Analysis Of Main Components Research Articles

Use of aster images for the detection of iron in the deposits of continental terminal 3 (Ct3) in the Arewa region, southwest of the Iullemmeden basin in Niger.

The present study was carried out in the south-western part of Niger. The study area corresponds to the Arewa region, which is located in the southwestern part of the Iullemmeden basin. The general objective of this work is to highlight the effectiveness of the ASTER image in mapping areas with showings of iron mineralization in the Continental Terminal 3 (Ct3) formation. Specifically, these areas are identified with major indices of iron oxides and hydroxides (Fe2O3 – Fe(OH)2) and goethite Fe(OH)3. The methodology implemented is based on band ratios and indices as well as the Main Component Analysis (PCA) were applied to the ASTER image of the study area and allowed the detection and mapping of anomalies related to the presence of iron in the Continental Terminal 3 formation. The band ratios applied to the bands of the ASTER image were very useful for mapping the distribution of iron in the study area and allowed to differentiate the spatial distribution of ferrous iron (Fe2+) and ferric iron (Fe3+) in the area. The Band 1/Band 2 and Band 2/Band 1 ratios were used to detect the spatial distribution of ferrous iron (Fe2+) and ferric iron (Fe3+) of the study area, respectively. The results of the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were very effective in detecting iron-associated minerals or groups of minerals in the area. The presence of iron oxide is predicted by Aster bands 1, 2 and 4 in CP3, which are distinguished by bright pixels. CP6 reveals negative effects of bands 7 and 8 on Fe(OH)-containing minerals.

Flow analysis and optimization study of main components of flow-type small hydro turbine system

Abstract Small hydro power generation refers to the production of electricity by harnessing the kinetic energy of water in small rivers or streams, typically generating up to 10 MW of power. The optimal shape combination of the watercone and turbine, according to the water flow rate, is crucial for maximizing the power generated. In this study, flow analysis using computational fluid dynamics was performed on Kaplan turbines to examine the effects of blade angle, volume flow rate and rotational speed on power generation. To ascertain the impact of variables on power generation, the internal flow field was examined. The findings demonstrated that an increased blade angle perpendicular to the flow direction resulted in a reduced incidence of vortices and cavitation formations within the turbine wake. A predictive model was generated using a design of experiment and response surface methodology to generate a predictive model to find the power generation for flow rates, blade angles and rotational speed within the experimental range.

A Perspective on the Process and Turbomachinery Design of Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems

Abstract The present paper will describe the Baker Hughes experience in the development of the turbomachinery equipment for Hydrostor's advanced compressed air energy storage (A-CAES) system. At the core of a compressed air energy storage (CAES) plant, there is an air compressing system, followed by an air expander used to recover the stored energy. To achieve a reliable and effective solution, the expander is obtained from the architecture of Baker Hughes steam turbines, which was adapted to match the specific process needs. The criticalities that were addressed and solved to derive the expanders from the original steam turbine are presented. Specifically, the paper describes the activities performed to optimize the inlet and exhaust sections of each segment, the development of the blades for high atmospheric volume flow, and the implications that thermal transients have on the machine reliability. The inlet and exhaust sections were arranged according to the layout constraints, which were set to mitigate the effects of the thermal stresses and to reduce the weight to facilitate the machine transportation, while maintaining high aero-performance. As for the expander, a single-body configuration was selected to optimize capital expenditures and reduce leakage to atmosphere. A new set of blades derived from Baker Hughes's Steam Turbine stages were developed. This new stage is characterized by rotating blades with high radius ratio (HRR); therefore, an optimization strategy was adopted to include the mechanical constraints from the beginning of the design cycle and obtain a final geometry that can be used with different flow path and operating conditions. Finally, the three-dimensional full Navier Stokes Computational fluid dynamics analysis was used to assess the performance of the new stages in nominal and off-design conditions. A detailed analysis of the thermal transient of the expander parts with finite element analysis methods was performed to assess the life expectations of the equipment. The finite element analysis results are discussed in the paper to show the capability of the machine to sustain an extremely fast start up sequence. Compressor train is characterized by a multiple body configuration. A detailed optimization was performed to improve the efficiency and the availability of the selected solution. The low-pressure axial compressor discharge section has been optimized to reduce losses and a detailed study of rotor has been performed to evaluate the capability to withstand a high number of start and stop cycles.

