Magonia Pubescens Research Articles

Cerrado Woods

The correct use of a particular species of wood depends on the knowledge of their physical properties for rational exploitation in a sustainable way. This study investigated the physical properties of Cerrado wood species and their potential to immobilize carbon. Ten trees of each species were felled, and five discs were removed from the main stem in longitudinal positions to determine the physical properties. The basic density was evaluated in all longitudinal positions, and the dimensional stability was only evaluated in the base discs. Carbon was estimated using a pantropical equation. The longitudinal density average was 0.599 g/cm³, with the Machaerium opacum species having the highest and Curatella americana the lowest average. The longitudinal variation of the wood basic density decreased from the bottom to the top of the tree in eight species. The mean radial retraction was 4.75%, with Magonia pubescens having the highest and Curatella americana the lowest average. The tangential retraction was 8.13%, with the highest being observed for Magonia pubescens and the lowest for Machaerium opacum. Magonia pubescens showed the highest carbon immobilization with 0.401 t/m3. Machaerium opacum and Jacaranda brasiliensis showed the best physical properties and the ability to immobilize carbon

Phytochemical study of Magonia pubescens A. St.-Hil. and cytotoxicity of branches aqueous extract on breast cancer and leukemia cells

Magonia pubescens is a natural species from the Brazilian cerrado biome. Its fruits and seeds are used in the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis, a common inflammatory skin disease. In this work, the known compounds lapachol, stigmasterol, maniladiol and scopoletin were isolated from hexane and dichloromethane extracts of M. pubescens branches. The aqueous extract of this material was fractioned through a liquid-liquid partition and the obtained fractions were analyzed by UHPLC-MS/MS. The results obtained were compared with data from three databases, leading to the putative identification of 51 compounds from different classes, including flavonoids, saponins and triterpenes. The cytotoxicity of aqueous fractions was assayed against breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) and leukemia (THP-1 and K562) cells. The best activity was observed for fraction AE3 against MDA-MB-231 cells (IC50 30.72 µg.mL−1).

Evaluation of Magonia pubescens A. St.-Hill. Roots Extract against Phytopathogens: Searching for Eco-Friendly Crop Protection Products

Botanical biopesticides have emerged as sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic pesticides, whose indiscriminate use leads to several drawbacks to human and environmental health. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports on M. pubescens’ bioactivity on phytopathogens affecting crops as a potential fungicide or antifeedant. This has encouraged us to investigate the potential of the roots of this plant as a source of biopesticides. The present study reports on the evaluation of the roots extract from Magonia pubescens A. St.-Hill., a species from the Cerrado (Brazilian savannah), on the phytopathogenic fungi Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, and Alternaria alternata. In addition, its insect antifeedant effect was assayed against Chrysodeixis chalcites. Thus, an in vitro test-assay was used to determine the fungicide potential (percentage growth inhibition, % GI) of the ethanolic extract of this plant species, whereas a leaf-disk bioassay on the 5th instar larvae of C. chalcites was performed to evaluate its insecticidal potential. The ethanolic extract was further fractionated by liquid–liquid partition using solvents of increasing polarity. The hexane/dichloromethane fraction exhibited a moderated potency and was similar to the ethanolic extract on the three assayed fungi (around % GI 30 at 1 mg/mL), whereas the n-butanol fraction showed a slight improvement of the fungicide effect against B. cinerea (% GI 39.18 at 1 mg/mL). Moreover, the ethanolic extract exhibited a strong antifeedant activity, with a refusal rate (FR) higher than 90% in both choice and non-choice assays against C. chalcites, while the ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions behaved as appetite suppressors. These results highlight M. pubescens as a promising source of biopesticides and deserve further investigations to optimize extraction procedures.

