Main Color Research Articles

Occurrence, influencing factors and sources of atmospheric microplastics in peri-urban farmland ecosystems of Beijing, China

Atmosphere is an important component of the microplastics (MPs) cycle. However, studies on atmospheric MPs in peri-urban farmland ecosystems are limited. Herein, the occurrence, influencing factors and geographic sources of atmospheric MPs in peri-urban farmland ecosystems have been analyzed. The average deposition flux of atmospheric MPs was found to be 167.09 ± 92.03 item·m−2·d−1. Around 68 % MPs had particle size <1000 μm, while the main colors of MPs were black (40.71 %) and blue (20.64 %). Approximately 91 % MPs were fibers, while polyethylene terephthalate (49 %) and rayon (36.93 %) were observed as the major microplastic types. The main factors influencing the atmospheric deposition of MPs were gross domestic product (GDP), population density, air pressure, and wind direction. Deposition fluxes exhibited positive correlations with GDP, population density and air pressure, and negative correlations with wind direction. Combined with the backward trajectory model, MPs were mainly found to be originated from the southeast in September and from the northwest in October–February. The study of atmospheric MPs in farmland ecosystems in peri-urban areas is important for the protection of ecological environment, prevention of human diseases and control of MPs pollution.

A preliminary study on the dynamics of serum color in perspective to hemoglobin and bilirubin in indigenous sheep of Pakistan.

The present study is the first of its kind being reported for an indigenous sheep breed of Pakistan with objectives to (a) assess the diagnostic efficacy of a human-based "serum hemolysis reference palette" for sheep serum, (b) deduce normal reference intervals (RIs) for hemoglobin (Hb) and bilirubin, and (c) devise a novel serum color chart for on-field estimation of Hb and bilirubin through color matching of sheep serum. Apparently, healthy Sipli sheep (n = 130) were bled twice attaining whole blood and serum samples (n = 260). The study animals were grouped on the basis of gender,that is, males (n = 51) and females (n = 79) and age,that is, G1 (up till 1 year) (n = 41), G2 (from 1 to 2 years) (n = 46), and G3 (from 2 to 3 years) (n = 43). None of the 260 serum samples of the sheep matched the color given on the human-based "hemolysis reference palette." The G1 animals revealed marked variation in their serum color. Hence, on the basis of RIs, the serum samples (n = 178) of adult sheep (G2 and G3) showing three main color bands were used in devising a novel serum Hb and bilirubin estimation chart for adult sheep serum. In conclusion, the human-based serum hemolysis palette is not valid for sheep serum. The RIs attained in the study could provide a yardstick for assessment of health in indigenous sheep breeds whereas the serum color chart may be of value in estimating Hb and bilirubin in a quick, reliable, and cheaper way for the resource-poor settings of the world.

Atmospheric deposition is an important pathway for inputting microplastics: Insight into the spatiotemporal distribution and deposition flux in a mega city

Microplastics (MPs) refer to plastic particles with a size less than 5 mm, which attracted widespread attention as an emerging pollutant. The monitoring of atmospheric microplastics (AMPs) in a megacity was carried out to study the characteristics and spatiotemporal distribution of AMPs, explore the sources and estimate the deposition flux. The results showed that the annual average abundance of AMPs in Wuhan was 82.85 ± 57.66 n·m−2·day−1. The spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of AMPs show that spring was the highest season, followed by autumn, winter, and summer; the city center was higher than the suburbs. Fiber was the main type of AMPs in Wuhan, followed by fragment, film and pellet. The proportion of AMPs were mainly small (<0.5 mm) and medium (0.5–1.0 mm). Transparent and white were the main colors of AMPs, followed by red, brown. A total of 10 types polymers were detected, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was dominant. There are positive correlations between AMPs and SO2, NO2 in the atmosphere, indicating that they might be influenced by intense human activity. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and AMPs in spring showed an extremely significant positive correlation (p < 0.05). AMPs might mainly originate from the wear and tear shedding of textiles, the aging of agricultural films and plastic waste based on their polymer types and main uses. The potential geographical sources of AMPs were mainly the surrounding cities. The annual deposition flux of AMPs was about 308 tons if there were no remove processes, which highlighted the importance of atmospheric transport and deposition of MPs. The analysis of the abundance, morphological characteristics and sources of AMPs can provide data support and reference for mega-cities with high global population activities, or cities in global mid-latitude regions.