Analysis of Main Components of Five Mulberry Varieties in Tropics.

Mulberries (Morus alba L.) contain rich and beneficial nutrients for human health. However, as a temperate adaptive species, high-temperature and high-humidity climate conditions may alter the main nutritional value of mulberries after their intended arrival in tropical regions, which has not yet been reported on. In this study, we analyzed the differences in morphology, sugars, organic acids, free amino acids, and aroma contents of five mulberry varieties in the tropics between two harvesting periods. The results show that the full-ripe fruits of M. laevigata W (TLM) have the longest fruit length (83.67 mm) and highest brix (25.90); meanwhile, full-ripe fruits of M. atropurpurea R (D10M) have the longest fruit transverse stem (20.00 ± 0.577 mm) and single-fruit weight (9.63 ± 0.033 g). Fructose, glucose, and sucrose were the main sugars, and oxalic acid, quinic acid, malic acid, and citric acid were the main organic acids in all varieties; in addition, the sucrose content in mature fruits of M. laevigata W. (BLM) and M. alba L. BZZ (BZM) was significantly higher than other sugars. Twenty free amino acids were detected in all five varieties and asparagine was the main free amino acid. A total of 100 volatile compounds were identified, including 31 esters, 20 aldehydes, 14 hydrocarbons, 11 alcohols, 10 acids, 6 ketones, and 8 others. Although the main components of five mulberry full-ripe fruits were significantly higher than the green-ripe fruits, gamma-amino butyric acid and a few other components were otherwise. The research results show that the tropical climate conditions could increase the main nutritional components of mulberries, but the specific molecular regulatory mechanisms need to be further analyzed.

Mineralogy and rare earth elements spatial distribution in the carboniferous rocks of the eastern El Galala El Bahariya, Egypt

The Carboniferous rocks in the eastern part of El Galala El Bahariya were investigated using integrated field and laboratory techniques to determine their mineralogy, rare earth elements (REEs) distribution, and structural lineament density. The succession is mainly composed of argillaceous and minor arenaceous rocks, exhibiting variations in lithology across the study area. The essential minerals of these rocks are quartz, kaolinite, and illite. The accessory minerals include microcline, gypsum, anhydrite, halite, barite, hematite, pyrite, anatase and gibbsite, in addition to, the radioactive and REEs-bearing minerals such as uranophane, xenotime, monazite, and zircon. These minerals are reported in the rocks of the study area for the first time. The types, forms, habits, and modes of occurrence of the recorded minerals indicate multiple origins: allogenic–authigenic, and primary-secondary. REEs in the rocks exhibit enriched patterns with a negative Eu anomaly, likely due to low plagioclase content or and/or Eu removal by alteration processes. The distribution of REEs is influenced by textural attributes, with finer sediments in the southern part showing higher REEs content, ascribed to the high clay content and presence of gibbsite. The preferential mobility of LREEs is evident, explaining elevated LREEs/HREEs ratios in the rocks. Utilizing remote sensing techniques, lithological units and alteration zones were determined using decorrelation stretch and band ratio methods. The structural features, identified by Laplacian filter and edge enhancement, revealed the presence of NW–SE, N–S, and NE–SW faults that structurally regulate alteration zones and REEs distribution. These alteration zones are associated with clay minerals, REEs concentrations, and high lineament structure density. Spatial distribution maps highlight higher REEs concentrations in the southern part of the study area. These findings were validated using various analytical methods, including mineralogical and geochemical investigations, main component analysis, minimum noise fraction, decorrelation stretch, and spectral reflectance studies. They provide new insights into the REEs potential of the Carboniferous rocks and heighten our understanding of REEs genesis and distribution in the region.

