Main Directorate Research Articles

«Новгородский листок» (1881–1882): в поисках актуальной региональной идентичности

The article is devoted to the history of the first private universal newspaper “Novgorod Leaflet” (1881–1882), which was the only edition of this kind in the 19th century Novgorod province. Several petitions for the publication of a private newspaper in Novgorod in the second half of the 19th century were rejected by the Main Directorate for Press Affairs. Yakov Eliashevich, a teacher at the Novgorod gymnasium, was the only one of the petitioners who received the right to publish this popular type of newspaper. The article analyzes the activity of this edition as a way of expressing an actual regional identity, which was especially important for a territory with a vivid medieval history, but with an ordinary provincial way of life in modern times. The identified personalities of the authors of the publications of the “Novgorod Leaflet” show that it involved representatives of the Novgorod intelligentsia not only from the provincial center, but also from the districts of the province. The topics of the newspaper reflected the professional interests of its employees, and the rubrication was characteristic of a universal newspaper. The authors study the documents from the funds of the Russian State Historical Archive, disclosing the conditions of the appearance and functioning of the first private newspaper of Novgorod, the peculiarities connected with its censorship, and the reasons for its closure. The history of this newspaper is an example of the opposition of the local intelligentsia and the government. The former needed the newspaper as a means of forming a modern Novgorod identity and discussing topical issues and problems, while the latter were interested in preserving the most positive image of the province in the eyes of the capital.

Энциклопедисты петербургской власти. К изданию архивного справочника «Органы власти и управления Санкт-Петербурга. 1775–1993»

The review is devoted to analysis and review of the content of the first two volumes of a large-scale five-volume archival project, which is being carried out by the central city state archives employees under the charge of the Archival Committee of St. Petersburg. The project is to produce a comprehensive reference book on the history of city government and administration and state institutions of St. Petersburg—Petrograd—Leningrad—St. Petersburg. The reference book covers a significant historical period, staring from the moment the city government was established during the gubernia reform of the Empress Catherine the Great and ending with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation B. N. Yeltsin no. 2252 of December 21, 1993, which put an end to the Soviet authorities’ existence in the northern capital. The reference book results from long years of the authors-compilers’ research of pre-revolutionary and Soviet archival fonds and regulatory legal acts concerning creation, reorganization, liquidation of the regional power structures of St. Petersburg—Petrograd—Leningrad—St. Petersburg. On the basis of a representative complex of archival documents, previously unintroduced into scientific use, the first two volumes offer over 130 detailed historical references on the history of state authorities and state institutions. Every article is supplemented with comprehensive references: archival ciphers, sources, detailed bibliography of published works on the history of this particular branch of public administration or city organization. The first volume contains 60 articles and is devoted to the highest city authorities and administration: from the Commander-in-Chief in St. Petersburg (1780–97, 1805–08, 1812–16) to the Leningrad City Committee of the CPSU (1931–90). The second volume includes 78 historical references on the governing bodies of the city economy: from the Petrograd Treasury Chamber (1780–1918) to the Main Directorate for Housing, Civil, and Industrial Construction in the city of Leningrad (1955–89). The reviewed publication permits to study general and particular in the organization of public administration over 200 years of Russian history, without its usual division into pre-revolutionary and Soviet history, in the largest capital city of Russia. The reader obtains informative historical background and all scientific apparatus necessary for the subsequent organization of their own research.

Заготовительное дело в сфере военного имущества: к деятельности Русского заготовительного комитета в Америке в 1917 г.

In the article has been attempted to consider the position of the Russian Supply Committee in America, the problems and the state of its structural units during the significant 1917 year of last active cooperation with the Allied powers in military procurement during the First World War. As the Russian Supply Committee is currently presented fragmentally in the scientific historical literature, the author has identified the following purpose of this article — to reduce and expand the available material on the activities of the Russian Supply Committee into a unified picture, paying special attention to the perception of its activities in the American press, the problem of transportation, the issue of the introduction of liquidation policy in relation to purchase order, efforts to purchase transport property. The article is written on the basis of unpublished sources (materials of the office work of the Russian Supply Committee, correspondence of General N. M. Khrabrov with the Main Directorate for Foreign Supply and the authorized Ambassador from the Russian government B. A. Bakhmetyev, orders and instructions of the Main Directorate for Foreign Supply, materials of the Special Investigative Commission) identified in the funds of the Russian State Historical Archive. As a result, the author concluded that in the conditions of political instability and stagnant organizational and structural problems, the Russian Supply Committee could not properly resolve the issue of purchasing military property on the American market.

