Maiduguri Metropolis Research Articles

Physiochemical and Bacteriological Analysis of Selected Sachet Water in Jere and Maiduguri, Borno State Nigeria

The study involved the determination of some physiochemical and bacteriological properties in sachet-water samples taken within selected geopolitical wards in Jere and Maiduguri Metropolis. The purpose was to ascertain the quality of sachet water sold for consumption within the area. Ten samples were drawn, five from each study area. The samples were analysed for temperature, colour, turbidity, pH, conductivity, iron, total alkalinity and total dissolved solid. Bacteriological analysis was also carried out using multiple tube (most probable number) technique for enumeration of both total coli form count and differential Escherichia coli count. Other physical examination like volume, National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration and Control (NAFDAC) registration number, batch number, production date and expiry date were also examined. The results obtained were compared with World Health Organization (WHO), NAFDAC and Nigeria Standard of Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ). Variations were observed among the entire samples in comparison with the standard. Some of the parameters conform to the standard like the Tempreture, pH, colour, odour, iron content and NAFDAC registration number while others like TDS, total alkalinity and volumetric quantity fell below the standard. The bacteriological analysis also showed that 80% of the samples studied revealed the presence of coliforms. Hence, there is need for regulatory agencies like NAFDAC and Standard Organisation of Nigeria (SON) to intensify effort in the routine monitoring of quality of sachet water marketed for consumption.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v4i1.12177 International Journal of Environment Volume-4, Issue-1, Dec-Feb 2014/15, page: 48-57

Distribution Pattern of the Heavy Metals: Pb, Zn, Cd and Cu in Roadside Soils of Maiduguri Metropolis, Borno State Nigeria

In this research work the level of the metals: Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu were determined in soil samples collected within Maiduguri Metropolis. Samples were collected from places of high anthropogenic activity such as automobile maintenance workshop (AMW), Car park or Bus stops (CP), and the highways (HW) to places of low activity the Residential areas (RA) at the depth of 5 to 15cm. To avoid washing away by rainfall, all collections were done during the dry season in the month of September/October 2012 to April/May of the following year 2013. These periods are period of incessant wind and sandstorm marked with low or no rainfall in this part of the country (far north-eastern part of Nigeria). Soil samples were analyzed using ICP-OES following digestion with aqua-regia and the results shows that; the AMW has the highest level of 180.96±3.84 µgg -1 for the metal Pb,

Influence of Compatibility on Adoption of Hiv/Aids Preventive Measures in Maiduguri Metropolis: A Social Marketing Perspective

The main goal of social is behavioural impact and it can be applied to a variety of social problems, but behaviour change is complex.The study examined the influence of compatibilitywith culture on adoption of HIV/AIDS preventive measures in Maiduguri metropolis, specifically, the study assessed the level of awareness on HIV/AIDS; and examined the peoples' protective behaviours. Primary source of data was utilised, structured questionnaires were administered on 300 respondents; however, 283 questionnaires were valid. Multistage sampling technique was employed using stratified sampling and convenience sampling techniques to select the respondents. Secondary data were sourced through existing literature. Descriptive statistics and simple linear regression analysis were used to analyse the data. The major finding of the study revealed that prevention measures that are not compatible with culture significantly influence adoption of HIV/AIDS prevention methods. The study recommends Cultural social marketing should be used where community leaders and communal elders are recognised and persuaded to promote cultural practices which can prevent HIV infection rather than those practices that are barriers to its prevention.

Prevalence of salmonella infection in dogs in maiduguri, northeastern Nigeria.

