating the fundamental principles of Islam in constitutions. Conclusion. The conclusion is formulated that constitutionalism in its "Arab version" is a multidimensional phenomenon of state and socio-political life, which is based on the idea of the supremacy of the Divine principles of organizing society, enshrined in the sources of Arab constitutional law and which at different stages of development of constitutional statehood acquired various forms and filled with different content.

Direitos sem dinheiro: Do Novo Regime Fiscal à COVID-19

O presente trabalho aborda a disputa entre a concretização de direitos e a financeirização do Estado brasileiro, tendo por foco a análise do discurso econômico e a estrutura jurídica do Novo Regime Fiscal, vigente desde 2016. Questiona-se se o Novo Regime Fiscal é constitucional e se sua vigência impacta a concretização de direitos, durante a pandemia da COVID-19. A análise é realizada por meio de levantamento histórico, de dados orçamentários e da interpretação jurídica, tendo por instrumento a teoria da ideologia constitucionalmente adotada, que afirma não existir na Constituição uma única ideologia econômica e sim uma pluralidade de possibilidades para se concretizar o Estado de bem-estar social. Constata se que, dentre as vertentes econômicas que disputam o orçamento público, quais sejam a economia da ética e a da engenharia, há predominância da última na normatização jurídica e na formação orçamentária, o que permite constatar a redução da concretização de direitos tanto em tempos ordinários, quanto em tempos de pandemia da COVID-19.Palavras-Chave: Novo Regime Fiscal; COVID-19; Direito à saúde.