Подготовка кадров для войск связи Красной Армии в годы Великой Отечественной войны

The article deals with the problems of staffing the communications troops with qualified military personnel during the Great Patriotic War based on the materials of the inspection of educational institutions, advanced training courses for command staff and regimental schools of the Main Directorate of Communications of the Red Army. Attention is drawn to the fact that the loss of control and communications in the first days of the war was the result of miscalculations of the military leadership in matters of personnel training, forces and means of military communications. The author analyzes the effectiveness of the measures taken to improve the level of training of personnel of the signal forces during the Great Patriotic War, formulated the main practical recommendations for improving the system of training military personnel of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation at the present time.

Legal regulation of the activities of the reviewing police personnel commissions of the USSR in the 20-s of the XX century

The scientific study is devoted to the peculiarities of the activities of the reviewing police personnel commissions of the USSR in the 20s of the 20th century. The normative legal acts of the Ukrainian SSR, which established the grounds for the dismissal of police officers, were studied. The legislative and by-laws of the Ukrainian SSR, which regulated the procedure for the creation and operation of commissions for reviewing the personnel of the Ukrainian SSR police in the 20s of the XX century, have been studied. Archival materials reflecting the results of the activities of such commissions have also been studied. New archival documents, which were contained in the Central State Archive of higher authorities and administration, State Archives of Kharkiv and Dnipropetrovsk regions, have been introduced into scientific circulation.
 It has been established that the procedure and grounds for dismissal from service in the Soviet police were regulated by the Rules of Service in the Police and Criminal Investigation of the USSR and the Standard Collective Agreement of Soviet Administrative Employees. The legal basis for the activity of commissions for reviewing the personnel of the police was the departmental by-laws of the Main Directorate of the Soviet Workers' and Peasants' Police of the NKVD of the USSR. The specifics of reviewing the personnel of the police in each province depended on the number of employees and the meticulousness of the local police leadership.
 It has been found that the normative legal acts that regulated the procedure and conditions of activity of commissions for reviewing the personnel of the police established special, exclusive grounds for the dismissal and bringing to the legal responsibility of police officers.
 It has been concluded that the activity of the commissions for reviewing the personnel of the police contradicted the legislative and by-laws in force at the time, which regulated the service and labour relations of the police officers.

Processing of aerial photographs in geoinformation systems for constructing models of possible flooding zones in a flood-prone period

The natural and geological conditions of the Khabarovsk Territory determine the specificity of any region, characterized by the annual occurrence of spring mash phenomena, their gradual transition to the summer-autumn flood-hazardous period and the departure into winter with a high water level. Forecasting the scale of possible flooding of territories is the basis for early response of the forces and means of the Unified State System for the Prevention and Response of Emergency Situations (RSChS) The paper discusses the professional experience of specialists from the Crisis Management Center of the Main Directorate of the EMERCOM of Russia for the Khabarovsk Territory in preparing models of possible flooding of settlements applying the QGIS geographic information system during the flood-prone period of 2021 in the Khabarovsk Territory. The authors identify peculiarities of the unmanned aerial vehicles used to predict areas of possible flooding such as the need for early aerial photography of human settlements; dependence of the quality of orthophotomaps on the experience of specialists performing aerial photography; variability of coastline relief; dependence on weather conditions; short period, favorable for aerial photography; inaccessibility of settlements; location of settlements in the border area. The matching of models obtained with the help of QGIS with the actual situation developed during the 2021 flood crest was identified. Also, some peculiarities and disadvantages were defined despite the positive experience of forecasting by modeling flood zones (flooding).

Medical and Sanitary Service of the Civil Air Fleet of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War.

