Main Communication Routes Research Articles

Zastosowanie systemów informacji geograficznej (GIS) w dydaktyce geograficznej przykład ćwiczeń terenowych „Geografia turyzmu i hotelarstwa”

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie możliwości zastosowania Systemów Informacji Geograficznej (GIS) dla celów dydaktycznych na kierunku Turystyka i Rekreacja na przykładzie ćwiczeń terenowych „Geografia turyzmu i hotelarstwa”. Zasięg przestrzenny badań terenowych, prowadzonych w ramach ćwiczeń, obejmował obszar sołectwa Spała. Podczas ćwiczeń zastosowano dwie przestrzenne metody określenia funkcji turystycznej: zdjęcie użytkowania ziemi oraz bonitację punktową. Ćwiczenia zrealizowano z użyciem technologii i narzędzi GIS, w tym oprogramowania ArcGIS 10.4 (desktop) oraz umożliwiającego pracę w chmurze portalu ArcGIS Online. Przeprowadzone ćwiczenia pozwoliły na scharakteryzowanie funkcji turystycznej sołectwa Spała.

Characterization of the instability mechanisms affecting slopes on carbonatic Flysch: Alicante (SE Spain), case study

The studied Flysch sequence of Alicante occupies a widely populated area crossed by main communication routes. The slopes existing on this area usually suffer slope instabilities that cause substantial damage and a very high maintenance cost. In order to assess the type of instability mechanisms affecting these heterogeneous carbonatic slopes, in this paper a wide inventory of 194 Flysch rock slopes has been performed, reporting the existing lithologies, their competence and their relative arrangement and the geometrical relationship between bedding and the slope and the associated instability mechanism. All these data have been jointly used for performing an instability mechanisms characterization. For systematically characterizing the wide type of complex rock exposures existing in the study area, they are divided into basic units referred as lithological pattern columns to which the different observed instability mechanisms are associated. Inventoried instability mechanisms are diverse and sometimes are combined with each other. Rockfalls are a very common instability mechanism associated to the differential weathering and sapping of the marly lithologies which are present in a wide number of geometrical combinations. The other instability mechanisms closely depend on the combination of the geometrical and lithological parameters. Therefore, this work provides a new basic tool which can be easily used during preliminary project stages for knowing the instability mechanisms which can affect rock slopes excavated on carbonatic Flysch heterogeneous geological formations.

Angelberga: il monastero di San Sisto di Piacenza e il corso del fiume Po

This study analyzes the dower of Angelberga (ca. 831-891), wife of emperor Louis II. Angelberga played a significant political role during her marriage and after her husband’s death; moreover she accumulated an impressive patrimony. Angelberga gathered a great number of landed properties, partly through donations from her husband and partly thanks to personal acquisitions. In 877 the empress left her wealth to the monastery of St. Sisto, which she had founded in Piacenza. This article offers a detailed analysis of the location of Angelberga’s properties, showing that most of these properties were situated in the proximity of the Po river: this location allowed for the control of the main communication routes of the Italic Kingdom. Moreover, Angelberga’s landholdings lay in areas controlled by the Supponids, the powerful natal family of the empress. The article concludes that the creation of her wealth, and of the monastery that resulted from it, shows a convergence of economic and political interests between royalty and local aristocracy, represented by the powerful familial group of the empress.

DIE ROL VAN DIE SEEMAG IN DUITS SUIDWES-AFRIKA 1914-15

At the outbreak of World War I the German colony of South West Africa poseda serious threat to the British war effort.' The colony wn situated on the main andsefest British supply and communication route to the eut, and It was therefore of theutmost Importance that It should fall Into Allied hands. Otherwise the harbours ofUideritzbucht, Walflsch Bay and Swakopmund might be used by the German Pacificsquadron - then operating off the South American Cont, and strong radio transmittersof the colony could keep the German High Command well Informed of the situationIn the southern hemisphere.General Botha, Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa, agreed to a Britishrequest to send an expedition against the German colony, but before this could getunder way, a serious rebellion broke out In the Union. The defeat of Cradock's squadronat Coronel and the prnenca of von Spee's warships in the Atlantic added to theanxietln of the South African leaders.For the next two months the Admiralty'. Inability to provide an adequate escortfor the expeditionary foree and the dlaorganlaetlon of the Union Defence Forenby the rebellion upset the South African plans for the campaign In South West Africa.Only with the defeat of von Spee at the Falkland Islands and the capitulation of theprincipal rebel forees In South Africa was It possibleto launch the expedition effectively.

