Main Beneficiary Research Articles

An insight into the signaling role of Sharia status: a case from an emerging IPO market

Purpose This study aims to examine the potential of Sharia status as ex ante information to signal the quality of an issuing firm by improving the decision-making process of potential investors when assessing initial public offerings (IPOs) in an environment where information asymmetry is pronounced. Potential investors face challenges in evaluating and determining the true value of IPO issues, which inherently influences their decision-making. Consequently, this results in pronounced price fluctuations in IPO shares, leading to higher underpricing. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a sample of 350 IPOs listed on the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE) between 2004 and 2021 to examine the signaling role of Sharia-compliance status. A three-model approach is used to ensure that the study's objectives are met. The first model investigates the effect of Sharia status on underpricing to determine whether the main beneficiary of such a signal is the investor or the issuer. The second model examines the effect of Sharia status on investor demand to determine if such a signal influences prospective investors' investment decision-making processes. The third model inspects the effect of Sharia status on investor divergence of beliefs to measure the signal's ability to reduce information asymmetry within the Malaysian IPO market. Findings The Malaysian IPO market relies heavily on the fixed-price mechanism, which exacerbates high information asymmetry, affecting potential investors' behavior, asset price formation and return generation on the first day of listing. The study results indicate that Sharia status does not have any signaling role in the Malaysian IPO market. This is because investors in the Malaysian market are driven by ex ante information that helps unveil relevant information that leads to capital gains. Furthermore, most new issues in the Malaysian IPO market fall under Sharia status, diluting the relevance of such information for prospective investors in determining profitable investments. Practical implications The findings highlight the challenges faced by issuing firms in estimating market demand due to limited premarket insights and the difficulties prospective investors face in identifying the quality of issuing firms. Efforts to provide more information on investor demand can reduce uncertainty and facilitate more informed decision-making. Originality/value This research stands as one of the pioneering efforts to provide an empirical explanation of the potential signaling influence of Sharia status in an emerging IPO market.

Ion Antonescu and the Church

This study refers to the attitude of Ion Antonescu towards the Romanian Orthodox Church. The documentary sources used for this study which, as far as I am aware, is the first of its kind, are drawn from the transcripts of the governmental meetings, held mostly during September 1940 – April 1941, i.e. from the moment Ion Antonescu took over the supreme leadership of the and until he decided to focus primarily on military preparations. This study shows that Ion Antonescu considered that the Orthodox Church should play the role of a kind of special ministry of the state, in charge of facilitating control over the population; in Antonescu`s vision, the state was to be the main beneficiary of such an arrangement, but it was willing to share those benefits with the church. For Ion Antonescu, this „philosophy” had two main theses–consequences. The first was that the Romanian state needed the Orthodox Church and, therefore, had to support its existence by both political and material means, and the second was that the priesthood, in its activity, had to meet minimum „ethical–moral standards” that would allow it to fulfill its role as an instrument of ideological control over the population.

State Policy of Far East Development: How to Ensure Accelerated Progress?

Against the backdrop of the authorities’ efforts to accelerate the development of the Far East, dissatisfaction remains, an indicator of which is the trend of population decline. The article argues that the growing financial flow, with the same approach, without a precise formula of the goal, without the definition of priorities, will not give the desired result. It is proposed to accelerate the transition from a resource-export model of the economy to a new industrialization. The justification of priorities is based on combining the efforts of the subjects of the federation of the macroregion, involving the potential of the country’s entrepreneurs focused on Asian markets, and integration cooperation with the countries of the AsiaPacific region.The widest field for cooperation is seen in the field of exploration of the World Ocean, space exploration and in the field of Culture. Such a turn increases the attractiveness of the Far East and increases the demand for labor. It will be necessary to see a different solution to demographic problems. If the State is the main beneficiary of population growth, it is obliged to recognize the birth and upbringing of children in the family as productive work, which is remunerated, counted in the length of service, and provided with a pension.The stability of a young family is determined by the availability of housing, and the key to having many children is a house “on the ground”. But the house is not financial bondage, not a mortgage, but an incentive for expanded reproduction. The course towards industrialization provides an opportunity for a decent income for the head of the family, the work of women is paid, and a roof over their heads is a guarantee of a stable and large family. And the Far East is a testing ground where a model is created, control mechanisms are polished, and efficiency is demonstrated.

