Mahkota Dewa Research Articles

Attenuation of TNF-α and Iron Levels in Renal Hemosiderosis by Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl Extract in a Rat Iron Overload Model

Regular blood transfusions are typically used to treat the genetic anemia known as thalassemia, which can lead to an increase in the body's total iron levels. The condition of excess iron can be toxic to the body due to the formation of free radicals that are harmful and can damage cells and tissues. So the availability of free iron will form the basis of iron toxicity because it accelerates the Fenton reaction to produce an increase in the amount of ROS that cannot be suppressed so that saturation of the antioxidant system can occur. Excess iron has been known to be a risk factor for organ dysfunction and damage that results in various organ diseases such as liver, heart and kidney, diabetes mellitus, and neurodegenerative diseases. Mangiferin is an active compound has been shown to act as an iron chelating agent by forming complexes with iron. The complex formed can reduce iron accumulation in thalassemia patients who receive blood transfusions on a regular basis. Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) is a well-known medicinal plant native to Papua, Indonesia, and it also includes the active ingredient mangiferin. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the ethanolic extract of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit as an iron chelating agent observed in the kidneys in a rat model of excess iron

Qualitative and Quantitative Tests on the Ingredients of Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) Fruit Extract as an Alternative Therapy for Infertility in Endometriosis

Endometriosis is a gynecological disease with complaints of pain, infertility, or both, up to 35-50%. The fruit extract of Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) contains antioxidants and anti-inflammatories, has anticancer prospects and is expected to have ingredients as an alternative therapy for treating infertility in endometriosis. To conduct qualitative and quantitative tests on the content of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit extract, which is expected to contain substances that act as an alternative to infertility therapy in endometriosis. Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) was ripened, and its seeds were extracted using 95% ethanol twice. The results of extracts 1 and 2 were combined and then examined by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). The research was conducted at the Pharmacognosy-Phytochemical Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Qualitative test showed that 95% ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit contains flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and steroids. Quantitative test using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method obtained a flavonoid content of 131.51-189.89µg/ml, equivalent to quercetin, in 6 repetitions, with a wavelength of 510 nm. Phaleria macrocarpa fruit contained flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids and steroids. The level of steroids contained in the fruit extract of Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) had not been obtained in this study.

EFFECTIVITY TEST OF THE COMBINATION OF ETHANOL EXTRACT MAHKOTA DEWA FRUIT (Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl.) WITH METFORMIN TO LOWERING BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS IN ALLOXAN-INDUCED WISTAR WHITE RATS STRAIN

Metformin is a first-line biguanid drug for type 2 of diabetes mellitus. Metformin potentially causes liver fibrosis in long-term use, its decrease it in their effectiveness of antidiabetic. Combining metformin with antidiabetic a-glucosidase enzyme inhibitors can increase the effectiveness of metformin. Mahkota dewa fruit is a natural ingredient that has antidiabetic activity with the mechanism of action of inhibiting a-glucosidase enzyme. This study aims to determine the effect of the combination of mahkota dewa fruit extract (EEMF) with metformin on the effectiveness of reducing blood glucose levels in diabetic rats. A total of 20 rats were grouped into 4, namely, group I: given distilled water (negative control); group II: given metformin 45 mg/kgBW; group III: given EEMF 50 mg/kgBW; group IV: given a combination of metformin 45 mg/kgBW and EEMF 50 mg/kgBW. The study was conducted by determining blood glucose levels using the GOD-PAP method. The results showed that the combination of EEMF with metformin had an average decrease per day from after induction to day 7 of 42,9 mg/dL and from day 7 to day 14 of 0,45 mg/dL. It can be concluded that the combination of EEMF dose 50 mg/kgBW with metformin 45 mg/kgBW is not recommended to be used together, because the large decrease has the risk of hypoglycemia effect. Keywords: antidiabetic, alloxan, metformin, fruit of mahkota dewa.

Improvement in Pharmacological Activity of Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa (Schef. Boerl)) Seed Extracts in Nanoemulsion Dosage Form: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies.

Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) seed has various phytochemical compounds and low pharmacological activities, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This research aimed to study nanoemulsion preparations of Mahkota Dewa seed (NE-BMD) for their anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The nanoemulsion was prepared using an ultrasonication probe and followed by selecting two formulations, F7 and F8. The anti-oxidant activity test was carried out using the DPPH method, meanwhile, the anti-inflammatory activity test was conducted using the protein denaturation method with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) for in vitro studies. In addition, for in vivo studies, the plethysmometer method was used with 1% carrageenan as an inducer. The characterization of NE-BMD preparations showed that the particle size and polydispersity index were 26,83 ± 1,27 nm (PI: 0.36 ± 0.03) and 30.73 ± 1.50 nm (PI: 0.32 ± 0.06) for NE-BMD F7 and F8 formulation, respectively. In addition, the anti-oxidant activity test revealed that the IC50 values of NE_BMD F7 and F8 were 15.62 ± 1.40 µg/ml and 28.39 ± 4.69 µg/ml, respectively. The protein denaturation test showed that the IC50 values for NE-BMD F7 and F8 were 94.39 ± 1.24 µg/ml and 196.63 ± 1.61 µg/ml, respectively. Meanwhile, the study of anti-inflammatory in vivo for NE-BMD F7 with a 1 g/kg BW dose showed a significant improvement in anti-inflammatory activity compared to BMD extract. This research suggests that due to the smaller drug particle size, the nanoemulsion dosage form of Mahkota Dewa seed extract has anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, thus emerging as an adjunct alternative treatment for inflammation.

Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. (Mahkota Dewa) seed essential oils: Extraction yield, volatile components, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities based on different solvents using Soxhlet extraction

Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl., locally known as ‘Mahkota Dewa’, is a fruit commonly found in Malaysia. It demonstrates high potential for various biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anticancer properties. Nevertheless, there is a lack of research on the effect of essential oil extraction using different solvents on the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of this seed's fruit. This study aims to investigate the extraction yield, volatile components, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities of essential oil extracted from P. macrocarpa seeds using ethyl acetate, hexane, and petroleum ether as solvents. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyse the volatile components, while the antibacterial activity was assessed against Listeria innocua and Serratia marcescens. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Hexane showed the highest extraction yield (51.87 ± 0.21%), followed by petroleum ether (44.40 ± 0.14%) and ethyl acetate (27.08 ± 0.10%). The essential oils extracted with ethyl acetate, hexane, and petroleum ether contained 24, 26, and 21 volatile components, respectively. The major component, 1-(ethenylthio)-octane was found in concentrations ranging from 42.371 to 54.863 ppm, followed by 2,2-dimethyl-5-(3-methyl-2-oxiranyl)cyclohexanone, with concentrations between 30.771 and 40.783 ppm. The essential oil exhibited moderate antibacterial activity, as indicated by the zone of inhibition against L. innocua (8.00 ± 1.30 mm to 11.00 ± 1.40 mm) and S. marcescens (9.00 ± 1.00 mm to 14.00 ± 1.20 mm) compared to the positive control. Additionally, the essential oil demonstrated good antioxidant activity, with TPC, TFC, and DPPH values for hexane (65.56 ± 0.02 mg GAE/g, 4.46 ± 0.17 mg RE/g, 223.78 ± 29.69 μg/mL), ethyl acetate (72.99 ± 0.05 mg GAE/g, 19.47 ± 0.41 mg RE/g, 294.02 ± 12.70 μg/mL), and petroleum ether (70.29 ± 0.07 mg GAE/g, 4.83 ± 0.05 mg RE/g, 803.64 ± 27.76 μg/mL), respectively. Nonetheless, correlation analysis revealed a moderate relationship between DPPH and TFC. The essential oils from P. macrocarpa seeds demonstrates strong natural antibacterial and antioxidant potential, with hexane as the most efficient solvent. Exploring compounds like 1-(ethenylthio)-octane and 2,2-dimethyl-5-(3-methyl-2-oxiranyl)cyclohexanone may reveal medicinal applications and lead to innovative remedies.