Evaluating the efficiency of the 2020 ban of BPA and BPS in thermal papers in Switzerland

Thermal printing technology requires a color developer to activate the dye under the action of heat. Bisphenol A (BPA) has traditionally been used for this purpose, although it has increasingly been replaced by bisphenol S (BPS) in recent years. Due to concerns regarding their toxicity, the Swiss authorities have banned both BPA and BPS from thermal papers since 2020. The impact of this regulatory decision was evaluated during 3 monitoring campaigns: in 2013–2014, 2019 and 2021. They were used to describe the starting point, the transition phase, and the status after entry into force of the ban, respectively. Whereas the use of BPA as color developer dropped from 82.2% in 2013/14 to 10.8% in 2021, the fraction of BPS-based thermal paper rose from 3.1% to 19.1% during the same period, despite being banned. However, Pergafast® 201 (PF201) is now the main color developer in thermal paper in Switzerland, with an occurrence of 60.3%. Other alternatives such as D-8, TGSA, PPSMU, NKK-1304, BPS-MAE, D-90 and Blue4est® have only been marginally detected. This study demonstrates the efficiency of the regulatory measure and the feasibility to substitute BPA in thermal papers with less-toxic alternatives.

INSTAGRAM FOR MARKETING COMMUNICATION ART EVENTS DURING COVID-19 (CASE STUDY OF 2021 BIENNALE JOGJA IN YOGYAKARTA, INDONESIA)

In 2021 Indonesian government policy enforced restriction towards community activities, to prevent the Covid-19 spread. This policy affected many aspects, includes art events. This article aims to discuss the social media strategy by 2021 Biennale Jogja. That was the first international art event held hybrid (online and offline) in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, during the Covid-19. Focus on this article was on the Instagram for marketing communication, because Instagram become the important tools for marketing communication. Methods: descriptive qualitative, data collecting techniques were interview with the 2021 Biennale Jogja organizer. As the data triangulation, we use the visitor responses by observing the Instagram analytics and trends, followed interview with visitors. Results grouped into four elements of social media marketing. First created buzz by spreading any information through Instagram to build engagement, include with the visitor who could not came to the venue. Second social media plan, by identified the target audience and their characteristics. Third was developed relationship with the audience by use the non-formal language in posted materials, the particular hashtags, and make content upload schedule. Fourth was analysed the data collected as evaluation by observed the number of social media reach, engagement, and followers during the event. To attract visitors’ attention, the organizer planned the theme such as information related to the entertainment, education about the artworks, and information about the procedure to visitor who want attend to the venue. Organizer posted different kind of message in the morning, afternoon,and evening. Organizer also created the visual identity for 2021 Jogja Biennale by use orange as the main colour, and blue, purple, and white as the additional colour.

A Study on the Color of Alibrihe&amp;apos;s Character in Coco Animation

The family-oriented animation film Coco is the best animation work of all time, receiving rave reviews from audiences and critics for its universal themes that people across the world, beyond Mexico and Latin America, can sympathize with. In the play, Alibrije occupies the largest proportion in the Coco animation after the skeleton character, and is not a simple aesthetic device in the movie, but a traditional Mexican art. While he is very famous in the West, Alibrije's existence is still unfamiliar in the East. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to help refer to the color scheme of animation characters by studying the country's cultural colors through color image research in Mexico and applying this to the analysis of Alibrije's characters. The extracted colors were derived using the color analysis program provided by the KSCA Korean Standard Color Analysis Institute for Technology and Standards, and the research results are as follows. The common characteristic of the colors derived from Miguel's Dante, Mama Imelda's Pepita, Ernesto de la Cruz's Chihuahua, and Frida Kahlo's Monkey is red (R). Blue (B), orange (YR), and light green (GY) colors were used repeatedly as main colors, which matched Mexico's traditional colors. It was confirmed that the symbolic meaning of Mexico's traditional colors was projected onto the Alibrije character to make it lively and stand out, and that the characteristics of the character design were highlighted by mainly using harmonious and contrasting colors. In addition to existing analysis, as color media develops, 4D movies that can express fluorescent light, a special effect, and can be enjoyed by all five senses in addition to audiovisual are becoming popular, so research on 3D color design should be conducted.