Grave 22 of the Belgrade necropolis in Karaburma: Retrospective and perspective

Keltska nekropola nađena na beogradskoj Karaburmi i dalje je jedno od znacajnijih nalazista za interpretaciju povijesnih, ekonomskih i kulturnih procesa koji su se zbivali na podrucju srednjega Balkana u vremenu od pocetka 4. do konca 1. stoljeca. Ispred svega, predstavlja najobimniji izvor za pojasnjenje kronologije najstarije keltske prisutnosti na tom prostoru, te pruža mogucnost ilustracije kulturnih i ekonomskih razmjera u mreži u koju su sami bili ukljuceni. Naime, prostor je spoja Save i Dunave bio prostorom gdje su se koncentrirale i razvijale tehnoloske inovacije i ujedno prostorom gdje su se filtrirali politicki, vojni i gospodarski kontakti. Na nekropoli, nedvojbeno pripadajucoj regionalnoj vojnoj eliti, istupa nekoliko grobova u kojima su, pored standardnih priloga iz okvira regionalne materijalne kulture, svoje mjesto nasli i predmeti podrijetlom iz sireg prostora, kako latenskog tako i južnog balkanskog svijeta. Među njima, narocito istupa grob broj 22 kod kojega je bilo moguce prepoznati i pojasniti ispreplitanje tradicija i inovacija, te kulturnih ispreplitanja i međusobnih prožimanja.

Development and Distribution of Private Microfirms in Mid-Size Polish Towns During the Transformation Period

Abstract The objective of the paper is to present the development and distribution of microfirms in mid-size Polish towns during the years of transformation of the political system. Research comprised towns with a population numbering from 20 thousand to 100 thousand inhabitants. According to the Central Office of Statistics reporting standards it is recognized that micro enterprises are economic entities employing up to nine people. Research has shown that a dynamic growth of microfirms took place during the transformation period in mid-size Polish towns. Majority of them came into being in towns with high tourism values located near border crossing points, along the main communication routes, on the edge of great urban-industrial agglomerations and towns located within special economic zones. On the other hand, the least number of microfirms were recorded in towns with less than 50 thousand inhabitants, usually peripherally located in a given voivodship.

Noise effects of reducing traffic flow through a Spanish city

Towards the end of 1999, the building of one of the main communication routes in Spain was finished, the A-3 motorway, which connects Madrid and Valencia. So far, this road was running through the town Motilla de Palancar, province of Cuenca. The opening of the last section of the motorway on 3 December 1999, re-routes all the traffic passing through the town. This study makes a comparative of the noise levels before and after the opening of the motorway that goes through Motilla de Palancar.

Organization and Work of the War Hospital in Tomislavgrad during the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1992 to 1995

The work of the War Hospital in Tomislavgrad during the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1992 to 1995 is described. The War Hospital in Tomislavgrad was one of the first medical institutions organized in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with the intention of providing surgical treatment and care to soldiers, local civilians, and refugees who found shelter in this part of the country. It was located on the main communication route connecting Bosnia and Herzegovina and the south part of Croatia. During the 4-year period, 23,191 examinations, of which 8,341 were first-time examinations, and 1,547 surgical operations were performed. The hospital provided a high level of surgical and anesthesiology service in an area where none existed before the war. All patients were treated regardless of their nationality or religion, thus mitigating the consequences of the war.

A lectin horseradish peroxidase study of the origin of ascending fibers in the medial forebrain bundle of the rat. The upper brainstem

The origins of projections within the medial forebrain bundle from the upper brainstem were examined with the horseradish peroxidase technique. Labeled cells were found in approximately 15 upper brainstem nuclei following injections of a conjugate of horseradish peroxidase and wheat germ agglutinin at various levels of the medial forebrain bundle. Labeled nuclei included (from caudal to rostral): dorsal and ventral parabrachial nuclei; Kolliker-Fuse nucleus; dorsolateral tegmental nucleus; A7 (lateral pontine tegmentum medial to lateral lemniscus); median and dorsal raphe nuclei; distinct group of cells oriented mediolaterally in the dorsal pontine tegmentum below the central gray; B9 (ventral midbrain tegmentum dorsal to medial lemniscus); retrorubral nucleus; nucleus of Darkschewitsch, interfascicular nucleus; rostral and caudal linear nuclei; ventral tegmental area; medial part of substantia nigra, pars compacta; and the supramammillary nucleus. With the exception of the ventral parabrachial nucleus, Kolliker-Fuse, A7, B9 and substantia nigra, pars compacta, each of the nuclei mentioned above sent strong projections along the medial forebrain bundle to the rostral forebrain. Sparse labeling was observed throughout the pontine and midbrain reticular formation. With the exception of the dorsal raphe nucleus, projections to the most anterior regions of the medial forebrain bundle (level of the anterior commissure) essentially only arose from presumed dopamine-containing nuclei—retrorubral nucleus (A8 area), interfascicular nucleus, rostral and caudal linear nuclei, substantia nigra pars compacta, and ventral tegmental area. Evidence was reviewed indicating that major forebrain sites of termination for these dopaminergic nuclei are structures that have been collectively referred to as the ‘ventral striatum’. It is concluded from the present findings that several pontine and mesencephalic cell groups are in a position to exert a strong, direct effect on structures in the anterior forebrain and that the medial forebrain bundle is the main communication route between the upper brainstem and the forebrain.