Review Artikel : Analisis Dan Formulasi Deodoran Berbahan Dasar Herbal Terhadap Kenyamanan Kulit

Body odour is a problem that interferes with daily life. The secretion of sweat glands and bacterial activity cause body odour. There are many ways to deal with the problem of body odour, including maintaining body hygiene and using skin care products such as deodorant and antiperspirant. The purpose of this review article is to determine the concentration levels of herbal-based active substances that are suitable for deodorant preparations and to determine their safety and comfort for the skin. This literature review article takes 4 main articles with 10 additional articles, spanning the last 10 years from 2013-2023. The results obtained from this review article show that all deodorant preparations have good formulation content. In spray-type deodorant preparations, the best formulation is deodorant with the active ingredient "Beluntas" leaf extract. In the roll-no type deodorant preparation, the best formulation obtained was with ethanol extract of “Mahkota dewa” leaves, carbopol base and triethanolamine. Both types of deodorant are safe and comfortable to use because they do not irritate the skin surface.

Providing Of Mahkota Dewa Fruit Extract (Phaleria Macrocarpa) To Reduce Malondialdehyde Levels In The Blood Of White Rats (Rattus Norvegicus) Triggered By Excessive Physical Activity

Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and apoptosis-modulating potential are just a few biological activities that have garnered much interest in natural food-derived components during the past two decades. Mahkota Dewa fruit (Phaleria macrocarpa) has several beneficial pharmacological activities. This study investigated whether Mahkota Dewa fruit extract (Phaleria macrocarpa) reduced malondialdehyde levels in blood samples of white rats (Rattus norvegicus) generated by excessive physical activity. The samples for this study were white rats (Rattus norvegicus) weighing 160-200 gr and 2-3 months old. The independent variable was the Mahkota Dewa fruit extract (Phaleria macrocarpa). The dependent variable was excessive physical activity-induced malondialdehyde levels in white rats (Rattus norvegicus). The average Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels show that the group given 5 ml of the Mahkota Dewa fruit extract (Phaleria macrocarpa) had tremendous success in lowering MDA levels compared to the other groups. The results of the observations and data analysis show that administration of the extract can reduce MDA levels significantly in male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) because of too much exercise.

Evaluation of Subacute Toxicity of Flavonoid from Phaleria Macrocarpa Fruit Extract in Mice

Background: Traditional medicine and supplements including Phaleria macrocarpa or Mahkota Dewa are extensively utilised. Rape fruit of phaleria macrocarpa contains flavonoid as a secondary metabolite that has a beneficial effect on endometriosis treatment and other illnesses. The purpose of this study was to look into the subacute toxicity of flavonoid from phaleria macrocarpa fruit extract on the brain and heart of BALB/c female mice. Method: The BALB/c female mice aged 6-8 weeks with a body weight of 20-30gr were divided into four groups and treated for 28 days. The control group received simply water, whereas the treatment group received flavonoid at doses of 500mg/kg/day, 1000mg/kg/day, and 2000mg/kg/day. At the end of the experiment, the mice were sacrificed and important organs were extracted and assessed. The organ weight was assessed using macroscopy, and the brain and heart were assessed using microscopy (histopathological abnormalities). Result: The BALB/c female mice treated with oral administration flavonoid from phaleria macrocarpa fruit extract showed no clinical abnormalities and no change in organ weight compared to the control groups (p>0,5) in subacute toxicity experiments. There were no abnormalities in the organs of the treated mice at a dose of 500mg/kg/day, according to histopatological testing. Conclusion: As a result, flavonoid had no harmful impact in brain and heart mice after subacute therapy up to a level of 500 mg/kg/ body weight. High doses of 1000 and 2000 mg/kg/day are not recommended for long-term use.

Effect of Temperatures on Drying Kinetics, Extraction Yield, Phenolics, Flavonoids, and Antioxidant Activity of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. (Mahkota Dewa) Fruits.

Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. or 'Mahkota Dewa' is a popular plant found in Malaysia as it is a valuable source of phytochemicals and therapeutic properties. Drying is an essential step in the storage of P. macrocarpa fruits at an industrial level to ensure their availability for a prolonged shelf life as well as preserving their bioactive compounds. Hence, this study evaluates the effect of different temperatures on the drying kinetics, extraction yield, phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of P. macrocarpa fruits. The oven-drying process was carried out in this study at temperatures of 40 °C, 50 °C, 60 °C, 70 °C, and 80 °C. Six thin-layer drying models (i.e., Lewis, Page, Henderson and Pabis, two-term exponential, Logarithmic, and Midilli and Kucuk models) were evaluated to study the behaviour of oven-dried P. macrocarpa fruits based on the coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), and chi-square (χ2). The quality of the oven-dried P. macrocarpa fruits was determined based on their extraction yield, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) using ultrasound-assisted extraction. The results showed that the time for moisture removal correspondingly increased in the oven-dried P. macrocarpa fruits. Apparently, the Midilli and Kucuk model is the most appropriate model to describe the drying process. The range of effective moisture diffusivity was 1.22 × 10-8 to 4.86 × 10-8 m2/s, and the activation energy was 32.33 kJ/mol. The oven-dried P. macrocarpa fruits resulted in the highest extraction yield (33.99 ± 0.05%), TPC (55.39 ± 0.03 mg GAE/g), TFC (15.47 ± 0.00 mg RE/g), and DPPH inhibition activity (84.49 ± 0.02%) at 60 °C based on the significant difference (p < 0.05). A strong correlation was seen between the antioxidant activity, TPC, and TFC in the oven-dried P. macrocarpa fruits. The current study suggests that the oven-drying method improved the TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity of the P. macrocarpa fruits, which can be used to produce functional ingredients in foods and nutraceuticals.

Effectiveness of mahkota dewa leaves extract as a biofilm inhibitor of propionibacterium acnes growth

Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammation of the pilosebaceous unit with various clinical manifestations caused by bacterial colonization of Propionibacterium acnes. Various studies have been performed to improve the modality of acne vulgaris therapy with natural product, such as leaves of Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa). This experimental study aims to investigate the effect of the Mahkota Dewa leaves extract against P. acnes by using Disc Diffusion method and Inhibition of Biofilm formation. Research results showed that the Total Flavonoid and Tannin content were 953.10 mg QE/gr DW and 42.67 mg TAE/gr DW, respectively. The Mahkota Dewa leaves extract had a significant antibacterial effect on P. acnes bacteria by using disc diffusion method (p &lt; 0.05), with the widest inhibition zone diameter found at a concentration of 90 ppm (19.20 mm) and the narrowest was 30 ppm (14.20 ppm). Mahkota Dewa leaves extract also significantly inhibited the formation of P. acnes biofilms, where the highest inhibition activity was found at a concentration of 90 ppm (71.58 ± 1.49%) and the lowest was found at a concentration of 30 ppm (58.24 ± 2.52%). Mahkota Dewa leaves extract has showed an antibacterial effect against P. acnes and promise a potential use of acne vulgaris therapy.

Antibacterial Activity Test of Mahkota Dewa Fruit (Phaleria macrocarpa) Extract against Escherichia Coli Bacteria

Exposure to Escherichia coli during pregnancy may cause serious problems such as anemia, premature birth and an increased risk of inflammation of the lining of the brain in the fetus. Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) is a medicinal plant that is widely known and used to treat allergies and chronic diseases. One of the compounds contained in Mahkota Dewa is flavonoids. There is certain mechanism of action of flavonoids in inhibiting bacteria namely by damaging the cytoplasmic cell wall in bacteria. This study aims to analyze the antibacterial properties of various flavonoid concentrations of Mahkota Dewa fruit (Phaleria macrocarpa) extract against Escherichia coli bacteria through a laboratory experimental study design by testing the antimicrobial potency of the well method, namely 10percent, 20percent, 40percent, 60percent, 80percent and 100percent. Statistical analysis using One-Way Anova Test showed a significant difference between changes in the concentration of flavonoids in Mahkota Dewa fruit extract and the inhibition zones towards the growth of Escherichia coli bacteria (p less than 0.05). Pearson correlation test showed a very strong relationship with a positive direction (r equals 0.874) which indicated that the higher the concentration of flavonoids in Mahkota dewa fruit extract, the stronger the antimicrobial effect. Based on the study findings, it can be concluded that the flavonoid extract in Mahkota Dewa fruit extract had an antimicrobial potential against Escherichia Coli in vitro.

AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI KOMBINASI EKSTRAK BUAH MAHKOTA DEWA (Phaleria macrocarpa) DENGAN EKSTRAK HERBA MENIRAN HIJAU (Phyllantus niruri Linn.) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN Staphylococcus aureus

S.aureus infection was found to be around 5%-35% and cases of S.aureus resistance increased by 22.8% due to people being less compliant in treatment. One of the preventions of resistance is to return to the use of natural materials, especially plants that have been scientifically and empirically proven, one of which is Mahkota Dewa Fruit (Phaleria macrocarpa) and Green Meniran Herb (Phyllanthus niruri L.). The study was conducted using the True Experimental method using S.aureus bacteria. 3 treatment groups were used, namely positive control (Amoxicillin), negative control (DMSO), as well as Mahkota Dewa extract (Phaleria macrocarpa) and Green Meniran Extract (Phyllanthus niruri L.). Using the disc diffusion method and the dilution method to determine the magnitude of the inhibition zone, the value of MIC, and MBC. The extract of the Crown of God Fruit, The Green Meniran Herb, as well as the combination of the two extracts have successive bacterial inhibitory power with an average of 18.02 mm; 15.95 mm; and 15.09 mm against S.aureus. Testing by the dilution method obtained a KHM value of 60% (0.06g/mL) in each extract. KBM is not obtained in each extract.

The Production of Salted-Egg With Low Levels of Sodium and Cholesterol

The specific aim to be achieved is the production of salted eggs low-sodium and low cholesterol. Spices for making 30 salted duck eggs are coconut fiber ash 1 kg, green tea in two tablespoons, 15 gram of bay leaves, 15 gram of reed root, 15 gram of leaves of mahkota dewa, 15 gram guava leaves, and 1/2 kg palm sugar. The method in the experiment is a complete randomized method with five treatment groups namely; five treatments (days) and five replications. K = first day, P1 = fourth day, P2 = eighth day, P3 = twelfth day, P4 = sixteenth day. The main ingredients are duck eggs taken randomly and used as research samples. Each treatment consisted of five duck eggs. The parameters measured in each treatment (observation day) were organoleptic tests, cholesterol and sodium content from salted eggs. The results obtained were salted egg organoleptic test, cholesterol content in salted eggs, and better sodium content in salted eggs at the incubation until day 14

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors activity from purified compounds Fructus Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff) Boerl

BackgroundMahkota Dewa [Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff) Boerl.] fruit in vitro and in- vivo can decrease and prevent elevation of the blood pressure, lower plasma glucose levels, possess an antioxidant effect, and recover liver and kidney damage in rats. This study aimed to determine the structure and inhibitory activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) from the Mahkota Dewa fruit.MethodsThe fruit powder was macerated using methanol and then partitioned by hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water. The fractions were chromatographed on the column chromatography and incorporated with TLC and recrystallization to give pure compounds. The structures of isolated compounds were determined by UV-Visible, FT-IR, MS, proton (1H-NMR), carbon (13C-NMR), and 2D-NMR techniques encompassing HMQC and HMBC spectra. The compounds were evaluated for their ACE inhibitory activity, and the strongest compound was determined by the kinetics enzyme inhibition.ResultsBased on the spectral data, the isolated compounds were determined as 6,4-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone–2-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), 4,4′-dihydroxy-6-methoxybenzophenone-2-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2) and mangiferin (3). IC50 values of the isolated compounds 1, 2 and 3 were 0.055, 0.07, and 0.025 mM, respectively.ConclusionThe three compounds have ACE inhibitor and mangiferin demonstrated the best ACE inhibitory activity with competitive inhibition on ACE with the type of inhibition kinetics is competitive inhibition.