Multiple analyses of main flavor components in reconstituted tobacco and transfer behavior of their key substances during heating.

Reconstituted tobacco (RT) is a product made by reprocessing tobacco waste, experiencing a growing demand for heat-not-burn products. The purpose of this study is to analyze the main flavor ingredients in RT aerosol, as well as the transfer behavior of key flavor substances from substrates to aerosol and the concentrations of these compounds in the substrate after heating. First, we demonstrated that the odor of four RT aerosol samples could be distinguished using an electronic nose. Through non-targeted analysis, 93 volatile compounds were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and 286 non/semi-volatile compounds were identified by ultra-high-performance liquid electrophoresis chromatography-mass spectrometry in aerosol. Furthermore, we found that the formation of RT aerosol involves primarily evaporation and distillation, however, the total content delivered from unheated RT samples to aerosol remains relatively low due to compound volatility and cigarette filtration. Thermal reactions during heating indicated the pyrolysis of chlorogenic acid to generate catechol and resorcinol, while Maillard reactions involving glucose and proline produced 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4h-pyran-4-one. The study highlighted that heating RTat approximately 300°C could mitigate the production of harmful substances while still providing a familiar sensory experience with combusted tobacco.

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Consortia in Six Vegetable Crops in the Tepeaca Valley, Puebla, Mexico

The objectives of this work were to search for and evaluate arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in six crops of agricultural importance in the horticultural region of Tepeaca valley, Puebla, Mexico, where Cambisols type soil predominates since the communities and consortia of AMF and their functionality in various crops of economic importance in Mexico are still unknown. The search for and identification of AMF spores was carried out in dif ferent vegetable crops. Five subsamples were collected from 6 dif ferent crop fields with vegetables (cilantro, cabbage, spinach, parsley, lettuce, and pumpkin); each subsample consisted of soil and roots. Roots 5 mm long were selected and stained using the Phillips-Hayman technique. Spore extractions and physicochemical determinations (soil texture, pH, relative humidity (RH), and electrical conductivity (EC)) were performed from soil. The results obtained from staining showed vesicles and spores in roots except in the pumpkin subsamples; of spore extractions from the soil of the six crops, 9 genera and 14 morphotypes of mycorrhizae were found, highlighting Funneliformis mosseae, Claroideoglomus Claroideum, and Glomus sp. as dominant species. By soil physicochemical characterizations were found: sandy texture, pH between 5.8 to 6.8; RH of 9.4 to 13%, and EC of 0.10 to 0.93 mS cm-1. In conclusion, the analyses of similarity and main components suggested that species of vegetables and soil conditions do not af fect the spore abundance, but they do af fect the richness and composition of AMF species, observing particular mycorrhizal consortia for each crop; therefore, it is suggested to evaluate their ef fectiveness in each of the crops to promote them as biofertilizer in the agricultural region of Tepeaca valley, Puebla, Mexico.

The link between hypertension and stroke

Introduction: Diet plays a crucial role in managing hypertension and preventing stroke. This study explores how different dietary patterns influence blood pressure and stroke risk in hypertensive patients. Objective: To investigate the relationship between dietary patterns and their impact on hypertension and stroke risk among hypertensive patients. Methods: At Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Islamabad, 58 hypertension patients with a stroke history participated in a cross-sectional study. Three dietary patterns were found by main component analysis of the food frequency questionnaire used to measure dietary intake: traditional, western, and health-conscious. Blood pressure readings were taken, and the relationship between eating habits and stroke risk was assessed using logistic regression analysis. Results: Lower systolic (140 ± 12 mm Hg) and diastolic (90 ± 8 mm Hg) blood pressure was recorded in participants following a health-conscious diet pattern than in those following Traditional (150 ± 15 mm Hg systolic, 95 ± 10 mm Hg diastolic) or Western (160 ± 18 mm Hg systolic, 100 ± 12 mm Hg diastolic). Stroke risk was increased with the Western eating pattern (OR = 1.35, p = 0.005) and decreased with the health-conscious pattern (OR = 0.75, p = 0.020). Conclusion: Dietary habits have a big impact on how well hypertensive people control their blood pressure and how likely stroke is. Changing to a health-conscious diet can help control hypertension and lower the risk of stroke, which emphasizes the importance of dietary therapies and public health initiatives to encourage good eating habits.