The subject of the research of the article is the development during the Great Patriotic War of the medical and sanitary service of the main directorate of the Civil Air Fleet, as well as the versatile activities carried out by it to preserve the health of passengers and civil aviation workers. The article is based on statistical reports of the Medical and sanitary Administration of the Civil Air Fleet, stored in the Russian State Archive of Economics (RGAE). The study allows us to form a comprehensive picture of the dynamics of various types of medical institutions of the medical and sanitary service of civil aviation, the state of their staffing, the contribution of departmental public health of civil aviation to the preservation of life and health of citizens of the Soviet Union in difficult wartime. The main conclusion of the study is that during the war there was a serious development of the medical system of the Civil Air Fleet before the war, which was essentially in its infancy. The design of its structure was accompanied by the struggle of various ideas, sometimes the medical network began to copy the development of the civil health network, creating an extensive network of hospitals, sometimes it went to risky experiments, such as the transformation of all outpatient clinics into polyclinics. Nevertheless, by the end of the war, the concept of providing basic medical care in urgent cases was established through medical inpatient facilities, health centers and medical units of airports, and the concentration of assistance, primarily to the personnel of the GVF, in a system of sufficiently powerful outpatient clinics.

Anthrax in the Republic of Tatarstan (1920–2020)

The aim of the work was to characterize the epidemiological and epizootic situation on anthrax among population and animals in the Republic of Tatarstan over a period of 1920–2020.Materials and methods. The analysis of the epidemiological and epizootic situation is based on the archival data, epidemiological maps of anthrax patients, results of epizootiological-epidemiological survey of anthrax foci conducted by the Rospotrebnadzor Administration in the Republic of Tatarstan and Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Republic of Tatarstan, materials of the Main Directorate of Veterinary Medicine of the Republic of Tatarstan. Microbiological studies of samples from patients and environmental objects were performed in accordance with the requirements of MR 4.2.2413-08 “Laboratory diagnostics and detection of anthrax pathogen”, real-time PCR was set using the AmpliSense Bacillus anthracis-FRT test-system (Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow). Statistical data processing was carried out using the quantile ranking method.Results and discussion. There are more than 1000 anthrax soil foci in the Republic of Tatarstan, which territorially belongs to the Volga Federal District. Analysis of the epizootic and epidemiological situation in the Republic of Tatarstan over the period of 1920–2020 has revealed that it has undergone significant changes, from mass diseases in animals and humans in early 20th century to sporadic cases of infection among population and animals at the beginning of the 21st century, primarily due to preventive veterinarysanitary measures, including veterinary and sanitary examination of animal products, mass specific immunization of animals against anthrax, arrangement of anthrax cattle burial grounds. In view of the improvement of epizootiological situation and implementation of preventive measures, there was a decrease in the incidence of anthrax among the population. The regions of the Republic have been ranked by the number of animal anthrax cases.

The test system for assessing the quality and effectiveness of the elements of the unified system used for responding to radiation emergencies

The test system for assessing the quality and effectiveness of the elements of the unified system used for responding to radiation emergencies (Test System) is part of the software package of the unified system for monitoring the safe life regime of the population of border areas, including exclusion and resettlement zones. It is designed to assess the quality and effectiveness of the elements of the unified system used for responding to radiation emergencies in the border areas of Bryansk region (Russia) and Gomel and Mogilev regions (Republic of Belarus) by testing the performance of its radiation monitoring subsystem and decision support subsystem. The quality of the system elements is assessed by the possibility of obtaining reliable data on changes in the radiation situation and the degree of operability of stationary radiation monitoring posts of the integrated system for monitoring the state of protection of the population, and its effectiveness – compliance with established standards for the transmission and processing of data for decision-making and transmitting emergency information to the competent authorities. The methods of mathematical modeling based on the emergency parameters and forest fire consequences modeling were used. In testing the quality and efficiency of the unified system, a report on the inspection of the radiation monitoring subsystem and the decision support subsystem is generated. It contains the following parameters: actual response time, standard response time; quality and efficiency indicators; assessments based on the testing results. The results were used in testing the subsystem for monitoring the radiation situation and the decision support subsystem used by the Main Directorate of the EMERCOM of Russia for Bryansk region.