The prevalence and antimicrobial sensitivity of Salmonella from dogs in Maiduguri Metropolis were determined using standard bacteriological methods to assess the risk of possible transmission of Salmonella infection from dogs to humans. Of 119 samples, Salmonella was isolated from 52 (43.7%). Males had higher prevalence of 50.0% compared with 34.7% in females (P < 0.05). Dogs older than 24 months had higher prevalence of 61.0% and the lowest was seen in dogs aged 13–24 months (P < 0.05). The prevalence of 31.8%, 41.2%, and 58.8% was observed in dogs aged 3–6, 10–12, and 7–9 months, respectively. High prevalence of 49.5% was observed in Mongrels, while Terrier and Alsatian breeds had 30.0% and 8.3%, respectively. Salmonella isolates from Alsatian and Terrier breeds showed about 100% susceptibility to all the tested antimicrobials. Higher percentage of the Salmonella isolates from Mongrels also showed susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (89.7%), amoxicillin (87.6%), vancomycin (86.6%), and chloramphenicol (84.5%). However about 50% of these isolates showed resistance to ofloxacin. The carrier status of Salmonella is high among dogs especially Mongrels. Therefore good environmental hygiene, discouraging straying coupled with feeding of dogs with properly cooked and uncontaminated feeds was recommended to mitigate risk of human salmonellosis.

Effects of Customer Experience on ATM Refund System for Failed Transactions: A Study of Deposit Money Banks in Maiduguri, Borno State Nigeria

This paper examines the advent of technology brought with it relative ease with which the banking industry transact their businesses electronically without direct contact especially as it relate to their numerous customers. One of such intricate technology is the introduction of the ATM. This technology has made customer's access to their cash relatively easy as well safe their time from endless queues. The ATM machine soon gave rise to certain problems such as losses on customers being addressed in this research work. Again, the loss of cash due to failed transactions at ATM across the Metropolis. Some respondents argue that just like any other technology, this one does not work in isolation. There are other factors such as power, internet connectivity and so on needs to function optimally for ATM to deliver efficiently but while the argument goes on, customers are being affected negatively there by leading to apathy and discontent in the use of ATM especially in Maiduguri Metropolis .The research reveals that weak government policy on banks, illiteracy as well as non challant attitudes of customer care services is to blame for the dwindling use of ATM in the state.

Food Security and Coping Strategies amongst Medium Income Earners in Maiduguri Metropolis of Borno State, Nigeria.

This paper examined the determinants of food security among medium income households in Maiduguri Metropolis of Borno State Nigeria. Data for the study were selected from 120 medium income households using purposive and multi-stage random sampling techniques. Descriptive statistics, Cost-ofcalories method, Logit model and household dietary diversity scores were used as analytical techniques for the study. Based on the recommended daily energy levels of 2260 kcal, a food security line of N26,956.00 per adult equivalent per year was obtained for the households and about 67% of the sample households are therefore food secure. The Logit analysis revealed that the major determinants that positively influence food security in the study area among others are income, level of education, assets, farm enterprise, extension agent’s contact and diet diversity while household size negatively influence food security. Therefore, it is imperative that government should give adequate priority and attention to policy measures directed towards educating and provision of better family planning. Also, improving wage earning capacity and exploring income diversification opportunities are crucial in enhancing food security status and general welfare of households in the study area.

Determination of Heavy Metals in Blood, Urine and Water Samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrophotometer and Fluoride Using Ion-Selective Electrode