Analysis of main components of Lake Toba’s water quality in different seasons

Lake Toba is one of the largest lakes in North Sumatra Province, Indonesia. Its waters are used for multiple purposes, constituting an important natural and economic resource. Most of the waters of Lake Toba come from the overflow of disposal of agriculture, livestock, fisheries, tourism, households, and other activities. The present study identified water quality based on total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chlorophyll-a and other water quality parameters carried out at 60 sampling sites grouped into 6 observation stations, i.e., control areas (located in the middle and far from direct activities), community floating net cages, company floating net cages, settlement, hospitality, and river mouths. The main water quality components were very dynamic at the monitoring stations in three seasons (rainy, transition, and dry). Total nitrogen concentration tended to be higher in the rainy season than in the transition and dry seasons. However, all stations tended to be classified as mesotrophic or higher in all seasons, with total nitrogen concentrations greater than 12.5 mg L–1. Total phosphorus at the six stations was highly dynamic in all seasons and tended to decrease in the dry season. The concentration of total phosphorus was higher at the settlement and hospitality stations than at the other stations. The total phosphorus of the settlement and hospitality stations reached 0.18 mg L–1 and 0.17 mg L–1, respectively, in the rainy season. In general, total phosphorus concentrations in the waters of Lake Toba were above 0.1 mg L–1, which allowed the lake to be classified as above mesotrophic status.

KARAKTERISTIK HABITAT IKAN CUPANG LIAR (WILD BETTA) ENDEMIK SEBAGAI DASAR PENGEMBANGAN POTENSI BUDIDAYA DI KABUPATEN LABUHANBATU RAYA

Wild betta fish has high economic value as one of the ornamental fish commodities in Indonesia. The potential for cultivation development so far has not been maximized so that it still relies on the results of capture from nature. The main key to the development of wild fish farming is actually dependent on food conversion and water quality. Water quality management must adjust to its habitat in nature, however, the study of the physical chemical parameters of wild betta fish waters endemic to Sumatra has not been widely reported. Studies related to habitat characteristics can be used as the basis for aquaculture management in the future. This study aims to analyze the condition of the physical parameters of aquatic chemistry in the natural habitat of wild betta fish in the Regency Labuhanbatu Selatan, Labuhanbatu, and Labuhanbatu Utara. This research is exlorative by observing physical and chemical factors carried out insitu and exitu. The research data is analyzed quantitatively, presented discriptively and discussed based on relevant literature. The results of the main component analysis (Principal Component Analysis) show the main characteristic parameters of wild betta fish habitat in the form of: BOD, COD, DO, conductivity, temperature, and pH. Based on the results of UPGMA analysis, the percentage of similarity of stations 1 and 2 (90.5%) while station 3 (83.6%). It was concluded that the key parameters for wild betta fish farming activities are BOD, COD, DO, conductivity, temperature, and pH and these parameters need to be measured continuously.

Plant Leaf Disease Identification and Classification using Deep Learning Technique

In countries like India, whose important occupation is agriculture, face a huge loss when the crops get affected by any type of disease. These diseases attack the crops in various stages and can destroy the entire production. Since most diseases are transmitted from one crop to another there is an essential requirement to detect the type of disease in the early stage so that farmers can take the required action to “save the crops” and production. However, detection of the kind of disease in a huge amount of crops is very difficult for farmers, and sometimes it becomes more difficult due to lake of knowledge about the disease since there are various kinds of diseases. The automated detection of crop disease with images has been done using many classification techniques, such as k- Nearest Neighbor Classifier, Probabilistic Neural Network, Genetic Algorithm, Support Vector Machine, and Main Component Analysis, Artificial Neural Network, and Fuzzy Logic. In this paper to improve detection capability, CNN has been used with an available database having sufficient knowledge of the disease. In this simulation, analysis of CNN-based leaf disease detection has been done for different values of learning rate and with different training algorithms. K-fold cross-validation has been used for the validation of the classifier. With this configuration, ~90% accuracy has been achieved