Дети Карлага: условия содержания по материалам архивов и воспоминаний

One of the contingents of Karlag prisoners were children who shared the tragic fate of their mothers, many of whom ended up in the camp as “MFTM” – “members of the families of traitors to the Motherland”. The article considers the historiography of the children's camp theme in Karlag, the authors summarize that the problem of “children of Karlag” in domestic historiography has been studied fragmentarily and superficially, there are no systemic, fundamental works. In this publication, an attempt is made, based on archival materials,memoirs, and interviews of former little prisoners of the Karaganda FLC, to trace the conditions of detention and fragments of camp life that ended up in one of the most sinister camps in Kazakhstan. The source base of the article is represented by three main types of written historical sources of the 30s-50s. of the 20th century: legal documents on the GULAG camps, records management documentation of the Karlag and statistical materials from the archival funds of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation on the number, mortality of children, etc. The article uses fragments of the memories of the prisoners of Karlag from published collections, as well as interview materials taken by one of the authors of this publication from former prisoners of the Karaganda FLC. The article involves documents from the archival funds of the Republic of Kazakhstan (the fund of the Political Department of the Karlag from the State Archive of the Karaganda region; the fund of the Karlag Administration from the Archive of the Office of the Committee for Legal Statistics and Special Records of the General Prosecutor’s Office of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the Karaganda region) and the Russian Federation (the fund of the Main Directorate of Places of Detention (GUMZ) of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR from the State Archive of the Russian Federation).

СОВЕТ ГЛАВНОГО УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ВОСТОЧНОЙ СИБИРИ: ПОРЯДОК ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ НА ОСНОВАНИИ ПРАВОВЫХ АКТОВ

In the publication, based on a comprehensive analysis of regulations and archival documents on office work, the organizational and personnel aspects of the functioning of the Council of the Main Directorate of Eastern Siberia are disclosed. The characteristics of the functions and competence of the Council are presented, the issues of the establishment and organization of the work of the Council are disclosed. Particular attention is paid to personnel issues and the genesis of the practice of resolving them in the context of a personnel shortage and the struggle of senior officials of the Siberian Territory with central ministries for influence on the Councils of Main Directorates. It is stated that certain indulgences were associated with a temporary solution to the issue of personnel shortages, including through the appointment of officials to the positions of Councilors without the necessary title of State Councilor. At the same time, the powers of such officials were limited and had a temporary character. At the same time, a ban was established on arbitrary actions of governors general to move and dismiss advisers without the consent of the Ministry of the Interior, as well as to distract advisers from the work of the Council during the absence of governors general. It is stated that flexibility in resolving organizational and personnel issues has become the foundation for the productive activity of the Council of the Main Directorate of Eastern Siberia.

Măsurile pregătitoare politico-diplomatice și militar-propagandistice ale U.R.S.S. pentru anexarea Basarabiei și a nordului Bucovinei (II)

"A significant turning point in relations between the Soviet Union and Romania was associated with the incorporation of Bessarabia and northern part of Bukovina into the USSR, which took place in the context of Soviet-German rapprochement. To this end, the Soviet leadership developed a set of preparatory political-diplomatic and military-propaganda measures. Soviet political and diplomatic actions were based on fundamental military preparations. In order to prepare and further joining Bessarabia and the northern part of Bukovina to the USSR, the Southern Front was created on the basis of the Kyiv Special and Odessa military districts. Army General Georgy Zhukov was appointed as a commander. The General Staff of the Red Army developed two variants of actions by Soviet troops. The first one provided for measures in case the Romanian government would not agree to the peaceful transfer of Bessarabia and Bukovina to the USSR. The second variant was an action plan in case of a voluntary retreat of Romanian troops west of the Prut. The first option was taken as the base. As early as June 26, 1940, on the border with Romania, the Soviet command concentrated 32 infantry, 2 motorized infantry, 6 cavalry divisions, 11 tank, 3 airborne brigades, 16 artillery regiments of the commander-in-chief’s reserve, 14 corps artillery regiments and 4 separate artillery divisions. In the main areas of the offensive, more than a triple advantage in manpower and means was provided. At the same time, for the purpose of ideological support, a huge propaganda apparatus was prepared to work with the population. In accordance with the Directive of the Main Political Directorate of the Red Army № 0140 (June 21, 1940), a large number of political workers were sent to the disposal of the Southern Front. One month before the start of the military operation, all employees of party and Soviet organizations were considered as mobilized. After appropriate training, they were ready for further activities as editorial staff, propagandists and agitators. Concert brigades and drama theatre groups were organized for the cultural service of the population. There were selected mobile library, gramophone records, and films. Book-mobile was arranged; everything necessary for the publication in Romanian newspaper was completed and provided with everything necessary. Due to the diligence of all these preparatory acts, the territories of Bessarabia and the northern part of Bukovina were occupied by the Red Army according to all the rules of military art (all elements of military operation were used: military force, local military pressure, military intelligence and counterintelligence, agitation and propaganda), thanks to which the USSR could reach its purpose. "