Etiology, transmission and pathogenicity of fungi associated with Cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica) and Tingui (Magonia pubescens)

Cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica) and Tingui (Magona pubescens) are two species of trees native to the Cerrado, with sociological, economic, and medicinal importance, besides to being used in the recovery of degraded areas. The incidence of plant diseases, as well as the mycoflora associated with their seeds, may represent a possible threat to the survival of the species. The cultivation of trees in the Cerrado Biome, as well as the diseases associated with them, are still poorly studied. The present work aimed to evaluate the mycoflora associated with Cagaita and Tingui seeds, the transmission and pathogenicity of these fungi to plants. The seeds were collected from mother trees located in the municipality of Gurupi and Figueirópolis in the state of Tocantins, Brazil. The blotter-test method was used to evaluate the mycoflora associated with the seeds of both species, with and without asepsis. The fungal incidence per seed was evaluated with the aid of a stereoscopic and optical microscope. The potentially pathogenic fungi identified in the sanitary analysis of the seeds and in the transmission, test were inoculated in the plants in order to confirm Koch's postulates. The transmission test was carried out from non-disinfested seeds until the appearance of symptoms in the seedlings. A total of 11 fungi associated with the seeds of both species were identified. The genus Curvularia showed pathogenicity, causing spots on Cagaita leaves, being also transmitted from seeds to seedlings. The Fusarium genus showed pathogenicity in Tingui seedlings, causing damping-off and wilting. Colletotrichum sp. caused leaf spots on both species and fruit spots on Cagaita.

Potential nursing effects of Parkia platycephala Benth. (Fabaceae) in a disturbed Brazilian Savanna area undergoing restoration

We evaluated the influence of Parkia platycephala on plant assemblages under its crown and surrounding areas in a disturbed Brazilian Savanna, as well as the effects of aqueous extracts of its leaves on the germination and development of three species, under the hypothesis that P. platycephala might work as a nurse species. Eleven areas of direct (ADIs) and indirect (AIIs) influence of P. platycephala and 11 control areas (COs) were delineated. All tree and shrub species present in these areas, including seedlings, were sampled. Richness, composition and abundance of woody taxa were determined. Laboratory studies analyzed the effects of P. platycephala aqueous leaf extracts on the germination and initial development of Dipteryx alata, Enterolobium gummiferum and Magonia pubescens, which in the field exhibited different abundance levels under its crown. Regarding plant assemblages, no differences in terms of richness and abundance of woody taxa were detected among the areas. However, we recorded a gradient of species composition and abundance ranks from ADI to CO areas. The number of seedlings also differed, with higher values near P. platycephala. Soil characteristics were similar among areas, but shading, plant height and diameter differed. The aqueous leaf extract at 25% provided the best germination of M. pubescens. The extract at 75% favored the initial development of this species in terms of root length. These results indicate that the presence of P. platycephala affects the structure of neighboring plant assemblages, possibly working as a facilitator for some species in areas undergoing restoration.

High dilutions of Magonia pubescens hidrogel affect germination variables in Sorghum bicolor L. Moench

High dilutions of Magonia pubescens hidrogel affect germination variables in Sorghum bicolor L. Moench

A Molecular Networking Strategy: High-Throughput Screening and Chemical Analysis of Brazilian Cerrado Plant Extracts against Cancer Cells.

Plants have historically been a rich source of successful anticancer drugs and chemotherapeutic agents, with research indicating that this trend will continue. In this contribution, we performed high-throughput cytotoxicity screening of 702 extracts from 95 plant species, representing 40 families of the Brazilian Cerrado biome. Activity was investigated against the following cancer cell lines: colon (Colo205 and Km12), renal (A498 and U031), liver (HEP3B and SKHEP), and osteosarcoma (MG63 and MG63.3). Dose-response tests were conducted with 44 of the most active extracts, with 22 demonstrating IC50 values ranging from <1.3 to 20 µg/mL. A molecular networking strategy was formulated using the Global Natural Product Social Molecular Networking (GNPS) platform to visualize, analyze, and annotate the compounds present in 17 extracts active against NCI-60 cell lines. Significant cytotoxic activity was found for Salacia crassifolia, Salacia elliptica, Simarouba versicolor, Diospyros hispida, Schinus terebinthifolia, Casearia sylvestris var. lingua, Magonia pubescens, and Rapanea guianensis. Molecular networking resulted in the annotation of 27 compounds. This strategy provided an initial overview of a complex and diverse natural product data set, yielded a large amount of chemical information, identified patterns and known compounds, and assisted in defining priorities for further studies.