Raising the young teachers’ level of psychological readiness for professional and pedagogical activity in the conditions of supplementary professional education

Introduction. The teacher’s profession is one of the most important in any state. The modern teacher, recognising that the human being is the main subject and beneficiary of development, must possess a broad range of professional competencies and be fully prepared to engage in pedagogical activities in the constantly changing conditions that require non-standard approaches and due psychological training. The purpose of the article is to describe the content and the pedagogical conditions of the young teacher’s psychological training in supplementary professional education. Methods. A total of 213 young teachers (aged 20-30) from Sevastopol and its surrounding administrative region, having work experience from 1 to 3 years, took part in the preliminary testing; 50 young professionals took part in the formative and final stages of the experimental work (25 in the experimental group and 25 in the control group). Research methods: testing, survey, questioning, mathematical statistics methods: Pearson's chi-squared test. Data calculation was made using SPSS software, version 13.0. Results. The incoming testing showed that most young teachers are characterised by insufficient knowledge of the main issues of age-specific and pedagogical psychology, and the inability to apply psychological skills in practical pedagogical activity; novice specialists show unstable interests, an average level of communicative activity, down-toearth aspirations, anxiety, particularity of thinking. A specialised course “Psychological training of a young teacher as a condition for the realisation of new educational standards in training and education of children” was developed on the basis of the obtained data. The practical implementation of this form of learning provided for a sequence of training activities aimed at a change from the minimal reproductive level to an utmostly creative, highly productive level of mastering psychological knowledge, skills and abilities. Positive dynamics were noted in the components of young teachers’ psychological readiness for professional activity: cognitive (p<0.01), operational (p<0.01), motivational (p<0.01), communicative (p<0.01), emotional and volitional (p<0.01). Young teachers extended their knowledge of psychology, mastered new skills and abilities in practical professional activity, as concerns interaction with learners, especially with “troubled” children; developed communicative properties and features of interpersonal interaction with colleagues and students, showed increased positive motivation and alleviated emotional strain. Conclusion. The obtained results confirm the expediency of introducing psychological training for young teachers into the system of supplementary professional education, which involves the use of active forms and methods of training.

Pendayagunaan Dana Zakat, Infaq, dan Shodaqoh Melalui Pemberdayaan Program Layanan Kesehatan: Studi Kasus Padalembaga Kesehatan Madani Rumah Sehat Madani Yayasan Dompet Sosial Madani Provinsi Bali

The use of Zakat, Infaq and Sadaqah (ZIS) through the Madani Social Wallet in Bali plays a strategic role in alleviating poverty, increasing social welfare and building a sustainable community economy. Dompet Social Madani as the manager of ZIS is responsible for collecting, distributing and using funds effectively in accordance with Islamic Sharia principles. The use of ZIS in Bali is carried out through several stages starting from identifying mustahik, raising funds to implementing empowerment programs. Mustahik is the main beneficiary of ZIS distribution which includes the poor, orphans, widows and other vulnerable groups. Transparency and accountability in reporting fund management are important foundations for building public and donor trust in Dompet Social Madani. Madani Bali Social Wallet also integrates an economic empowerment approach in ZIS management. The empowerment program includes vocational training, support and business capital so that mustahik can be economically independent. In addition, part of the ZIS funds are allocated for the development of social infrastructure, such as building schools and other public facilities, to provide long-term benefits for the community. Collaboration with government, the private sector and other organizations is essential to increase the positive impact of ZIS. This collaboration optimizes resources and increases the efficiency of program implementation. Public education about the importance of zakat, infaq and shadaqah is also an integral part of the Bali Madani Social Wallet's efforts to expand reach and increase community awareness and involvement. One form of utilizing ZIS through the Madani Social Wallet in Bali is by establishing a Madani Health Institution which is realized in the form of a Madani Healthy House by not only collecting funds for aid, but also providing health services directly to the poor and underprivileged.