Отражение особенностей семантической структуры древних названий цвета в эволюции семантики общеславянских цветообозначений *bronъ и *polvъ

The aim of the research is to identify the peculiarities characterising the evolution of the semantics of the Common Slavic colour terms *bronъ and *polvъ, which reflect the specific features of the semantic structure of ancient colour names. The scientific novelty of the study lies in describing the specificity of the semantic structure of ancient colour terms through the history of not the main colour names, but rather the colour names that are “peripheral” from a modern perspective, namely, броный (derived from the Common Slavic *bronъ) and половый (derived from the Common Slavic *polvъ). The semantic features of the Common Slavic colour terms *bronъ and *polvъ, as well as their Indo-European proto-forms and Old Russian derivatives were identified through component analysis. As a result, it has been found that the evolution of the semantics of these Common Slavic colour terms is characterised by the absence of the initial semantic connection with the reference object, the presence of a semantic connection with light or its absence and the syncretism of the denoted colour tone. Thus, it has been revealed that the Common Slavic lexemes *bronъ and *polvъ were more likely to be names for colouration rather than colour itself. These characteristics reflect the specific features demonstrating differences in the perception of colour by ancient and modern linguistic consciousness that are common for the semantics of words developing colour meanings in the Russian language.

Modeling and Optimization of Processes for Craft Beer Production: Malt Mixture Modeling and Mashing Optimization for Lager Beer Production

Beer ranks third in terms of consumption worldwide, and its technology is constantly being improved and perfected. The boom in craft brewing has led to the production of thousands of new types of beer, but most often without scientific justification of the technological decisions made. This paper discusses the approaches to the modeling of the composition of the malt mixture and the mode of lager beer production. A special cubic simplex-lattice design with two replications was used to model the mixture with three malt types: Pilsner, Caramel Pils and Caramel Munich type 2. Models for the main brewing characteristics, i.e., wort extract and color, as well as models for the biological parameters of the mash, i.e., phenolic compound content and antioxidant potential, were developed using different methods. Multi-objective optimization was carried out and a specific mixture was developed for the production of lager beer. The influence of acidulated malt, lactic acid and CaCl2 additions on the extract yield and malt mash filtration time were established through one-factor experiments. The extract and fermentable sugar yield during individual pauses in the mashing mode was studied with a view to its optimization.

The main color structure setting of Chinese oil painting based on content analysis method

Abstract Based on the content analysis method, this paper first uses the PCA technique to disassemble and transform the base color information to extract multiple feature values. Secondly, the sparse autoencoder is used to adjust the feature parameters by training, and the activation function pair is used to calculate the confidence to complete the effective classification. Finally, the SVM algorithm is introduced to optimize the color information parameters, and the corresponding color label values are calculated by constructing a decision function to accurately set the pixel positions. The results show that the color difference value of Chinese oil painting image keeps between 0.5nbs -1.5nbs, the standard deviation value of saturation is 165.55, and the resolution is 610ppi, which indicates that the content-based analysis method can better coordinate and integrate the relationship between various color structures.

Effect of Changes in the Area Ratio of Red/Blue Green Eyeshadow on Cognitive Processing in the Brain

Purpose: To conduct electroencephalography (EEG) and visual evoked potentials (VEPs) measurements to establish quantitative data on brainwave responses to changes in eyeshadow color, specifically the area ratio of red (R) and blue green (BG) eyeshadows.Methods: A study was conducted on 60 males and females in their 20s using R, BG eyeshadow to determine brainwave responses via spontaneous EEG and VEPs while presenting stimuli with changes in area. The analysis focused on brainwave responses to changes in area.Results: The brainwave responses to color stimuli demonstrated the maximum activity in the occipital lobe. Specifically, the results of the EEG analysis indicated the highest level of psychological relaxation response at the golden ratio (1.61) of the eyeshadow area. Furthermore, when participants wore BG eyeshadow, their brainwave responses remained stable, with consistent alpha wave activation. The presentation of stimuli using only the R eyeshadow resulted in a significant increase in arousal and attention levels among the participants. Perceptual responses exhibited variations based on the ratio of the main color and point color in the color contrast, and rapid VEPs responses were observed specifically under high saturation conditions. Furthermore, the study revealed a high correlation between the brainwave response results and color images, indicating that an optimal ratio of color areas can maximize the impact of the color image.Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that by adjusting the area ratio of colors, it is possible to scientifically determine and achieve the desired color effects in color planning. The brain cognitive responses, resulting from variations in eyeshadow area, can serve as valuable quantitative data for image-making purposes, and can be applied to various fields in the beauty industry to expand their usability