Soybean (Glycine max L.) seed quality treated with timbó (Magonia pubescens A.St.-Hil) seed coat

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of timbó seed coat on the physiological and sanitary quality of soybean seeds. Timbó seeds were collected from mature fruits in the Cerrado. The external layer of the seed coat was removed and crushed in a mill and used in the treatment of soybean seeds. Three lots of soybean seeds were used, from high, medium and low vigor seeds. The treatments were: powder; gel; hydroalcoholic extract; synthetic fungicide (Vitavax® - Thiram 200 sc), and untreated seeds. The physiological quality of the soybean seeds was determined by standard germination, accelerated aging, length, fresh and dry mass of seedlings. Blotter test was used to determine the sanitary quality. The statistical analyze used was a completely randomized 3 × 5 factorial design, considering three seed lots and five treatments. Treatment with the coat seed extract and gel improves the physiological quality of soybean seeds from low vigor lots. The treatment of seeds with gel decreases the incidence of Fusarium and Penicillium genus; and treatment with the powder reduced the incidence of the Cercospora genus.

Florística e fitossociologia de um fragmento de Cerrado lato sensu, Gurupi, TO

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a composição florística e fitossociológica de um fragmento de Cerrado lato sensu. Foi realizado um censo na área de estudo, de 6,7 ha, com limite de inclusão de 15 cm de circunferência a 1,30 m acima do solo. Amostrou-se um total de 15.434 indivíduos, pertencentes a 78 espécies, 72 gêneros e 33 famílias. Foi realizada análise de densidade, dominância e valor de cobertura, encontrando-se densidade total de 2.303,58 ind ha-1 e área basal de 94,303 m² ha-1. As espécies com maiores valores de cobertura, em ordem decrescente, foram: Myrcia splendens, Astronium fraxinifolium, Magonia pubescens, Qualea parviflora, Protium heptaphyllum, Curatella americana, Vatairea macrocarpa, Tachigali aurea, Byrsonima stipulacea e Machaerium brasiliense, que representaram 53% do total dos indivíduos da área. As espécies do gênero Qualea apresentaram dominância, representando 11% do total de indivíduos. O padrão de distribuição dos indivíduos foi no formato de “J” invertido, mas Astronium fraxinifolium, Magonia pubescens e Tachigali aurea apresentaram menor número de indivíduo nas classes iniciais. O índice de diversidade de Shannon e equabilidade de Pielou indicaram a existência de alta riqueza e diversidade de espécies, quando se comparou a área estudada com fragmentos de Cerrado nas proximidades.

A new approach to obtain mesoporous-activated carbon via hydrothermal carbonization of Brazilian Cerrado biomass combined with physical activation for bisphenol-A removal

The worrying hydric crisis and the increasing water contamination by emerging pollutants around the world stimulate the development of activated carbons (AC) for the removal of endocrine disruptors, including bisphenol-A (BPA). For this reason, a new approach for the synthesis of AC from hydrochar produced through hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of Brazilian Cerrado biomass (Magonia pubescens–Sapindaceae) and physical activation using water vapor is highlighted. Compared to the traditional method of physical activation after pyrolysis, HTC was found to be better option to develop the specific surface area, porosity, and yield of the ACs, which presented mesoporous structure and carbon content higher than 80%. The BPA adsorption was evaluated by varying the contact time, BPA concentration, and pH. The Langmuir, Freundlich, and Redlich–Peterson isotherms were used to model the adsorption behavior. In the preliminary test to verify the adsorption efficiency, the AC obtained from hydrochar treated at 180 °C presented better results compared to commercial AC. The BPA adsorption data of the best treated hydrochar correlated well with the pseudo first-order model and the Langmuir isotherm (Qmax = 21.26 mg g−1). The results of the studies indicated the combination of HTC and physical activation with steam to be an efficient way to prepare an ecologically sound adsorbent for removal of Bisphenol-A from water with lower temperature and without chemical reagents. The ACs obtained can also be potential materials for other applications, such as in the field of catalysis and environmental remediation.

Evaluation of Aqueous Extract and Fractions from theSeed of Magonia Pubescens in Sleep Models, Anxiety and Depression in Mice

Many studies directly relate changes in sleep patterns to the quality of human health. Experimental studies suggest that changes in sleep may influence levels of cytokines that have massive studies related to their role in the inflammatory process. Sleep deprivation may alter the pattern of immune responses by inducing increased circulating levels of inflammatory markers such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein. Magonia pubescens (M.P.) is a typical plant of the Brazilian cerrado, popularly known as tingui or timbó do cerrado. Popular reports attest to the action of their extracts as facilitating agents in fish farms, due to their narcotic action in fish. Several plant extracts have sedative action, such as sleep inducers or mood disorders, such as anxiety and depression, as they have bioactive components capable of interacting with monoamines and their central nervous system receptors. This work evaluated the action of extracts of the seeds of M. pubescens in models of sleep, anxiety and depression in mice, the relationship of these effects with inflammatory cytokines. The seeds of M. pubescens were dried and submitted to the aqueous extraction process. The FPLC analysis of the extracts proved to be two protein populations.