Provincial Officials of Far East and Formation of Regional Public Organizations in Last Quarter of 19th — Early 20th Centuries

The activity of officials in the creation of public organizations and objects of socio-cultural infrastructure of the Primorsky region in the last quarter of the 19th — early 20th centuries is considered. Based on the analysis of archival office materials, reports of public organizations and sources of personal origin, the composition of participants, motives, areas of activity, forms and content of the contribution of Primorye employees are revealed. It is concluded that socio-cultural activities are widespread among officials, including representatives of the regional and district administrations, as well as officials of the Main Directorate of the Amur Governorate General. The author established the main motives for the participation of representatives of the administration in the formation of new societies and socio-cultural objects: official duty, imitation of fashion, personal interest, social significance. The key areas of socio-cultural activities are identified — charity, care and science, as well as individual initiatives in the areas of education, creativity and art, leisure. The main forms of contribution are determined: participation, assistance in the development and approval of statutory documents, financial and material donations, personal guidance, search for like-minded people. The importance of activities to create societies and socio-cultural objects for building a dialogue between the administration and the population and strengthening the connection of officials with the region is noted.

Scientific research in the development of medical support for the nuclear fleet (to the 75th anniversary of the FMBA of Russia)

August 21, 2022 marks the 75th anniversary of the Federal Biomedical Agency, founded on the basis of the Third Main Directorate under the Ministry of Health of the USSR specifically «for the atomic project». The basis of the activities of the FMBA of Russia, as the world’s only scientific and practical community of scientists and specialists in various fields, are innovations and dual-use technologies aimed at preserving human life and health. The article discusses the main periods of formation and development of scientific research of the Research Institute of Industrial and Marine Medicine of the FMBA of Russia, aimed at ensuring radiation safety and medical support of the Russian nuclear fleet.

Early Soviet Economic Border Controls: East-West Dimension

In most studies early Soviet borders are explored as sites of confrontational interactions between the newly created communist state and local communities. Alternatively, they emerge in scholarly research as spaces of illegal transborder exchanges and commodities transfers, resulting in the loss of official revenues and gains for informal economies. Later, in increasingly politicized contexts, these interactions resulted in the gradual “cleansing” and “sealing” of borders. The current article argues that to regain control over the borders during their transition from bridgeheads of the revolution and commodity transit zones to hermetically sealed barriers and fortress walls that occurred throughout the 1920s - 1930s, the Soviet state for some time struggled in vain to discipline not only local communities, which used the newly created borders for their own means, but multiple border controllers themselves - border guards, but primarily the customs apparatus located along Russia’s lengthy borders. For almost a decade in the specific conditions of Eastern and Northwestern Soviet border sectors, the latter refused to abide to increasingly restrictive working conditions, abandon their privileges and rights, and to submit to the new border control agency - the Soviet Main Political Directorate (GPU). Ուսումնասիրությունների մեծ մասում վաղ խորհրդային սահմանները դիտարկվում են որպես նորաստեղծ կոմունիստական պետության և տեղական համայնքների միջև առճակատման վայրեր: Գիտական հետազոտություններում այդ տարածքները ներկայացվում են նաև որպես անօրինական անդրսահմանային փոխանակումների և ապրանքների փոխանցման տարածքներ, որոնք հանգեցնում էին պետական եկամուտների նվազման և անօրինական տնտեսությունների հարստացմանը: Հետագայում, ավելի ու ավելի քաղաքականացված համատեքստում, այս փոխազդեցությունները հանգեցրին սահմանների աստիճանական «մաքրման» և «կնքման»։

Timber industry activity of the GULAG correctional labor camps of the OGPU-NKVD of the USSR in the late 1920s - 1937