The “sports wars”: A contest theory approach to cities hosting game

The competition among cities to host a sports team or a large-scale international sports event is modeled as a winner-pay contest with an entry fee. In the first stage, each contestant (city) decides whether to pay the entry fee (infrastructure required by the team, for example), which allows it to participate in the second stage, that is, the actual contest. We show that the contest organizer’s choice of the optimal entry fee does not depend on the number of contestants. Furthermore, in some cases, the result is a form of zero-sum game, in which the sports team or event organizer is the main beneficiary. The findings shed light on this type of competition and under what conditions on the entry fee a city might benefit from hosting a sports team or large-scale international sports event.

Removing Trade Barriers Between China and India: A Counterfactual Analysis on Export Growth and Welfare

The two Asian giants, China and India, share a long history of political acrimony and simmering border disputes. This often disrupts their bilateral economic relationship along with the overall dynamics of the regional balance of power and the global multi-polarisation order. Under such a scenario, this study aims to measure the impact of a hypothetical removal of all trade barriers between China and India on the overall exports and welfare of 73 sample countries while preserving the geographical trade costs. Employing the structural gravity model under a general equilibrium setting, the counterfactual scenario reveals that India, followed by China, is the main beneficiary of full-scale integration in terms of trade growth and welfare. Indian consumers gain while producers tend to lose through a decrease in prices. Chinese welfare gains are shared among its producers and consumers with light asymmetry. Next, we simulate a unilateral removal of all trade barriers while preserving the effects of geography for exports from China to India. The results reveal that asymmetric trade liberalisation leads to smaller gains for both countries at the expense of certain groups and the aggregate national welfare. JEL Codes: D58, F02, F17, O57

Analisis Faktor-Faktor Keberhasilan Perencanaan Pembangunan Berbasis Ekonomi Islam

One tactic to achieve the goals this country seeks is economic growth. Economic development performance is measured based on a number of factors, including population growth, per capita income, unemployment, poverty level and balance of payments. However, in reality, this progress has not provided the best results because the community is still not the main beneficiary. Ultimately, all parties must rethink appropriate development plans to implement in our country considering the increasing rates of unemployment and poverty that are currently occurring. so that neglected communities no longer exist. Experts in the fields of economics, society and politics are starting to study how to achieve effective development without being plagued by unemployment and poverty. The interesting aspect of these studies actually comes from Muslim economists and thinkers. They present new options along with the development of new theories about Islamic economics. Adherents of sharia economics which are based on Islamic sharia principles are expected to behave professionally and demonstrate neatness, honesty, orderliness and regularity in their processes. This article aims to investigate how an Islamic economic perspective on development can address the problems of poverty, unemployment and equality, starting with the arguments given above.