Typological characterization of beekeepers in Campeche state, Mexico

Background: Beekeeping is a livestock activity that brings multiple benefits to humanity, in addition to its cultural value; therefore, it requires focused intervention within the framework of rural extension projects to optimize economic resources and capacities. Objective: To characterize the typology of the beekeepers that make up the honey production chain in the municipalities of Campeche, Calkiní, and Hopelchén in the State of Campeche. Methods: Surveys were applied to 220 beneficiary producers, stratified in terms of subsistence without market linkage (E1) and subsistence with market access (E2). Twenty social, economic, and technological variables were studied by main component and cluster analyses. Results: Five variables explain 65.81% of the variance: schooling, production experience, number of hives, yield/hive, and production per year. Four beekeeper profiles were identified. Type I includes beekeepers with 10 years of experience, production of 107.80 kg per year, and yield of 6.7 kg. Type II beekeepers have higher technological index, ten more years of productive experience, and completed basic education. Type III includes young beekeepers with completed high school and with the highest production of honey and yield and the same technological index as Type II. Type IV, elderly beekeepers with work logic more linked to the social and solidarity economy, all speaker of Mayan language with traditional organization schemes that obtain better yields per hive and honey production than Type I and II. Conclusions: This proposal can be used to typify producers from other regions in the context of Rural Extension Programs with a focused and differentiated vision in which development routes are required. Type III beekeepers could be the focus of Rural Extension Projects.

The Influence of Image Perception on Favorability towards Women’s Hairstyles among Men in their 20s and 30s

This study investigates the influence of female hairstyle images on men in their 20s and 30s, identifies how hairstyles affect images and image adjectives suitable for each hairstyle. The survey method used its own survey method for men in their 20s and 30s, and collected 300 survey analysis data for analysis, excluding 11 nonconformities. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS 29.0 program to conduct technical statistical analysis of image adjectives by hairstyle, and factor analysis and reliability analysis were used to investigate the validity and reliability of image influences and preferences. For specific analysis, the main component analysis uses the Varimax analysis method and the results are as follows. To express purity, straight hair with a length of more than medium, long hair to express sexiness, short hair to express intelligence, and short perm to express cute appearance are more effective. This can be directed with the situation, the other person, and the image you want. It is expected that it will serve as basic data to play a social role with men and express each individual’s personality, while also serving as basic marketing data for image transformation in the hair industry.

Ba theory applied in clay pot irrigation for smallholder farmers in brazilian Eastern Amazon

The objective of this work was to apply the theoretical “Ba” of knowledge management in the “Ba” space, having as its place of evolution the Technological Reference Unit (TRU) with clay pots that reuse rainwater to keep crops irrigated with clay pots on rural properties, in the Eastern Brazilian Amazon. Installed in 2016 in the community of Lavras in Santarém, being a place frequently visited by those interested in learning about the technology. The irrigation has low energy consumption, as the rainwater is distributed to the pots by gravitational force and it is possible to diversify agricultural crops, types of arrangements and different strategies to provide new financial gains for rural producers, due to the possibility of production in dry periods. The TRU is a space where research, teaching, extension and rural producers work in evolutionary partnership. The analysis of main components showed that farmers significantly expanded their knowledge, adding quality of life and improving family income, after installing IrrigaPote. The location is typical of a “Ba” space with sustainable collective learning, pointing out indicators in the social, environmental and economic scope, which can be replicated by rural family-based farmers interested in the efficient use of water, in irrigated crops anywhere in the world terrestrial.