The article examines the activity of correctional labor camps specializing in timber industry in the Soviet Union in the period from the late 1920s to 1937, singled out as the first stage of development of this group of camp complexes. The definition of the concept of "forest" correctional labor camps is given. For the first time, an analysis of the timber industry activity of the camps was undertaken. "Forest" camps functioned in the areas of the largest Soviet cities (Moscow and Leningrad), in the European North, the Urals and Siberia. Their main function was reduced to the development of woodlands, timber harvesting, mechanical processing of forest resources developed to a lesser extent. Conclusions are drawn about the gradual expansion of the scale of the timber industry activity of correctional labor camps in the period from the late 1920s to 1937. However, at this stage, the volumes of harvesting and mechanical processing of wood by "forest" camps were insignificant against the background of the development of the forest industry in the country. The first multi–industry "forest" camp appeared - the White Sea-Baltic Combine, which had a strong influence on the development of the timber industry in the autonomous Karelian Republic. With the help of prisoners' labor, the construction of a pulp and paper enterprise in the Urals was carried out. The experience of using prisoners in the timber industry in the period from the late 1920s to 1937 was a significant groundwork for further enhancing the role of the Main Directorate of Camps of the NKVD of the USSR in the industry.

Legal foundations of the organization and activities of the Ukrainian SSR police in 1949–1950s

The main aspects of the structure of the police in 1949–1950 and the main directions of its activity have been studied. The changes in the Criminal Procedure Code of the Ukrainian SSR guided by the police in the performance of their law enforcement functions have been highlighted. It has been noted that the structure of local police bodies in the regions of Ukraine in the post-war period was of the same type, but could differ depending on operational conditions in the number of regular units. The most important change in the structure of the Ministry of Internal Affairs during this period was the transfer of the police to the Ministry of State Security in October 1949. The activities of the police were controlled and regulated by decisions and resolutions of the Communist Party of Ukraine. First of all, it concerned the selection of personnel and education of police personnel. The central governing body of the police was the Main Directorate of the Police. The police departments of the Union republics, regions, large cities, district departments and branches, military units of the police were subordinate to it. At the same time, the heads of these police bodies held the positions of deputy people’s commissars of internal affairs of the republics, heads of regional NKVD (People’s Commissary of Internal Affairs) departments, heads of departments and NKVD departments of cities and districts.
 The causes of crime in the specified period have been analyzed. Considerable attention has been paid to the work of the police in combating crime, which was carried out in the following areas: 1) prevention and detection of crimes by structural units of the police (criminal investigation and fight against theft of socialist property and speculation); 2) conducting inquiries and performing a number of investigative functions. Factors that did not allow the police to fully perform their functions in the fight against crime were: 1) insufficient use of scientific and technical means; 2) lack of an extensive agent-informant network; 3) lack of professional personnel; 4) violation of “socialist legality” during inquiry and investigation; 5) involvement of operatives of criminal investigation and employees of anti-theft of socialist property and speculation of the BRSVS (the department for combating embezzlement of socialist property and speculation) to perform functions that are not specific to them. The practical activity of police bodies for the protection of public order was determined by the following directions: 1) administrative activity (patrol in populated areas, compliance with the rules of the passport and permit system, regulation of street traffic); 2) involvement of state institutions, public organizations and citizens in cooperation; 3) creation of voluntary formations - police assistance brigades and public order protection groups.

Переводы ярлыков крымских ханов иудейскому населению Кырк-Ера (Чуфут-Кале) в архивах Российской Федерации (по материалам ГАРК и РГИА)