7.C. Workshop: Health for all Policies: The co-benefits of intersectoral action

Abstract The objective of this roundtable discussion will be to provide the arguments and evidence for increased intersectoral action to achieve the sustainable development goals (SDGs). Country responses to the COVID-19 pandemic have demonstrated that large scale intersectoral action for health is possible- if the policy issue is of high importance and sufficiently consensual. Most countries have implemented measures preventing disease transmissions, adjusting health systems, controlling borders and mobility, redirecting the economy, and securing civil protection. To this end, heads of government and their minister of health are working closely with all other ministries, departments, and sectors including social affairs, the home office, foreign affairs, research and education, transport, agriculture, business, and state aid. The problem this panel addresses is how to keep this invaluable intersectoral work flourishing long after the COVID-19 pandemic has passed. The framework of and the commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) offers an opportunity to reinforce action on health- but also to go beyond the Health in All Policies (HiAP) concept and towards a greater commitment to co-benefits. HiAP has introduced the idea that co-benefits from other sectors to health are valuable; however, the concept neglects the focus on co-benefits that arise from health or health systems to other sectors. Health for all Policies (HfAP) builds on HiAP in that it also Identifies co-benefits from health or health systems to other sectors. This bi-directional relationship can strengthen the case for investing in health, and emphasizes the contribution of health and health systems to societal wellbeing. In this panel, the basic question we are asking is: How can we better understand and communicate the health effects and co-benefits that intersectoral action can produce? To do this the panel draws on and makes a case for changing the argument about intersectoral action, from one focusing on health and health sector as the main beneficiary to one based on co-benefits, focusing on benefits for all sectors. It makes the case for a Health for All Policies approach, one that focuses on co-benefits between sectors. Format This will be a roundtable discussion where a brief keynote will be given on the concept of co-benefits and Health for All policies. The rest of the roundtable will be interactively facilitated and cover the economic argument for co-benefits and then, to demonstrate these co-benefits and spark audience engagement, three SDGs that speak clearly to the conferences theme of our food, our health our earth will be given the spotlight. These include: SDG 11 sustainable cities and communities, SDG 8 Decent work and economic growth and SDG 13 climate action. This workshop is based on a comprehensive study that has produced a Lancet article, a policy brief and we will be presenting the final results from our forthcoming manuscript. Key messages • The health for all policies concept can strengthen the case for investing in health and achieving the SDGs. • Intersectoral collaboration and action is key to producing co-benefits. Speakers/Panelists Scott Greer University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA Luigi Siciliani University of York, York, UK Michelle Falkenbach European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, Brussels, Belgium Andrea Schmidt Austrian Public Health Institute, Vienna, Austria Roshanak Mehdipanah University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA

TERRITORIAL POLICY OF THE EU STATES: TARGETS, TOOLS, ACHIEVEMENTS

The article presents the process of formation and development of the territorial policy of the European Union and its Member States. The author defines the goals and logic of territorial and political transformation of national territorial and political systems in the context of glocalisation – macro-regional integration of national entities in Europe, where regions are proclaimed the main beneficiary of reforms, and place is proclaimed the topos, the basis of the political process. Place-based politics, development of self-government systems, decentralisation reforms, promotion of local and regional autonomy and systemic asymmetry, where status is determined by the scope of functional responsibilities, are considered as processes of de(re)construction of a new model of polycentric governance and political interaction in the context of formation of an effective supranational political space of the EU. The author examines the peculiarities of the transformation of systemic relations in the EU member states, including the relations between metropolises and non-European remote territories (on the example of France and the Netherlands), and the relations between the supranational centre of the EU and these remote territories of the EU states, which have the specifics of asymmetric involvement in the territorial and political processes of the EU. The author notes that the development of the EU political space is ahead of the process of transformation of the territorial morphology, which is manifested in the expansion of political participation rights at the supranational level and the preservation of restrictions at the national level. The paper notes that the EU’s spatial development strategy is formed on the basis of an institutional compromise between different levels of political decision-making in a multi-level and polycentric system of territorial and political relations and is provided by a set of instruments. This complex is formed by: the policy of vertical and horizontal cooperation; multilevel and polycentric governance; practices of regional and autonomy; asymmetry of statuses and functional roles; 4D decentralisation instruments; standardisation and measurement (indexation) of standards; instruments of consociative democracy, which provide for “inclusion policy”, “effective citizenship”, “mobile political participation” in the context of deepening integration, increasing mobility, and changing the functional significance of the institution of citizenship.