This study was conducted in Maiduguri Metropolis of Borno State, Nigeria. The levels of fluoride, cadmium, arsenic, lead and nickel were determined in sachet, tap and ground water. The levels of fluoride and some heavy metals were also determined in blood and urine samples with respect to age groups. The sample collection and preparation were carried out using standard procedures. The concentrations of the heavy metals were determined by using Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrophotometer (ICPAES), while fluoride was determined Potentiometrically Using Ion-Selective Electrode. The results of this study showed that the concentration of fluoride was highest in male subject with a value of 1.65 mg/l within the age group of 51-60, while the lowest concentration of 0.02 mg/l was observed in female subject within the age group of 1-10. The concentrations of the metals studied in blood samples from male subject were significantly higher than in the female subject. The concentrations of these metals were significantly higher at an age group of 51-60, while the age group 1-10 showed the lowest concentrations. It was also observed that the concentration of fluoride in urine samples from male subject increased significantly with increase in age (P<0.05). The concentration of fluoride in borehole water from Gamboru, Bolori, Mairi and Gwange ward ranged between 0.02 mg/l and 0.01 mg/l, 0.04 mg/l and 0.11 mg/l Ni, 0.05 mg/l and 0.07 mg/l Cd, while for tap water the concentration of fluoride ranged from (0.034 to 0.73 mg/l), (0.026 to 0.54 mg/l)As, (0.15 to 0.24 mg/l)Pb, (0.08 to 0.22 mg/l)Ni, and (0.12 to 0.31 mg/l)Cd. Similarly for sachet water (Hauwa, Madube, Mustapha and Rahama waters) the concentration of fluoride ranged between 0.01 mg/l and 0.06 mg/l, 0.01 mg/l and 0.03 mg/l As, 0.001 mg/l to 0.05 mg/lPb, 0.01 mg/l and 0.0007 mg/l Ni, 0.01 mg/l to 0.05 mg/l Cd. The highest concentration of Cd in borehole water was observed in Mairi, while the lowest concentration of F was in Gamboru. Similarly, the concentration of F in tap water was significantly higher (P<0.05) in Bolori, while Ni showed the lowest concentration in Gamboru. From the above results, the concentrations of all the metals in the water samples were lower than those of the blood and urine samples, this is possible because; metals can be accumulated and concentrated in human bodies. Hence, it may be concluded that the water samples consumed by these inhabitants might not be responsible for the presence of these studied metal in the blood and urine samples.

Assessment of Domestic Wastewater Disposal in Some Selected Wards of Maiduguri Metropolis, Borno State, Nigeria

This study evaluates domestic wastewater disposal in some selected wards of urban Maiduguri. The unprecedented population growth in Maiduguri generally is directly proportional to its demand for water supply for both domestic and industrial needs. Consequently the more water is consumed, the more its waste is generated. This in turn encourages its indiscriminate disposal particularly in an environment with poor drainage system such as most parts of Maiduguri urban area. It is against this background that the study examined how domestic wastewater is disposed in Maiduguri using the following objectives: to quantify the amount of domestic wastewater generated in the sampled areas, to study and describe the methods used in disposing wastewater, and to highlight the issues due to poor drainage in the town. The scope therefore, covers only domestic wastewater disposal in the selected wards with reference to individual household wastewater disposal system. This was based on planned and unplanned drainage system areas. New G R A and Bulumkutu were selected as the combination of the planned and unplanned areas, Hausari as unplanned and Gwange as planned areas respectively. Purposive, stratified and accidental sampling methods were employed at different stages in the sampling of the wards and the respondents. Three hundred and sixty copies of questionnaire designed to capture the objectives of the study were administered in the three selected wards (120 for each ward). The data obtained were analyzed using simple descriptive statistic and ANOVA. From the results obtained, the mean responses of the residents with regard to the wastewater generated from bathing, washing, food preparation and others, Maisandari has the highest values: 2.1583a, 1.3417a, 1.1250a and 1.1250a at 0.05 significant levels. This implies that most of the wastewater generated in the study area came from Maisandari ward. As a result of the serious environmental and health implication of this indiscriminate wastewater disposal in the study area, it is therefore recommended, that Borno State government should ensure effective/efficient maintenance of the existing waste disposal system and those areas without adequate drainage system should be provided by the government. The State government should provide drainages in the urban which are channelized in to central outlet system where it can be easily treated before final disposal for other uses.

Retrospective Study of Cryptosporidiosis Among Diarrhoeic Children in the Arid Region of North‐Eastern Nigeria

A retrospective study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocysts among diarrhoeic children (n = 650), aged between 0 and 15 years, living in Maiduguri metropolis (n = 220), Bama local government area (n = 278) and Gwoza local government area (n = 152). Stool samples were concentrated using the ethyl acetate sedimentation method. Data of stool samples with Cryptosporidium oocysts from patients within the specified age groups were collected and analysed. The overall prevalence was 42.9%. The prevalence was higher in Maiduguri metropolis 45.0%, which is an urban area as compared to Gwoza and Bama combined together 41.8% which are rural areas but not statistically significant at 95% confidence level (P > 0.05; OR = 1.14; CI = 0.82, 1.58). According to age, the prevalence in age group A (0-10 years) was higher (46.8%) as compared to age group B (11 < 15 years), which was 20.8%, and this was statistically significant at 95% confidence level (P < 0.05; OR = 3.34; CI = 1.98, 5.61). According to gender, males showed a higher prevalence (52.5%) compared with females (47.5%), but this was not statistically significant at 95% confidence level (P > 0.05; OR = 1.13; CI = 0.82, 1.53). Seasonal prevalence showed that hot dry months of March and April were higher compared with other months. Our findings indicate the presence of the pathogen in children in Borno State, Nigeria, with higher odds of the infection in younger children, and dry months may be more associated with the infection. Control and preventive measures should be taken to protect younger children from the infection.