Exploring the importance of m5c in the diagnosis and subtype classification of COPD using the GEO database

5-Methylcytosine (m5C) is an mRNA modifier that is associated with the occurrence and development of viral infection, pulmonary fibrosis, lung cancer, and other diseases. However, the role of m5C regulators in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains unknown. In this study, by analysing the GSE42057 dataset, the differential expression of m5c regulators in the COPD group and control group was obtained, and a correlation analysis was conducted. The random forest model and support vector machine model were used to predict the occurrence of COPD. A nomogram model was also constructed to predict the prevalence of COPD. The COPD patients were divided into subtypes by consistent cluster analysis based on m5c methylation regulators. Immune cell infiltration was performed on the m5c methylation subtypes. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between m5c methylation subtypes were screened, and the DEGs were analysed by Gene Ontology (GO) Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Finally, we verified the expression of several m5C regulators and related pathways using a COPD cell model. Seven m5c methylation regulators were differentially expressed. The random forest model based on the above genes was the most accurate for predicting the occurrence of COPD. A nomogram model based on the above genes could also accurately predict the prevalence of COPD, and the implementation of these models could benefit COPD patients. The consistent cluster analysis divided the COPD patients into two subtypes (Cluster A and Cluster B). The main component analysis algorithm determined the m5c methylation subtypes and found that patients in Cluster A had a higher m5c score than those in Cluster B. GO analysis of the DEGs between the m5c methylation COPD patient subtypes revealed that DEGS were mainly enriched in leukocyte-mediated immunity and regulation of T-cell activation. KEGG analysis revealed that DEGS were mainly enriched in Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and the NF-κB signalling pathway. Immunocyte correlation analysis revealed that Cluster B was associated with neutrophil- and macrophage-mediated immunity, while Cluster A was associated with CD4+T-cell- and CD8+T-cell-mediated immunity. Cell experiments have also verified some of the above research results. The diagnosis and subtype classification of COPD patients based on m5c regulators may provide a new strategy for the diagnosis and treatment of COPD.

The Effect of Appearance Satisfaction on Appearance Management Interest and Appearance Management Behavior: Focused on Men in their 20s and 30s

This study investigated the effect of appearance satisfaction on appearance management interest and appearance management behavior in men in their 20s and 30s. Based on these results, it was found that appearance satisfaction affects appearance management interest and appearance management behavior. The survey method was self-managed for men in their 20s and 30s. We collected 300 copies of survey analysis data, excluding 11 copies that were not suitable for analysis. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS 29.0 program, the usual rights were analyzed prominently, and the validity and reliability of AI-based certification were analyzed for characteristics and reliability. For certain analyses, the Varimax analysis method was used for the main component analysis. The analysis results are as follows. The increase in appearance satisfaction was found to have a positive effect on appearance management interest and appearance management behavior, and social appearance interest was found to be negative for appearance management behavior hair care and physical management. Among the interests of appearance management, personal interest in appearance had a positive effect on appearance management behavior.

Mexicans vs Central Americans: Violented Migrants Crossing Mexico.

The World Health Organization considers that migrants who pass through the Mexico-US walkway suffer high levels of violence, compared to other regions of the world, mainly women. This study aims to identify the factors associated with the types of violence suffered by migrants in transit through Mexico to the USA. A cross-sectional, exploratory, retrospective, and observational study was conducted. A questionnaire of 46 variables was applied, divided into four sections: sociodemographic background, leaving the home, transit, and stay at the border. Questions about different types of direct violence were included. The survey was applied to 612 Mexican and Central American migrants who were in the Chaparral customs office and in five shelters in Tijuana City, on the U.S.-Mexico border. The results were analyzed using descriptive techniques and multivariate analysis of main and inferential components, using the statistical program R. The higher vulnerability of Central American migrants compared to Mexicans was documented, specially of women that proportionally were the most negatively affected victims including all types of violence, making it evident that one of each four was violented sexually and among them, only 50% asked for medical assistance. The multivariate analysis determined that the duration of the trip, and the type of transport can generate greater violence. The results highlight the greater vulnerability of Central American migrants in their transit through Mexico, mainly women and, likewise, the lack of effective public policies that guarantee the protection of the health, safety, and human rights of migrants.