Peran ZIS Terhadap Peningkatan Kesejahteraan Sosial di Indonesia

Zakat, infaq and alms (ZIS) have a very important role in the Indonesian economy. However, in practice there are still a number of challenges that need to be faced in managing ZIS in Indonesia. This research aims to analyze the potential for the development of ZIS, ZIS for alleviating poverty and realizing social welfare. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with secondary data sources derived from books, e-books, the internet, scientific articles, and thesis or previous research related to the research object. The results of this study indicate that the potential for the development of zakat, infaq, and alms in Indonesia is still very large. Synergy is needed between the government, zakat institutions, and the community in increasing the collection and distribution of zakat for the common good. ZIS plays a role in helping to equalize income so that it can help increase consumption and people's purchasing power and have an impact on increasing economic growth. Furthermore, zakat plays a role in helping to alleviate poverty through the distribution of zakat funds in two ways, namely consumptive and productive to the main beneficiary groups, namely the poor and the poor. Welfare indicators related to maqasid sharia state that if the five contexts in maqasid sharia are fulfilled properly, social welfare can be realized. Then the ZIS funds can be distributed to meet the needs of maqashid sharia to help realize the benefit and prosperity in society. 
 Keywords: Distribution; Poverty; Potency ; Welfare; ZIS

The ideology of managerialism in Russian social institutions: education, science, healthcare

The article is devoted to the consequences’ study of the managerial, management tools’ use in the social institutions of science, education, and health care. The study purpose is to substantiate the thesis that managerialism is a kind of a new ideology. To achieve the presented goal, methodological tools based on D. North’s neoinstitutional theory were used. The study revealed that managerialism as an efficiency ideology is based on institutional rules accepted by the state, it is applied considering informal restrictions established in society (values, attitudes, stereotypes, behavioral patterns, etc.) and relies on the Russian bureaucracy, which is the main beneficiary of the managerialist ideology. The negative consequences of managerialism are manifested as an increase in imitative practices; a decline in the level of employees’ professionalism of scientific, health care and educational organizations; a loss of the social purpose of social institutions, and the misuse of state resources.

Russia’s Science Policy in 2018–2022: Controversial Signals

The article analyzes the Russian science policy that has been implemented during last five years, after setting new goals in 2018. Science policy measures are examined in the projection of three actors. The first actor is the government that sets goals, systems of management and coordination, and allocates the funds. The second actor is the Russian Academy of Sciences, which performs an expert function. The third actor is university science, which has become the main beneficiary of state support in recent years. The aim of the article is to identify the key directions of the country’s science policy in projections of the readiness of the science system to the radically changed geopolitical conditions that have emerged in 2022. During the last five years, the system of science management has evolved towards increased centralization of power. Such system allows concentrating resources on key tasks. However, such tasks that would need centralized effort were not set. The main objectives of the science policy focused on the diversification and integration of the Russian science into the international scientific community (through the improvement of positions in the international ratings, growth of publications indexed in international databases, encouraging academic mobility). The result of the contradicting government policy was unpreparedness of the science sector to sanctions. The state was able to undertake only actions of immediate reaction; the time was lost to develop measures aimed at existence in isolation from key world scientific powers.

Critical perspective on public deficits: contrasting conventional and Islamic views

Purpose This study aims to investigate the public deficit issue by contrasting conventional and Islamic views encompassing the paradigm, technical base, orientation and consequence detailed in nine discussions, which are rarely investigated in the research. There is a predisposition that contemporary Muslim scholars discuss the public deficit as well as the private sector perspective, which is used in the conventional conception, without riba as a primary feature. Design/methodology/approach The paper develops a comparative approach that derives two perspectives from the available literature using the qualitative method under the critical thinking method. It was drawn up in detail on how the paradigm and its related budgeting process contribute to public deficits, mainly in government institutions. Findings The paper reveals a prominent difference in public deficit in the Islamic view from a conventional perspective. From 9 points of comparison, the analysis covers 18 discussion that differentiates between private and public area criticism seems to overlap. The foundation giving a unique perspective in Islam toward public deficit is the concept of ownership that differs from capitalism, mainly the function of public spending is to distribute the wealth among people not for economic growth. The Islamic Government spent for public purposes based on cash-basis budgeting. The budgeting system in Islamic public spending is founded on treasure availability. Research limitations/implications The paper uses a qualitative method that cannot empirically snapshot the actual or factual condition, in which subjectivity plays a plausible role. Furthermore, there is no actual sample (best practices) of the concept to be examined. Practical implications The research encompasses overlap between Islamic and conventional perspectives, including public and private issues regarding public deficits. The main beneficiary of the paper is a policymaker, including academicians or practitioners who are appropriate to use the concept in their circumstances. Originality/value The study is a pioneering study in public deficit comprehensively comparing conventional and Islamic perspectives and drawing up conceptual and technical aspects.