English

&nbsp; Physicochemical and bacteriological analyses of water samples were carried out from five wash borehole used for drinking purpose in Maiduguri Metropolis, Nigeria. The bacteriological analysis was carried out using multiple tube (most probable number) technique for enumeration of both total coliform count and differential&nbsp;Escherichia colicount. The results obtained were compared with World Health Organization (WHO), National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) and Nigeria Standard of Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) standard for drinking water. None of the samples complied with the bacteriological standard as the total coliform count ranges between 6 x 103&nbsp;and 145 x 103&nbsp;MPN/ml. Also, with the exception of samples from Hausari and Bulabulin-ngarannam, the other samples did not comply with the pH standard recommended by WHO, NAFDAC and NSDWQ. Total dissolved solid of the water samples from Hausari also exceeded the standard requirements. Although no&nbsp;E. coli&nbsp;was detected in the entire samples, there is need to create awareness about the present situation of the wash boreholes and the necessity for further treatment by consumers, before it can be used for both drinking and domestic purposes. &nbsp; Key word:&nbsp;World Health Organization (WHO), National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC), Nigeria Standard of Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ), water, wash boreholes.

How some demographic factors affects postpartum haemorrhage prevention in Maiduguri, Nigeria

Aim: The following work studied how tribal affiliation, educational level and occupation of some women that had PPH in Maiduguri metropolis between September 2007 and March 2009 relate with PPH occurrence. The study was aimed at identifying possible risk factors and also to compare the relative prevention efficacies of oxytocin or misoprostol within the matrix of these factors. Method: A total of 1800 pregnant women who have received either oxytocin injection or oral misoprostol in third stage of labour as a prophylaxis of postpartum haemorrhage, were enrolled within three health care facilities in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Each patient was observed at parturition and for 24 h after, during which blood lost was estimated to the nearest millilitres. Demographic characteristics were recorded in a structured proforma. The relationship of the occurrence of PPH (occurrence of blood loss > 500 ml) and mean blood loss (MBL) was studied with respect to the prophylactic medication used and some demographic factors. Results: The incidence of PPH was higher in Igbo, and some “minority” tribes of Borno state (Babur, Bura, Mafa). The tribes that constituted the majority of the study population (Kanuri, and Hausa) exhibited low incidences of PPH. Significant relationships were demonstrated between PPH and educational levels and occupations of participants. Conclussions: It was concluded that PPH occurrence is related to tribal affiliation, educational level and occupation, and the relative efficacies of oxytocin and misoprostol varies between the tribal groups.

Heavy Metals in Leaf, Stem Bark of Neem Tree (Azadirachta indica) and Roadside Dust in Maiduguri Metropolis, Borno State, Nigeria

Street dust and neem tree samples (Azadirachta indica) from Maiduguri Metropolis, Borno State, Nigeria were collected for the determination of trace elements. The highest concentrations of metals were found to be higher at the seven sampling points, while the lowest levels were observed in the street dust samples from the control sites. The concentrations of all the metals in plant samples were significantly highest in the leaves of Azadirachta indica, while the stem bark shows the least values. Levels of chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) in plant samples exceeded the world health organization standard limits for medicinal plants. At the same time, the traffic situation in the area of study might be regarded as a source of heavy metal content in the roadside dust and plant samples.