Цветовая кодировка кубитных состояний

Difficulties in algorithmic simulation of natural thinking point to the inadequacy of information encodings used to this end. The promising approach to this problem represents information by the qubit states of quantum theory, structurally aligned with major theories of cognitive semantics. The paper develops this idea by linking qubit states with color as fundamental carrier of affective meaning. The approach builds on geometric affinity of Hilbert space of qubit states and color solids, used to establish precise one-to-one mapping between them. This is enabled by original decomposition of qubit in three non-orthogonal basis vectors corresponding to red, green, and blue colors. Real-valued coefficients of such decomposition are identical to the tomograms of the qubit state in the corresponding directions, related to ordinary Stokes parameters by rotational transform. Classical compositions of black, white and six main colors (red, green, blue, yellow, magenta and cyan) are then mapped to analogous superposition of the qubit states. Pure and mixed colors intuitively map to pure and mixed qubit states on the surface and in the volume of the Bloch ball, while grayscale is mapped to the diameter of the Bloch sphere. Herewith, the lightness of color corresponds to the probability of the qubit’s basis state «1», while saturation and hue encode coherence and phase of the qubit, respectively. The developed code identifies color as a bridge between quantum-theoretic formalism and qualitative regularities of the natural mind. This opens prospects for deeper integration of quantum informatics in semantic analysis of data, image processing, and the development of nature-like computational architectures.

Evaluation of hydration with lactoferrin on late-instar Tenebrio molitor larvae performance and functional properties of obtained meal

Insects represent a promising alternative protein source as food and feed. This study evaluated the use of lactoferrin as a hydration source in Tenebrio molitor larvae rearing, on animal performance, nutritional and functional characteristics of insect meals. Seven-week-old larvae were reared for 14 days and randomly divided into two experimental groups: control group (CTRL, n = 8) reared on wheat bran; treatment group (TRT, n = 8) reared on wheat bran and supplemented with lactoferrin solution as a hydration source at days 0, 4, 8, 12. Larvae weight and feed consumption were recorded weekly to calculate growth performance. At the end of the trial, larvae were collected for meal production, whose main nutritional characteristics and colour were analysed as well as antibacterial activity against O138 Escherichia coli. The results showed a lower larval mortality in the TRT group compared to the CTRL (p < 0.05). The nutritional composition of the insect meals revealed higher content of proteins (p < 0.05) in the TRT group. After 3 h (p < 0.05), the meals hydrated with lactoferrin demonstrated a higher E. coli inhibitory activity compared to the CTRL group. In conclusion, the functionality of insect meals was enhanced by using innovative ingredients as hydration sources capable of transferring bioactive properties.

Abundance, characteristics and seasonal variation of microplastics in a domestic sewage treatment plant in Nanjing, China

Sewage treatment plants are a potential route of microplastics (MPs) into the environment, hence it's urgent to investigate MPs in wastewater and sludge through lengthy sampling campaigns. In this study, a sewage treatment plant in Nanjing, China was chosen, seasonal variation of MPs in influent was analyzed by collecting samples during a 12-month sampling campaign (at monthly intervals over a one-year period). Abundance and characteristic of MPs from different treatment stages were also investigated. The results showed that there was a seasonal variation in the amount of MPs in influent and the abundance of MPs was significantly greater in summer than other seasons. The average MPs abundance was 41.0 items/L and 3.0 items/L in influent and effluent, with a total 92.6 % removal rate. Overall, 125–355 μm were the main size in each treatment section, with fibers dominant shape and transparent main color. Additionally, the primary polymer compositions of MPs were polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) using micro-Roman spectroscopy. The daily MPs emission from effluent and sludge was estimated to be 300 million and 1274 million items/d, demonstrating that the sewage treatment plant is an important source of MPs into the environment despite the high removal rate of MPs.