Network modeling and stability improvement of the water-energy-fertilizer-food nexus flows based on global agricultural trade

Water, energy, fertilizer and food are vital for sustainable development, yet their nexuses within various agricultural trade patterns remain ambiguous. Therefore, we analyzed the nexus of these four elements in the global trade of both total and basic agricultural products, focusing on exporting countries from 2000 to 2019. Our approach involved coupling models, complex network analysis and mathematical programming. The results showed that: (1) In the total agricultural trade nexus flows, the export-import flow pairs with the highest average nexus of continents changed from Europe-Europe to Oceania-Asia. Netherlands-Germany maintained the export-import flow pairs with the highest nexus of countries. In the basic agricultural trade nexus flows, Oceania-Asia maintained the highest average nexus export-import flow pairs of continents. Denmark-Germany maintained the export-import flow pairs with the highest nexus of countries. (2) The basic agricultural trade nexus flows network exhibited the higher density and average clustering coefficient. Argentina, Brazil and Canada played pivotal roles in maintaining high closeness centrality. Congo, Dominican Republic and Bosnia and Herzegovina displayed considerable potential on the indirectness of the network with high eigenvector centrality. (3) To improve the stability of the nexus flows network, taking the total agricultural trade nexus of the US, Netherlands and China as examples, the main largest beneficiary countries were Vanuatu, Eswatini and Saint Lucia. Taking the basic agricultural trade nexus of Canada, Brazil and China as examples, the main largest beneficiary countries were Kiribati and Niue. This study utilizes coupling and network models to analyze agricultural trade nexus flows, offering a deeper understanding of the complex nexus relationships within various agricultural trade patterns. Furthermore, the findings serve as a reference point for the formulation of strategies promoting sustainable development.

Cultural heritage potential as a contribution to the tourism development of Mon-tecristi, Ecuador

Montecristi´s cultural heritage potential is analyzed to determine the contribution to tourism develop-ment. Tangible and intangible cultural heritage is present in the parish and is part of the cultural identity of its population. The use of cultural heritage as an attraction to generate tourism activities, has allowed a better diversification of the offer and the creation of new tourist products aimed at a demand interested in knowing about history, culture, traditions and having more experiential experiences linking with the community, in turn, it requires an adequate management that regulates the tourist activity and promotes the development in the locality. Montecristi is characterized by having a cultural heritage that is still pre-sent in current generations, its potential is evidenced in historical, architectural, traditions and customs, all these, allow a cultural exchange. From a qualitative, quantitative study and bibliographic review, the information is collected to propose a proposal that promotes tourism development, where the recipient community is involved as the main beneficiary, since tourism development seeks to improve the quality of life of the population taking advantage of its resources and adapting the locality to provide tourist facili-ties [1].

청년1인가구의 공공임대주택에 대한 공간개선요구

The supply of an Happy House, a representative public rental housing for young adults, is continuously increasing. As the supply of the Happy House requires the most budget among housing policies for young adults, it is necessary to check whether Happy Housing is suitable for young households, the main beneficiary. Therefore, in this study, a post-occupancy evaluation was conducted targeting young single-person households living in the Happy Houses across the country to identify the demands for housing improvement. The method of this study was an online survey, and a total of 328 responses were collected and analyzed. As a result of the study, the overall improvement demand was slightly above average, and the improvement request for basic installation options such as home appliances, furniture, and facilities was the highest, and the housing area improvement request was similarly high. In the basic installation options, kitchen appliances had the highest demand, and air conditioner installation was also high for each room. The area expansion was mainly in demand for small bedrooms and kitchen/dining rooms. The results of this study can be used as basic data for the preparation of space improvement plans for the Happy House and the establishment of other types of public rental housing supply plans tailored to the young generation.