L'aménagement hydroélectrique du territoire de la baie James

The James Bay Hydro Company has been mandated by the Government of Quebec to develop the waterways in the territory of James Bay to meet electricity requirements in the 1980's. The territory has a total area of 176 000 km2 , i.e. Close to one-third of the area of France. Whereas earlier projects, the Churchill and the Maniconagan - Outardes heads, (had been developed quite near the main communication routes, those in James Bay were developed in a quasi-Siberian environment where it was necessary to construct the transport and accommodation infrastructure. After ten years of work, over 85 % of the initial phase of the La Grande Riviere hydro-electric plant has now been completed. However, the development of the territory's rivers is far from complete. Twenty years will be needed to complete the second phase of the complex and implement two other projects : the Grande Riviere de la Baleine plant and the Nottaway, Broadback and Rupert river complex. The initial phase of the La Grande Complex - as it is known - includes the construction of three power stations, La Grande 2, La Grande 3 and La Grande 4 on the La Grande river. This river drains a 98 000 km2 basin with an average now of 1700013/sec. The underground station of La Grande 2, whose sixteen turbo-generator sets produce a total installed power of 5328 MW, has been in operation since 1981. The dam (length at the crest : 2835 m, height 160 m), has necessitated a 23 million m3 of earth fill, i.e. the same volume as was required for the thirty dykes retaining the water of the 2835 km2 reservoir. The spillway can discharge 15 300 m3/sec. The La Grande 3 station is equipped with twelve Francis turbines driving the same number of generators, which will produce 12.3 billion kWh. The first set was commissioned in June of last year. The La Grande 3 dam, the longest of the complex was completed in October 1980. The construction required a total volume of rockfill of 22.2 million m3. The 2460 km2 reservoir is confined by 67 dykes. The spillway is designed to discharge 10 100 m3/sec. The La Grande 4 station, like La Grande 3, is overground. With an installed power of 2637 MW, it will operate at full load in 1985, yielding an annual output of 14.1 billion kWh. Construction of the dam was completed in 1981 : 3600 m long, 125 m high, 20 million m3 of earthfill. There are eight dykes which correspond to an additional volume of 14 million m3 of fill. Two by-passes have been excavated to increase the potential of the La Grande river through two make-up reservoirs : the Eastmain by-pass and the Caniapiscau by-pass. The second phase of the La Grande plant includes the construction of five power stations, La Grande 1, Brisay, Laforge 1, Laforge 2 and Eastmain 1, which will add over 3200 MW to Quebec Hydro's installed power. The La Grande-Baleine plant will be installed on the Grande riviere de la Baleine, which is approximately at the same latitude as Moscow. Under the scheme construction is planned of three power stations (Grande-Baleine 1, Grande-Baleine 2 and Grande-Baleine 3), three spillways, one regulating structure and three new reservoirs. The total installed power of this plant will be 2900 MW. Under the programme presented by Quebec Hydro to the Government the first turbines would enter into service by 1990. The catchment basins of the three rivers, the Nottaway, the Broadback and the Rupert, where another complex (the NBR) will be developed, are located approximately 300 km south of La Grande Riviere. By combining the flows of these three rivers via relatively short canals and installing the bulk of the equipment on the lower section of the Broadback, it will be possible to obtain an annual output of approximately 47 billion kWh, i.e. approximately two-thirds of the output of the initial phase of the La Grande plant. Eleven power stations will be built, with a total installed power of 7 255 MW.

Changes in the settlement pattern of the Gaza Strip 1945–1975

Summary 1. The population and settlement pattern in the Gaza Strip is conditioned by its physiographical structure ‐ three longitudinal zones of sands, alluvial soil and sandstone ridges. Of these, only the central zone of agricultural land attracted settlers in the past, and through it passed the main routes of communication. It has always been the backbone of all development in the Strip. 2. The proximity of the sea is the cause of a more temperate climate along the coast, and, as a result, the population distribution extends beyond the limit of the Zone of Aridity. There is a marked hierarchy in the size of settlements, from the two towns (Gaza in the north and Khan Yunis in the south) to large and small villages in a fairly well marked gradation of sizes. 3. The migration of over 200,000 refugees to the Gaza Strip increased the population density but did not basically alter the settlement pattern. The large towns trebled in size, while the large and small villages increased by a factor of from two to three. 4. The refugees living in camps number about 60% of the entire population of the Strip, and are therefore its most prominent single element. Nevertheless, the eight camps have not succeeded in changing the settlement pattern, as political and economic factors have combined to keep the camps as separate entities with an isolationist and non‐integrated way of life. 5. The town of Gaza has become the principal urban centre of the Strip, on account of its position on the border of the country's Zone of Aridity, its proximity to the historical main communication routes, the rich surrounding agricultural land and the changes in the orientation of its building development that have occurred at different periods in its history. 6. The Gaza Strip is an example of a small geographical region in which the basic facts of geography, artificial settlements activity and varying political influences from outside the region have combined to produce, in the course of 27 years, a situation of such complexity that it will not be easy to find a solution.