Levels of Heavy Metals in Human Hair and Nail Samples from Maiduguri Metropolis, Borno State, Nigeria

Hair and nail samples were collected from different subjects with respect to sex, age of those working in iron welder workshop and liquor and non-liquor subject in Maiduguri Metropolis, Borno State, Nigeria for heavy metals determination. Sample collection and preparations were carried out using standard procedures. The levels of heavy metals (Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Co), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Chromium (Cr), Cadmium (Cd) Arsenic (As), Nickel (Ni) and Lead (Pb)) were carried out using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS, Unicam 969). From the results of this study, Zn showed the highest concentrations while Cu showed the least levels. The results of the study showed that there was no contribution of liquor towards nail and hair metal concentrations. The levels of all the metals studied were significantly higher in the toenails compared to fingernails samples (p<0.05). Similarly, iron welding workers showed high concentrations of heavy metals when compared to liquor user. The levels of all the metals studied were statistically higher in male subjects compared to female subjects (p<0.05). The concentrations of heavy metals in nail samples were significantly higher when compared to hair samples. Significant levels of these metals in nail and hair samples indicate the presence of these metals in the environment and the workplace of the subjects. Since the present study reveals high levels of some heavy metals in hair and nail samples of iron welding worker volunteer. So there is instantaneous need for public awareness about the hazards of this occupation in order to enable these volunteer take necessary precautionary measures<b>.</b>

Isolation and identification of fungal species from dried date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) fruits sold in Maiduguri metropolis

A total of 360 dried date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) fruits were collected from hawkers, shops and market places within Maiduguri metropolis for the detection of the presence of fungal species. Investigation was based on cultural, microscopically and biochemical tests. Of the 327 (90.83%) fungal isolates recovered on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA), Aspergillus niger had the highest percentage of occurrence (39.17%), followed by Aspergillus flavus (17.60%), Mucor species (16.67%),Aspergillus fumigatus (12.50%), Trychophyton rubrum (4.16%), while Candida albicans had the least percentage of occurrences of (0.83%). There is need therefore to appropriately treat this fruit before consumption, to minimize possible mycotic infection. Key words: Isolation, fungi, date palm, Phoenix dactylifera, Maiduguri.

Medical Implications Of The Fungi Flora Of Naira - “A Nigerian Currency”

Study BackgroundDespite the impregnation of paper currency notes with disinfectant to inhibit microorganisms, pathogens had long been isolated from currency notes .The microorganisms implicated included members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Vibrio cholera, e.t.c. Simultaneous handling of food and money contributes to the incidence of food-related public health incidents. This work focuses on the fungi flora load of Nigerian currency and the associated medical hazard.Study Design/ Methods: A completely randomized sample collection design was adopted. A total of 160 dirty and tattered notes, and 40 minted denominations were randomly collected from various groups using the currency in Maiduguri Metropolis and Federal Capital Territory Abuja. Culture was by the pour plate method. Other routine fungi isolation techniques were adopted.RESULT : The fungi flora of the various denominations of Nigerian currency Notes does not differ significantly- As the fungi loads of the various Aspergillus species, and Blastomyces dermatitidis isolated from the various currency denominations had statistical calculated F value less than table value using the one-way ANOVA technique.CONCLUSION: All currency notes in use may be potential sources of disseminating hazardous fungi pathogens no matter the type, - dirty, tattered, nor minted naira notes

Medical Implications Of The Fungi Flora Of Naira - “A Nigerian Currency”

Study BackgroundDespite the impregnation of paper currency notes with disinfectant to inhibit microorganisms, pathogens had long been isolated from currency notes .The microorganisms implicated included members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Vibrio cholera, e.t.c. Simultaneous handling of food and money contributes to the incidence of food-related public health incidents. This work focuses on the fungi flora load of Nigerian currency and the associated medical hazard.Study Design/ Methods: A completely randomized sample collection design was adopted. A total of 160 dirty and tattered notes, and 40 minted denominations were randomly collected from various groups using the currency in Maiduguri Metropolis and Federal Capital Territory Abuja. Culture was by the pour plate method. Other routine fungi isolation techniques were adopted.RESULT : The fungi flora of the various denominations of Nigerian currency Notes does not differ significantly- As the fungi loads of the various Aspergillus species, and Blastomyces dermatitidis isolated from the various currency denominations had statistical calculated F value less than table value using the one-way ANOVA technique.CONCLUSION: All currency notes in use may be potential sources of disseminating hazardous fungi pathogens no matter the type, - dirty, tattered, nor minted naira notes

Profile and Challenges to Women’s participation in Agricultural Co-operative in Maiduguri Metropolis, Borno State, Nigeria.