Transgressive Play and the Inherent Limits of Business Growth for China’s LGBTQ Platforms: The Case of a Social Game in Aloha

Since 2016, China’s online LGBTQ platforms, such as Blued and Aloha, have been seeking to increase user acquisition and retention by introducing new functionalities to their interfaces. Although these attempts were promising at first, most of their endeavors proved unsustainable, largely due to the condition in which their businesses operate: a niche audience segment in a winner-take-all mobile market and a highly regulatory market in which LGBTQ content is often made a site for the execution of power. This article investigates the now-defunct role-playing social game Werewolf embedded in Aloha, one of the popular dating apps for queer men in China. By bringing together scholarship on game studies and queer media studies, it is argued that social games embedded in dating apps foster a new form of sexual sociality in which desires become increasingly gamified and intimacy networked, which are essential for queer social media to retain users. Although Werewolf was ultimately closed due to Aloha’s budgetary controls, queer players have emerged as a promising market for their unique engagement in social games. LGBTQ platforms, however, are not the main beneficiary of the queer gaming market because of the winner-take-all mobile ecosystem. The article highlights the inherent limits of “outward” expansion of China’s LGBTQ platforms into the mainstream market and suggests that prioritizing the unaddressed needs of their niche audience through an inward approach may be a more viable strategy for business growth in a mobile ecosystem dominated by a handful of major players.

Structural evolutionary analysis of the embodied net carbon transfer network of Belt and Road trade: from the regional and sectoral perspectives.

The countries along the "Belt and Road" (B&R) have close cooperative connections economically and in trade, and these connections lead to a large amount of embodied carbon emissions and have formed a complex network of net carbon transfers. Considering 63 countries and 26 sectors, this study uses the Eora multiregional input-output (MRIO) model to construct the embodied carbon transfer networks in 1992, 1998, 2004, 2010, and 2016. Additionally, it applies the social network approach to analyze the structural characteristics and evolution of carbon flow networks in the countries and regions along the B&R. The results show that (1) from the regional perspective, the net embodied carbon flow network of trade between countries is connected with an obvious core-periphery structure. The embodied carbon transfer network generally tends to expand over time. (2) The net carbon transfer network can be divided into four blocks, among which 13 countries, such as China, India, and Russia, are part of the main spillover block, and 25 countries, such as Singapore, the UAE, and Israel, are the main beneficiary block. (3) From the sectoral perspective, the embodied carbon transfer network has generally tended to shrink. (4) The net carbon transfer network can also be divided into four blocks, with six industries, such as the wood and paper industry, constituting the main spillover block and 11 industries, such as agriculture, constituting the main beneficiary block. Our findings can provide a factual basis for the coordinated control of carbon emissions from regional and sectoral perspectives in the countries and regions along the B&R and reasonably define the responsibility of producers and consumers of embodied carbon to facilitate a more equitable and effective negotiation process for emission reductions.

Transport Accessibility of Rural Territories of the Siberian Federal District

The article provides a comparative analysis of the transport accessibility of the grain-producing territories of the European and Asian parts of Russia. It has been determined that on the territory of Russia the role of the main regional beneficiary in the port infrastructure of western directions has only increased, including for the reception of grain products. The development of northern ports in terms of the reorientation of grain flows is limited by the development of the northern sea route, in which, in turn, the main role is assigned to sustainable supplies of mineral raw materials. Eastern ports of the country are limited by natural and climatic conditions, as well as infrastructural restrictions, historical and economic factors in the development of port infrastructure. The main directions for solving these problems at the level of the Siberian Federal District include increasing export flows through river ports oriented to the Northern Sea Route (Sabetta port) for Novosibirsk and Tomsk and Irkutsk regions, Krasnoyarsk Territory; intensification of the river direction of the southern export flow through the checkpoint "Cherlak" for the Omsk region; formation in the southern municipalities of regional cargo-forming hubs for orientation to the east for the Irkutsk region and the Krasnoyarsk Territory.