Determination of the content of major chemical components and bioactive compounds and antioxidant ability of Hong Quan (Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch) fruit cultivated in An Giang, Vietnam

Hong Quan (Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch) is a new fruit that has appeared recently and it is cultivated with other orchards or under forest canopy of Tri Ton and Tinh Bien district at An Giang province. Since this fruit has not been popularized in Vietnam, there is a shortage in research about chemical compositions of Hong Quan. Therefore, quantitative analysis of main chemical components, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of this kind of fruit need to be carried out to enhance its applications in food. Results showed that Hong Quan fruits contain 76.50% ± 2.56 of moisture, carbohydrate is 24.86% ± 1.54, protein is 9.19% ± 0.49, lipid is 0.68% ± 0.21, total sugar is 10,91% ± 0.88, ash is 1.05% ± 0.08, fiber is 8.39% ± 0.95 and vitamin C is 81.62 ± 3.99 mg/100g. The content of bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, phenolics, tannins, alkaloids, saponins and flavonoids were 9.87 ± 0.40 mg/100g, 456.32 ± 23.81 mgGAE/100g, 944.08 ± 26.31 mgTAE/100g, 586.68 ± 44.56 mgCE/100g, 20.87 ± 2.00 mgSE/100g and 65.95 ± 2.92 mgQE/100g fresh weight respectively. Moreover, antioxidant capacity of extract ethanol from fruit was high level as the free radical scavenging ability (DPPH) at 88.65% ± 1.23, the ability to reduce iron (FRAP) at 15.24 ± 0.26 mM FeSO4/100g and the antioxidant ability index (AAI) at 8.13 ± 0.82. Hong Quan fruit promisingly could be a good source of commercial processing products or cosmetic due to high level of nutrients and functional compounds.

Multivariate Statistical Methods Used in Determining the Hydrogeochemical Surfaces of Groundwater in Yusufiya District

For the importance of groundwater and being the second natural source of water after surface water, it is necessary to know the quality, features and hydrological surfaces of this water. For this reason, 15 wells were chosen in the Al Yusufiyah sub-district to study the quality of groundwater based on multivariate statistical methods as well as the Piper chart. These methods proved successful in characterizing the study of groundwater chemistry and can be relied upon for ground and surface water in other regions. The quality of the groundwater in Al Yousifiyah, according to Piper’s scheme, the alkalinity increases with the presence of sulfate and chloride, depending on the type of soil. From the analysis of the correlation matrix, the totals were found to be Ca, Mg, and Cl., Ca, Mg, Cl, and SO4, as well as Ca, Na, Mg, Cl, SO4, and HCO3. From the mass analysis, the first K, second Na, third Ca, fourth Mg, SO4 and fifth Cl, HCO3 were obtained. Finally, from the main component analysis, hydrogeochemical facies were found: Cl, SO4, Ca, HCO3, Mg, and Na, Respectively.

Biochar in different topsoil type as alternative for increase the cassava development and soil quality

The biochar applied to the soil create complex interactions that impact the plant development and soil quality. However, these interactions may vary among different sources to produce the biochar, the soil type, and plant cultivated. Here, we hypothesized that biochar from different sources exhibit different behaviors on different types of topsoil and impact on cassava growth. To test this hypothesis, one field experiment was implemented in a completely randomized design and double factorial scheme (2 x 4), combining two kinds of topsoils (Acrisol or Luvisol), and four sources of biochar: bean husk (BHB), soursop residue (SRB), coffee grounds (CGB) and control (CONT: soil without biochar), with four repetitions. Our analysis revealed that biochar applied to the two topsoil positively affected the cassava growth, such as number of leaves, plant height and fresh mass. The topsoil promoted increases in K+. BBH biochar added to Luvisol topsoil was considerably effective in promote the cassava growth and increase soil quality by increases the soil fertility, improving soil conditioning by increasing K+ levels. Overall, our findings expand our knowledge about biochar applied to topsoil and add important information that can be suitable for future exploration and the development of alternative strategies to waste reuse, increase plant production, and promote soil health. Keywords: biocarbon, soil fertility; soil enzyme, management practices, main component analysis.