The Main Colors of the Forbidden City

The Main Colors of the Forbidden City

Response of microplastic occurrence and migration to heavy rainstorm in agricultural catchment on the Loess plateau

Microplastics have received widespread attention as an emerging pollutant in recent years, but limited studies have explored their response to extreme weather. This study surveyed and analyzed the occurrence and distribution of microplastics in a typical agricultural catchment located on the Loess Plateau, focusing on their response to heavy rainstorms. Microplastics were detected in all soil samples with an abundance of 70–4020 items/kg, and particles less than 0.5 mm accounted for 81.61 % of the total microplastics. The main colors of microplastic were white, yellow, and transparent, accounting for 38.50 %, 32.90 %, and 21.05 % respectively, and the main shapes were film and fragment, accounting for 47.65 % and 30.81 %. Low density polyethylene was the main component of microplastics identified using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. The extensive use of plastic mulch film is a major contributor to microplastic pollution in this catchment. The differences and connections observed in microplastics imply mutual migration and deposition within the catchment. A check dam at the outlet effectively intercepts microplastics during the rainstorm, reducing the microplastic by at least 6.1 × 1010 items downstream. This study provides a reference for the effects of rainstorms on the sources and pathways of MP pollution in regions prone to severe soil erosion.

Compositional Variation and Crystal-Chemical Characterization of a Watermelon Variety of Tourmaline from Anjanabonoina, Central Madagascar

A polychrome tourmaline crystal from Anjanabonoina pegmatite (Madagascar) was characterized using a multi-analytical approach. The sample showed a complex concentric zoning and a wide range of colors typical of the variety known as “watermelon”. The sample was cut perpendicularly to the c axis. The basal slice exhibits a rim characterized by narrow, differently colored layers parallel to the prism faces and a relatively homogeneous triangular core. Four main pronounced color zones were identified from the rim to core: a dark green rim (M1RVS); a pale green rim (M1RVC); a pale pink rim (M1CR); and a brownish yellow core (M1CG). Compositional variations in the basal slice were studied by scanning electron microscopy and electron microprobe analyses (WDS mode). The Li content was determined via micro-laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. To deeply characterize the sample, single crystal structure refinement was also performed on fragments extracted from the four zones. The results show that the polychrome tourmaline sample consists of two different species: the three outer zones are Mn-rich fluor-liddicoatite, whereas the inner zone is Mn-rich fluor-elbaite. The structural and compositional characterization of the color zoning shows that each step of the tourmaline growth is related to a change in the geological environment.

Discovery of color compounds: Integrated multispectral omics on exploring critical colorant compounds of black tea infusion

The present study provided a highly efficient and systematic workflow for identifying colorants of food and beverage. Generally, the objective colorimeter and subjective human eye had different systems to identify colors, which makes the color description very challenging. Here, the Lab/LCH color system was applied to clearly illustrate color changes. Our workflow was applied to determine and verify the differential colorant substances between two groups of black tea infusions. Regarding color parameters, the infusions of black tea from Camellia sinensis and Camellia assamica differed significantly. The differential substances between black tea infusions were correlated to color parameters by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance based multivariate statistical analysis and verified by machine learning tool. Pyroglutamic acid–glucose Amadori product, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, quinic acid and theabrownins were identified as main color contributors to black teas’ color difference, which were also verified by addition test with standard black tea infusion.

Image analysis quantification of sperm acrosome associated 3 protein expression in domesticated and free‐roaming equine ovaries