Research objectives: Introduction of archival materials for the history of the Jewish communities of Crimea in the Middle Ages and Modern Times into scientific discourse. Research materials: Study of funds of the Russian State Historical Archives (RGIA, St. Petersburg) and State Archives of the Republic of Crimea (GARK, Simferopol) resulted in the introduction of the materials related to the history of the Karaite community of Kyrk-Yer (Chufut-Kale) into scientific discourse. This includes little-known translations of yarliqs and fermans, securing the legal and economic status, issued at different times by the Crimean khans to representatives of the Karaite community. The translations into Russian were made in the second half of the nineteenth – early twentieth century by representatives of Russian academic circles, orientalists, historians, as well as officials of the institutions of the Taurida Governorate. Results and scientific novelty: The study considers a number of little-known documents related to the history of the Crimean Khanate, found in the archival collections of the Russian Federation. One of the earliest translations into Russian of the yarliq of the Crimean Khan Selyamet-Girey I (1608) from the collection of the Russian orientalist and statesman V.V. Grigoriev was discovered in fund No. 853 “Vasily Vasilyevich Grigoriev (1816–1881), professor of the history of the East of St. Petersburg University, governor of the Orenburg Kirghiz region, head of the Main Directorate for Press Affairs of the Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA)”. This document is particularly important because its original has not survived. Additionally, materials of the fund 241 “Taurida and Odessa Karaite Spiritual Government” of the State Archive of the Republic of Crimea (GARK) were found to contain documents, reporting the translations of the decisions of the “Kadiasker court”, as well as fermans to the Kyrk-Yer Jewish community of khans: Saadet-Girey I (1524), Inayet-Girey (1635), Mohammed-Girey IV (1642), Murad-Girey (1678–1683) and Saadet-Girey IV (1717–1724). The appendices to the article contain the full texts of the translations of the khan’s fermans into Russian made in the late 19th – early 20th centuries with the participation of prominent Russian orientalists. These documents are a valuable source for the scientific reconstruction of the past of the old nations of the Crimean peninsula in the Middle Ages and Modern Times, as well as the economic and legal life of representatives of various categories of the communities of the Crimean Khanate.

Organization of provision of medical equipment to the military level by wholesale pharmaceutical organizations and opportunities for its improvement

One of the main tasks of the main military medical directorate and the medical service of the district (fleet) is the complete and timely provision of medical equipment to military units (ships) in accordance with the territorial medical support system of the district (fleet). Military units and organizations calculate the need for medical equipment on the basis of supply standards, and taking into account the upcoming tasks by preparing and submitting to a higher authority the report and application documentation. The planned provision of medical equipment for military units and organizations of the district (fleet) is carried out once a year. The provision of medical equipment to military units (ships) is carried out through wholesale pharmaceutical organizations of the Ministry of Defense, such as the Center for Pharmacy and Medical Equipment and the Centers for the Provision of Medical Equipment and Property of the district (fleet) hereinafter Center for Pharmacy and Medical Technology. Since not all the centers for providing medical property of the district (fleet) have their own financial service and departments for conducting procurement procedures (contract groups), the provision of medical property of the military level is carried out by the forces from the property that comes centrally, and the property that comes centrally and property that will be purchased according to the procurement plan for the year in most cases by garrison hospitals. The range of medical equipment procured by a hospital is usually established and broader and more specific, the procurement of military-level medical equipment to provide military units of the district requires additional development of technical specifications for nomenclature unusual for hospitals and increases the burden on contract groups of hospitals. This article deals with the issue of providing a military unit with a decentralized order by the forces of the centers for providing medical equipment and property.

"It is impossible not only to provide for all the needs of places of detention caused by overcrowding, but also to feed prisoners": interdepartmental financial disputes on the eve of the birth of the Soviet camp system (1928-1929).

The subject of the study is the financial and economic prerequisites of the hardware confrontation on the strategy and priorities of the development of the Soviet correctional labor system, observed at the turn of the 1920s-1930s. Archival documents of that era are analyzed, indicating that the NKVD of the RSFSR and its subordinate Main Directorate of places of detention in the specified period experienced an acute shortage of funds for the maintenance of constantly an increasing contingent of prisoners. The leadership of the People's Commissariat (V. N. Tolmachev) and GUMZ (E. G. Shirvindt) made significant hardware efforts to eliminate the shortage of monetary resources and, with the support of the SNK of the RSFSR, sometimes even acted bypassing the People's Commissariat of Finance of the RSFSR for these purposes. Therefore, including for this reason, it categorically refused to participate in the financing of measures to create new correctional labor camps under the auspices of the OGPU. At the same time, representatives of the NKVD opposed the very idea of expanding the camp system and transferring other categories of prisoners to the OGPU in addition to those convicted of counterrevolutionary crimes. The article also cites other archival documents, which, together with the rest of the sources analyzed in it, cast doubt on the well-established opinion that the head of the NKVD V. N. Tolmachev was one of the initiators of the project of transition to a mass system of camp organization of forced labor of prisoners in the USSR.