Main Cities In China Research Articles

STUDY ON THE GREEN TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY IN MAIN CITIES OF CHINA

The aim of this research is to investigate China’s urban green total factor productivity (TFP) under the background of progressing urbanization and intensifying environmental pollution, and found out its main influencing factors. In this paper, green TFP of 285 prefecture-level cities in China from 2005 to 2012 was estimated through Malmquist productivity index. Results showed that the annual growth of green TFP in main cities in China is 3.5% and the overall growth declines gradually. Viewed from decomposition of green TFP, technical progress is the main contributor of green TFP growth. Furthermore, the northern coastal region has achieved the highest annual growth of green TFP (4.5%) and the northwest region achieved the lowest growth of green TFP (1.24%), indicating the great regional differences of green TFP and economic growth quality in China. According to analysis on influencing factors of green TFP in main cities, it has been concluded that per-capita urban road area, number of Internet users, proportion of fiscal expenditures, environmental regulation level and technical input are significantly positively correlated with green TFP, while industrial structure and foreign direct investment (FDI) are significantly negatively correlated. Finally, policy suggestions to improve urban green TFP in China were proposed.

How College Students' Job Search Self-Efficacy and Clarity Affect Job Search Activities

We hypothesized that individuals' proactive personality would moderate the relationships among job search self-efficacy, job search clarity, and job search activities. However, for those with a strong proactive personality, active job search activity was predicted to be positively related to job search self-efficacy and clarity. Participants were 400 undergraduates randomly selected from various main cities in China. We conducted hierarchical regression analyses and found support for our hypotheses. Implications of these results are discussed and suggestions for job searching practice presented.

Commentary: Environmental chemicals and diabetes: which ones are we missing?

Commentary: Environmental chemicals and diabetes: which ones are we missing?

Male partners' attachment styles as predictors of women's coerced first sexual intercourse in Chinese college students' dating relationships.

Attachment theory has great potential to help our understanding of the apparent contradiction between violence and intimacy. Yet very few studies applied this theory to explain or predict sexual coercion in the context of intimate relationships. This study examined the relation between male partners' attachment styles and women's coerced first sexual intercourse in dating relationships. There were 927 valid questionnaires collected by purposive snowball sampling in five main cities in China to college students who were currently in a romantic relationship. Results showed that in both male and female samples, male partners' anxious attachment style were significantly and positively predicted emotional manipulation coercive tactics. In the female sample, male partners' two attachment styles (anxious and avoidant) positively predicted violence threat tactics, and male partners' avoidant attachment style positively predicted defection threat tactics. The research hypothesis of this study has been successfully supported, and implications and limitations were discussed.

Different City's Short-Term Housing Prices Affect the Relationship from Empirical Analysis in China

According to the city development level and the regional difference, selecting 10 main cities of China and using the monthly average date of house price about three years, the effect of relationship between cities prices of different levels of development and the region in short-term was studed through the unit root test by using the method of VAR analysis model and the pulse and variance. The results show that, the rate of increase in housing prices in China between different city in short-term are clearly linked, the changes of overall level of first-tier cities affect the more rational second-tiers housing prices next period, which has a significant influence on the second-tier city to the same regions three-tier city next period. The impact of China's city structured relationship in housing prices is figured out.

Efficiency Analysis on Treating Industrial Waste Gas and City's Industry Scale

Industrialization combined with Urbanization makes city an industrial center as well as a core pollution source, which becomes the key for present pollution treatment. In this paper, the relationship between was cost of waste gas treatment and industrial scale for a city is investigated. By regression analysis, its found that pollution treatment technology is no obviously different in main cities of China so far, rough pollution treatment is still the main treatment way which will be more efficient when the pollution treatment volume reaches some scale.

Evaluating Competitiveness of Urban Logistics Using Fuzzy Logic AHP

Urban logistics is a kind of regional logistics depending on the cities . Nowadays, there is not the standard of the improvements of urban logistics . This paper aims to apply fuzzy logic and AHP method to evaluate the competitiveness of urban logistics. We present illustrative example which is carried out by using four main cities in China to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed menthod.

The Effects of County-of-Origin, BrandImage, and Corporate Image Dimensions on Brand Evaluations and Purchase Intentions of Smart Phones of Five Brands: A Comparative Study of China and Korea

Purpose - In the academic literature, the researches on a comparative study on purchase behaviors of the consumers from emerging and mature markets remain limited. Therefore, this empirical study is attempted to examine the effects of country of origin (COO), brand image and corporate image on the purchase behavior of Chinese consumers (as from emerging market) and Korean consumers (as from mature market). Research Design, data, methodology - In total, 615 valid questionnaires were collected from the main cities of China and Korea respectively,and a multiple group analysis was conducted to test the hypotheses with SPSS 16.0 and AMOS18.0. Results - Chinese consumers are not influenced by country-of-origin effect, whereas Korean consumers are sensitive to it. Both Chinese and Korean consumers are sensitive to brand image, whereas corporate image does appear to influence Chinese consumers but not Korean consumers. The effects of country-of-origin are not more influential in less developed market (China) than more developed market (Korea). Conclusions - According to the results of this empirical study, the country-of-origin effect does impact Korean consumers but not Chinese consumers’ purchase behavior. Therefore, multinational companies are relatively free to make the decision, if Chinese consumers are the marketing targets, when choosing manufacturing sites.

Molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus in 10 main cities of China from 2010 to 2011

Objective To investigate the molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus through analyzing the antibiotic resistance and genotypes of the isolates collected from 10 main cities of China from 2010 to 2011.Methods A total of 507 consecutive and non-duplicate S.aureus isolates were collected from 12 hospitals of 10 cities in China.Antibiotic susceptibility test for 20 antibiotics and spa typing were carried out on all isolates.Results The prevalence of methicillin-resistant S.aureus (MRSA) was 52.9％ (268/507).97.4％ (261/268) of those isolates were multidrug resistance.Among all methicillin-sensitive S.aureus (MSSA) isolates,multidrug resistant rate was 26.8％ (64/239),in which spa-t796 phenotype accounted for 23.4％ (15/64).Thirty-four spa types were identified among MRSA,of which the major clones were spa-t030,spa-t037,spa-t002,spa-t570,spa-t437 and spa-t311.Fifty-eight spa types were detected among MSSA,of which spa-t701,spa-t189,spa-t796,spa-t091 and spa-t571 were the major strains.The geographical distribution of these strains varied significantly.The strains with spa-t030 phenotype was more commonly distributed in Beijing,Xi'an,Wuhan,Tianjin and Chongqing.The spa-037 and spa-t002 were the dominant strains in Shanghai,while spa-t037,spa-t311 and spa-t570 were prevalent strains in Guangzhou,Hangzhou and Shenyang respectively.Notably,the strains with vancomycin MIC greater than or equal to 1 mg/L were largely detected in spa-t037,spa-t570 and spa-t701 (P＜0.05).However,rifampicin resistance was overwhelmingly associated with spa-t030 (P＜0.001).The oxacillin MICs were relatively low in the strains of spa-t437 as compared with other clones (P＜0.001).Conclusion The spa types possessed a feature of distinctive geographical distribution.The major spa types were associated with specific antimicrobial resistance,suggesting more attention should be paid to the phenotypes of bacterial strains for the treatment purpose in clinic. Key words: Staphylococcus aureus ; spa typing; Multidrug resistance; Vancomycin

Optimizing the pad thickness of evaporative air-cooled chiller for maximum energy saving

It is favorable to increase the energy efficiency of an air-cooled chiller with an efficient, reliable and cost-effective method. Coupling a direct evaporative cooler with an air-cooled condenser seems to be a feasible solution to this problem. To maximize the energy saving potential of an evaporative air-cooled chiller (EACC), which composes of an evaporative air cooler and a conventional air-cooled chiller, a mathematical model was developed and a new index, increase of seasonal energy efficiency ratio (ISEER), was proposed to evaluate the energy saving potential of the evaporative air-cooled chiller. The energy saving potential of EACC was simulated by using the hourly weather data for four typical cities in China. The impacts of various factors on the energy saving potential were analyzed and it was found that there exists an optimal pad thickness which maximizes the energy saving. The optimal pad thickness varies with climatic condition and face velocity. Optimization results of the pad thickness in 31 main cities in China are presented. The maximum energy saving potential of EACC in China is between 2.4% and 14.0% depending on the climatic condition. It is necessary to determine optimal values for the design parameters according to different climatic condition for maximum energy saving.

Chinese Values and Stressors of Construction Professionals in Hong Kong

The construction industry has been recognized as a stressful industry, and a great deal of stress is placed on various construction professionals (CPs). However, due to the different “values” among CPs in Hong Kong, susceptibility to stressors varies from individual to individual. People who grow up and live in different cultural environments have different values and this leads to different perceptions of stressors. This study aims to investigate the impact of Chinese values on the stressors of CPs in Hong Kong, one of the main cities in China. To achieve this aim, factor analysis, Pearson correlation analysis, and structural equation modeling were applied based on the survey data collected from CPs in Hong Kong. Four types of Chinese values and eight stressors are identified. The results reveal that: (1) social conventions value alleviate role ambiguity and poor workgroup relationship; (2) value of disciplined work ethos triggers work overload, although it alleviate poor workgroup relationship and work underload; (3) value of conservative personality alleviates work overload; (4) interpersonal integration value has indirect impacts on the various stressors; and (5) the objective poor working environment stressor has significant impact on the poor workgroup relationships and role ambiguity of individual CPs.