SummaryBackgroundIn the United States, the carrying capacity of the land has been overwhelmed with the wild horse and burro populations. Identification of a long‐term contraception method is needed to control growing populations as current methods cannot quell these growing numbers. Sperm acrosome‐associated 3 protein (SPACA3) is a protein expressed in both male and female reproductive systems. SPACA3 may prove to be a viable contraception target in horses in immunosterilant research.ObjectivesThe objective of the current study was to evaluate and compare ovarian immunoexpression of SPACA3 between domesticated and free‐roaming mares. This information may lead to the development of a SPACA3 immunosterilant to reduce free‐roaming horse and burro populations.Study designNon‐randomised comparative study design.MethodsRoutine immunohistochemistry was performed on ovarian sections from domesticated (n = 8) and free‐roaming mares (n = 8). At least three representative images of each follicle stage (primordial, primary, secondary, tertiary) from each ovary were digitally captured and analysed using Image J software. Expression of SPACA3 was quantified in cellular locations (granulosa or theca) specific to each follicle stage: primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary.ResultsDomesticated horses had higher SPACA3 expression compared to free‐roaming mares in granulosa cells of primordial (p = 0.0022), primary (p &lt; 0.001), secondary (p = 0.025), and tertiary follicles (p = 0.0078). In theca cells, domesticated horses had higher SPACA3 expression in tertiary follicles (p = 0.022), but not secondary follicles (p = 0.089). The highest SPACA3 expression was observed in the granulosa cells of tertiary follicles (p = 0.022).Main limitationsVarying background colours of representative images taken of ovaries, leading to slight technical issues in Image J software.ConclusionsThis is the first report quantifying SPACA3 immunoexpression during folliculogenesis and describing the spatial and temporal expression of SPACA3 in the equine ovary. This information may lead to the development of a SPACA3 immunosterilant to reduce free‐roaming horse and burro populations.

Evaluating hydrogen-based electricity generation using the concept of total efficiency

The popularity of hydrogen has been increasing globally as a promising sustainable energy source. However, hydrogen needs to be produced and processed before it can be used in the energy sector. This paper uses total efficiency to evaluate the lifecycle of hydrogen-driven power generation. Total efficiency introduces the energy requirement of fuel preparation in conventional efficiency and is a reliable method to fairly compare different energy sources. Two case studies in Spain and Germany, with nine scenarios each, are defined to study different hydrogen-preparation routes. The scenarios include the main colors of hydrogen production (grey, turquoise, yellow and green) and different combinations of processing and transportation choices. In most cases, the highest energy penalty in the overall preparation process of the fuel is linked to the production step. A large difference is found between fossil fuel-based hydrogen and green hydrogen derived from excess renewable energy, with fossil fuel-based hydrogen resulting in significantly lower total efficiencies compared to green hydrogen. The use of natural gas as the primary source to generate hydrogen is found to be a critical factor affecting total efficiency, particularly in cases where the gas must be transported from far away. This shows the value of using excess renewable energy in the production of hydrogen instead of grid power. Even in the most efficient scenario of green hydrogen studied, total efficiency was found to be 7 % lower than the respective conventional efficiency that does not account for hydrogen generation. These results emphasize the importance of considering the impact of fuel preparation stages in comparative thermodynamic analyses and evaluations.

Gemstone Colour Determination

The article describes the most important component of gemstones: their colour. The subject of the article is determination of the colour of diamonds with the most frequently encountered yellow tones of different saturation, fancy-colour diamonds as well as emeralds, rubies, and sapphires. For non-ambiguous determination of the colour of gemstones and elimination of human factor, the comparison method known in photometry, i.e., comparison of the colour of a given diamond with the colour of a reference sample is used. The article describes methods of determination of the colour of yellow-hue diamonds when assessing them visually, using reference colours: a set of diamonds. Information on colour groups of diamonds of different cuts used in Russia and the system of Gemological Institute of America (GIA) is provided. Fancy colours of diamonds are very variable and, therefore, they have no references such as the ones for yellow-hue diamonds. For evaluation of fancy colours, the Munsell Book of Colour is used. It includes 1600 colour samples on 40 maps each having its own colour hue. The samples are arranged in rows and columns: samples of the same row have the same brightness; samples of the same column have the same saturation. As the samples for determination of fancy colours of diamonds as well as emeralds, rubies, and sapphires plastic plates of different colours are used. The colours of the examined gems are compared to them. The article describes the methods of assessment of fancy colours of diamonds adopted in Russia. Nowadays, a software colour evaluation system is proposed by GIA to be used as an alternative to colour samples. Gemewizard software proposed by Izrael may identify 31 main colour tones. It reproduces each tone in six colour hues. Each hue is divided by six brightness levels. In general, this system allows us to determine 1116 colours of gemstones. The software approach had been already proposed previously but computer screens have different colour rendering, which is still the main hindrance for determination of gem colour by means of software.