SCREENING OF SECONDARY METABOLITE PHOTOCHEMICALS EXTRACT 96% LEAF’S MAHKOTA DEWA (PHALERIA MACROCARPA) IN THE COASTAL AREA OF BENGKULU CITY, INDONESIA

Tropical diseases are infectious diseases that occur in tropical regions. The causes of tropical diseases are various types of infections, ranging from viral, bacterial, and fungal to parasitic infections. The pharmacological treatment implemented. Further, non-pharmacological treatment is widely used, but it has side effects, and the level of danger and risk is much lower than synthetic chemical drugs. Some potential plants in Indonesia have been used for treatment, such as Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa). This plant helps treat microbial infections and menstrual pain, lower blood sugar, prevent the side effects of chemotherapy drugs, and lower blood pressure. The study aims to screen for the phytochemical content of secondary metabolites from the leaves of Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa). The method was the maceration in the BPOM laboratory and the Diploma Program of Pharmacy of The University of Bengkulu.&#x0D; The Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) contains chemicals known as secondary metabolites. The results of the secondary metabolite screening of the leaves Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) showed the presence of alkaloid compounds, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, and tannins. Antibacterials ingredients include flavonoids and saponins, antifungal and antibacterial, with three mechanisms: inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis, inhibiting cytoplasmic membrane function, and inhibiting energy metabolism. The flavonoid compound of the flavone class has the potential as an antibacterial with potent inhibition against Escherichia coli (gram-negative bacteria) and Bacillus subtilis (gram-positive bacteria) because it has an OH group bound to CH. The study concluded that the leaves of Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) located in the coastal area of Bengkulu city are phenol, alkaloid, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, and tannins&#x0D; &#x0D;

Teratogenic Toxicity of Ethanol Extract of Mahkota Dewa Fruit Flesh (Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl)

Mahkota Dewa is known as one of the medicinal plants in Indonesia. It contains bioactive compounds and potentially has pharmacological activity. This study aimed to determine the possible toxic effects of Mahkota DewaThe ethanol extract of Mahkota Dewa fruit flesh was given to rats. Group I (control 0.5% Na-CMC), groups II, III and IV as a treatment group (Mahkota Dewa at doses of 100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg bw, respectively). Group V as a control satellite (Na-CMC 0, 5%) and group VI as a satellite of the ethanol extract at a dose of 1000 mg/kg bw., Each groups were treated on day 6 to 15 of gestational. On the 19th day getation, the rats were dissected and observed the skeletal malformations. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by a post-hoc tukey. The results toxicity showed that no fetuses had external malformations. On fetal skeletal appearance, all skeletal bone preparations were normal. Based on the study, the ethanolic extract of Mahkota Dewa Fruit Flesh did not cause a teratogenic effect on the fetus during the organogenesis period at doses of 100 mg/kg bw, 500 mg/kg bw, and 1000 mg/kg bw

Acute toxicity test nanoherbal mahkota dewa fruit (Phaleria macrocarpa)

A common plant from Papua, Indonesia, called Phaleria macrocarpa (mahkota dewa), has potent therapeutic components. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity level of nanoherbal mahkota dewa and its effect on the changes in hematology, biochemistry, electrolytes, and histopathology of the organ. High Energy Milling (HEM) was used to produce nanoherbal mahkota dewa. LD50 was determined in three stages: dose orientation test (12 mice), preliminary test (20 mice), and LD50 determination (30 mice) for 14 days using the Thomson Weil formula. LC50 was determined using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test method with concentrations of 1, 10, 100, 1000, and 10,000 ppm. This study revealed that the LD50 value was 1g/kg BW 0,075 and the LC50 value was 2145,0407 ppm. The nanoherbal mahkota dewa affected the histological organs, hematological, biochemical, and electrolyte parameters but did not affect the weight of the organ significantly. From this study, it can be concluded that nanoherbal mahkota dewa belongs to the category of moderate toxicity. In a proper dose, it could be processed as an herbal medicine in the future.