Physical growth trend of Chinese children under 7 years old, in 1975 - 2005

To analyze the physical growth changes in Chinese children aged from 0 to 7 years old during the past 30 years. Four national physical growth surveys of the children under 7 years old were undertaken in the same urban and suburban areas of nine main cities in China from 1975 to 2005. The nine cities were Beijing, Harbin and Xi'an in the northern part; Shanghai, Nanjing and Wuhan in the central part; Guangzhou, Fuzhou and Kunming in the southern part of China. Random cluster sampling method was used. The children aged from 0 to 7 years old were classified into 22 groups by age. The sample size was ranged from 150 to 200 persons for each sex-age group in each area (urban/rural) of each city. Totally, 158 400, 152 874, 157 362 and 138 775 healthy children were examined in 1975, 1985, 1995 and 2005 respectively. The data of weight, height, chest and head circumference obtained from these surveys were analyzed. Average weight and height in most of the age groups for both boys and girls from urban and suburban rural areas has been significantly improved during the past 30 years, the average increments of weight were 0.76 kg to 1.14 kg in 12 - 15 months group and 2.58 kg to 3.26 kg in 6 - 7 years group; and the average increments of height were 2.7 cm to 3.8 cm in 12 - 15 months group and 5.0 cm to 7.6 cm in 6 - 7 years group. Chest circumference did not show an increase in infants younger than 4 months and increased slightly after 4 months. The average increments of head circumference were 0.1 cm to 1.0 cm. From 1975 to 2005, the increments of weight and height per 10 years was in an increasing trend, e.g. weight increments of 5 - 6 years old were 0.58 kg, 1.02 kg and 1.67 kg and the height increments were 1.5 cm, 2.0 cm and 2.6 cm for every 10 years. The urban-rural difference in height has become smaller, the height difference in 6 - 7 years group for boys was decreased from 4.9 cm in 1975 to 2.6 cm in 2005. The weight has become smaller in children under 3 years old but becoming greater after 3 years, such as the difference increased from 1.14 kg in 1975 to 1.72 kg in 2005 for boys aged 6 - 7 years old. The regional difference also showed a decreasing trend. The physical growth of Chinese children had been much improved during the past 30 years and the secular trend should be still continuing at an accelerated growth stage. The urban-rural difference and regional difference in weight and height had become smaller.

Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil via alkali catalyst and its engine test

Waste cooking oils (WCO), which contain large amounts of free fatty acids produced in restaurants, are collected by the environmental protection agency in the main cities of China and should be disposed in a suitable way. Biodiesel production from WCO was studied in this paper through experimental investigation of reaction conditions such as methanol/oil molar ratio, alkaline catalyst amount, reaction time and reaction temperature which are deemed to have main impact on reaction conversion efficiency. Experiments have been performed to determine the optimum conditions for this transesterification process by orthogonal analysis of parameters in a four-factor and three-level test. The optimum experimental conditions, which were obtained from the orthogonal test, were methanol/oil molar ratio 9:1, with 1.0 wt.% sodium hydroxide, temperature of 50 °C and 90 min. Verified experiments showed methanol/oil molar ratio 6:1 was more suitable in the process, and under that condition WCO conversion efficiency led to 89.8% and the physical and chemical properties of biodiesel sample satisfied the requirement of relevant international standards. After the analysis main characteristics of biodiese sample, the impact of biodiesel/diesel blend fuels on an YC6M220G turbo-charge diesel engine exhaust emissions was evaluated compared with 0# diesel. The testing results show without any modification to diesel engine, under all conditions dynamical performance kept normal, and the B20, B50 blend fuels (include 20%, 50% crude biodiesel respectively) led to unsatisfactory emissions whilst the B′20 blend fuel (include 20% refined biodiesel) reduced significantly particles, HC and CO etc. emissions. For example CO, HC and particles were reduced by 18.6%, 26.7% and 20.58%, respectively.

Preparation of biodiesel from waste cooking oil via two-step catalyzed process

Waste cooking oils (WCO), which contain large amounts of free fatty acids produced in restaurants, are collected by the environmental protection agency in the main cities of China and should be disposed in a suitable way. In this research, a two step catalyzed process was adopted to prepare biodiesel from waste cooking oil whose acid value was 75.92 ± 0.036 mgKOH/g. The free fatty acids of WCO were esterified with methanol catalyzed by ferric sulfate in the first step, and the triglycerides (TGs) in WCO were transesterified with methanol catalyzed by potassium hydroxide in the second step. The results showed that ferric sulfate had high activity to catalyze the esterification of free fatty acids (FFA) with methanol, The conversion rate of FFA reached 97.22% when 2 wt% of ferric sulfate was added to the reaction system containing methanol to TG in10:1 (mole ratio) composition and reacted at 95 °C for 4 h. The methanol was vacuum evaporated, and transesterification of the remained triglycerides was performed at 65 °C for 1 h in a reaction system containing 1 wt% of potassium hydroxide and 6:1 mole ratio of methanol to TG. The final product with 97.02% of biodiesel, obtained after the two step catalyzed process, was analyzed by gas chromatography. This new process has many advantages compared with the old processes, such as no acidic waste water, high efficiency, low equipment cost and easy recovery of the catalyst.

Comparison of Residential Energy Consumption in China, Japan, Canada and USA

There have been very few researches on the energy consumption of residences in China because it is difficult to collect the data of energy consumption for district heating. In this study, the energy for district heating was estimated based on the heating load, and the annual unit energy consumption (UEC) for the residences in the main cities of China was calculated. The relationship between the UEC and heating degree-days was examined for China, Japan, Canada and the United States.