This study analyzed the profile and challenges of women participating in agricultural co-operative activities in Maiduguri metropolis, Borno State, Nigeria. Structured interview schedules were used to collect data from women participating in co-operative activities in the study area. One hundred and fifty women co-operative members were purposively selected for the study. The data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical tools. The study revealed that 70.66% of the respondents were within the age range of 26 years to 45 years. More than half (63.80%) of the respondents were married with 51.86% of the respondents having educational qualification not beyond primary school level. The study also revealed that more than half (53.14%) of the respondents were earning at least N76, 000.00K per annum. The study also found that cooperative activities reduced the number of low income earners by 25.71% while it has increased the number of high income earners by 25.69%. The major challenges to participation of women in co-operative activities in the study area were the low level of education and cultural barriers. Chi-Square analysis revealed that family size (÷2 Tab 9.49; ÷2 Cal 11.12; ñ =0.05), level of education (÷2 Tab 13.28; ÷2 Cal 18.75; ñ = 0.01) and income (÷2 Tab 9.49; ÷2 Cal 14.58; ñ =0.05) were significant in explaining participation of women in cooperative activities in the study area. Pearson correlation also showed that there was significant relationship between the income of respondents and their participation in cooperative activities (r= 0.864; ñ=.01). There was also a significant relationship between the level of education of respondents and their participation in cooperative activities (r= 0 842; ñ= 0.01). It was recommended that co-operative societies should engage in educational programmes in order to reduce the level of illiteracy among women in the study area. It was also recommended that cooperative societies should focus on enterpreneual training among their members with a view of strategizing how to reduce poverty among women.

Anthropometric Study of the Pinna (Auricle) among Adult Nigerians Resident in Maiduguri Metropolis

Anthropometric Study of the Pinna (Auricle) among Adult Nigerians Resident in Maiduguri Metropolis

Craniofacial Classification of Normal Newborns in Maiduguri Metropolis, Nigeria

Las medidas antropometricas, tales como las formas craneofaciales especialmente en los primeros dias despues del nacimiento, son importantes para la evaluacion del estado de salud neonatal y los resultados obtenidos a partir de estas mediciones se utilizan en pediatria, cirugia orofacial y la comprension diagnostica entre el paciente y la poblacion normal. No hay literatura publicada sobre los tipos de formas de cabeza y rostro en los los Kanuri y Babur/Bura recien nacidos de Maiduguri. Este estudio se llevo a cabo para documentar las diversas formas craneofaciales de los recien nacidos de Maiduguri. Fueron medidos la longitud, ancho y circunferencia de la cabeza, altura facial, ancho de la cara, indice prosopo y cefalico en 120 recien nacidos de Maiduguri. La media del indice cefalico en hombres y mujeres Kanuri recien nacidos fueron 70,03% y 77,15%, respectivamente; mientras que la de hombres y mujeres Babur / Bura recien nacidos fueron de 73,60% y 77,23% respectivamente. La media del indice prosop en hombres y mujeres kanuri recien nacidos fueron 83,77% y 82,84%, respectivamente, mientras que la de la hombres y mujeres Babur / Bura recien nacidos fueron 80,74% y 81,03%, respectivamente. En comparacion con la literatura existente, los hombres y mujeres Kanuri son dolicocefalos, hombres y mujeres Babur / Bura son mesocefalos, mientras que los hombres y mujeres Kanuri y Babur / Bura recien nacidos tienen tienen la cara hipereuriprosopo. Los datos obtenidos de este estudio pueden ser utilizados como las normas locales para el diagnostico y evaluacion antropometrica

Spermiogram of the White Ecotype of Sahel Bucks in Maiduguri Metropolis

Spermiogram of the White Ecotype of Sahel Bucks in Maiduguri Metropolis