Antiproliferative Potency of God’s Crown Fruit (Phaleria macrocarpa) Extract Against Breast Cancer Cell

Breast cancer is a sickness caused by abnormal cell growth in the breast. Mahkota Dewa fruit or god’s crown fruit products (Phaleria macrocarpa) contain flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, and tannins associated with active compounds. This work directs to influence the potency of P. macrocarpa fruit as an antiproliferative agent against breast cancer cells (MCF-7 cells). The antiproliferative potency of P. macrocarpa fruit was proved by extracting and fractionating P. macrocarpa fruit using maceration. The cytotoxicity of extracts and fractions was determined using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). The antiproliferative potency against MCF-7 cells was tested using the hemacytometer approach. This work demonstrates the crude ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and water fraction. The LC50 values in crude ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and water fraction were 13.72 ppm, 147.55 ppm, 405.81 ppm, and 149. 07 ppm severally. Phaleria macrocarpa fruit has shown antiproliferation potency against MCF-7 cells. The maximum part of crude ethanol extract antiproliferative potency (56 ppm) effectively suppressed MCF-7 cell growth by 70. 9% while doxorubicin (100 ppm) by 46. 92%. This work confirms that crude ethanol extract of P. macrocarpa fruit interacts synergistically as an antiproliferative compound against MCF-7 cells.

Hematological Profile of Iron Overload in Rats Administered with Fruit Extract of Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa)

Background: Repeated blood transfusions lead to an accumulation of iron that exceeds the body's iron storage capacity. Free iron is able to catalyze the formation of hydroxyl radicals that cause oxidative damage and cell death. The use of iron chelating medicines for iron chelation therapy is limited by side effects. Mangiferin is a natural bioactive compound with iron chelating and antioxidant activity. Mahkota dewa is a plant native to Indonesia that contains mangiferin. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of mahkota dewa fruit extract administration on hematological profile of iron overload rats. Material and Methods: Thirty rats were divided into 6 groups: normal rats (N), iron overload rats (IO), iron overload rats rats given deferiprone (D), mangiferin (M), Mahkota dewa fruit extract at a dose of 100 mg/kg BW (PM1), or 200 mg/kg BW (PM2). Rats were given injection of iron sucrose 15 mg every 3-4 days for 8 weeks. At week 8, rats were sacrificed. Hematological analysis was performed in this study. Results: Iron overload condition caused by iron sucrose injection did not cause statistically significant changes in the haematological profile. Likewise, the administration mahkota dewa fruit extract at a dose of 100 or 200 mg/kg BW did not cause changes in the hematological profile. Conclusions: The administration of mahkota dewa fruit extract did not alter hematological profile of iron oveload rats.

Bridging Indigenous Knowledge and Scientific Evidence for Pharmacological Studies of Phaleria macrocarpa: A Systematic Review

Background: Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. (Thymelaeaceae), usually referred to as God’s crown, Mahkota dewa, Pau, grows all year long in tropical countries, including Malaysia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Australia. It is traditionally used to treat haemorrhoids, stroke, heart disease, tumour, impotence, diabetes, allergies, kidney and liver disorders, migraine, acne, and skin ailments. Objective: The purpose of this systematic review is to provide important insight on P. macrocarpa’s traditional use, toxicity, classification of compounds, and pharmacological activities, thus identifying the gap in scientific analysis and potential analytical opportunities for future directions on this herb. Method: The related data for this systematic review were collected from renowned online databases, namely Wiley Online Library, Web of Science, Springer Link, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google scholar. Results: Around 48 compounds, including benzophenone, xanthonoids, norcucurbitacin derivatives, flavonoids, lignans, fatty acids and esters, phytosterols, aromatic acids, etc., were identified from different parts. These constituents and different solvent extracts using various identification techniques have been reported to show a broad range of pharmacological activities. Besides various traditional claims and pharmacological functions, scientific evidence on its ethnopharmacological aspects has been well-documented. Studies found that the plant demonstrates anti-diabetic, anti- oxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-hypercholesterolemia, and antihypertensive activities. Conclusion: Despite various claims, there is still inadequate scientific evidence, particularly on P. macrocarpa’s benefit in the management of dysentery, asthma, skin diseases, and rheumatoid arthritis, necessitating future studies. There is also a need to test its pharmacokinetics and toxicological data on humans to verify its potential bioactive properties.