Biofuel production from Pachira aquatic Aubl and Magonia pubescens A St-Hil: Physical-chemical properties of neat vegetable oils, methyl-esters and bio-oils (hydrocarbons)

Two perennial tree species Pachira aquatica Aubl (PA) and Magonia pubescens A St-Hil (MP), both being endemic to Brazil, were studied as potential sources for biofuels production. The main benefits of those sources is the lack of competition with the food market and the preservation of native vegetation. The chemical composition and the physical-chemical properties of the oils extracted from both species were evaluated. Furthermore, their oils were processed to produce biofuels using two approaches: obtaining mixtures of methyl fatty acid esters (biodiesel) and mixtures of hydrocarbons (bio-oil). The physical-chemical properties of the biodiesels obtained from PA and MP are compatible with diesel engines. The bio-oils obtained from both sources, despite not being completely deoxygenated, displayed physical-chemical properties acceptable for diesel engines fuel. The possibility of obtaining two kinds of fuels with suitable properties is a good sign for the exploration of those trees.

Germination and vigor of seeds of Magonia pubescens A. St.-Hil. submitted to storage and pre-imbibition in water

Abstract: Timbó (Magonia pubescens A. St.-Hil.) is a species with ornamental potential, which can be used in composition of gardens, squares and especially in streets landscaping. It is also suitable for planting in degraded areas of permanent preservation. This work aimed to verify the effect of seed size, storage and pre-imbibition time on seed germination and vigor. The test design was completely randomized, in a plot scheme subdivided in time. The main plots were seed size (large and small), packaging (0.5 mm-thick transparent polyethylene and kraft paper bag), and time of imbibition in water (0, 12 and 24 hours); and as subplots, it was considerate the storage times (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months). The tests were carried out in five replications of ten seeds, and the evaluated variables were: water content of the seeds, percentage of germination (% G), mean germination time (MGT), shoot height (cm), collar diameter (mm), number of leaves, and fresh and dry mass of the aerial part (g). The size of the seed did not influence the germination percentage, but large seeds formed more vigorous seedlings. The storage did not affect seeds germination, nor the vigor of the seedlings. Seed pre-imbibition did not influence the percentage of germination, but the mean germination time decreased, and more vigorous seedlings were formed. In order to obtain more vigorous Timbó seedlings, the best option is to use large seeds. They can be stored for up to 12 months without losing vigor and pre-soaked to accelerate the beginning of germination, thus forming a more homogeneous lot of seedlings.

Magonia pubescens (Sapindaceae) Seed Oil: Physical and Chemical Properties, Fatty Acid Profile and Biodiesel Production

Magonia pubescens is a tree species originally from the Brazilian Cerrado that bears fruit with winged seeds from which fixed oil can be extracted. This study aimed to analyze the physical and chemical properties of the oil extracted from these seeds and the biodiesel produced thereof. Methods from the Adolfo Lutz Institute, American Oil Chemists Society, and American Society for Testing and Materials were used. Seven fatty acids (oleic, arachidic, gadoleic, palmitic, palmitoleic, linoleic, and stearic acids) were found in the oil. Acidity level (1.119 mg KOH·g-1), iodine value (77.36 cg I2·g-1), saponification value (133.36 mg KOH·g-1), density (0.8796 g·cm-3), and refractive index (1.3348nD) were low when compared to the high peroxide value (26.14 meq·kg-1), viscosity (101.46 mm²·s-¹), and moisture (0.88%) of other oils and fats used for biodiesel production. Biodiesel showed density (0.8484 g·cm-3), viscosity (29.62 mm-2·s-1), acidity level (0.752 mg KOH·g-1), and saponification value (148.89 mg KOH·g-1).

Ontogenesis of the winged oleaginous seeds of Magonia pubescens (Sapindaceae)

Magonia pubescens is a common native tree species of the Cerrado biome (neotropical savanna) with potential for biofuel production. We describe the ontogenesis of the oleaginous seed of this species and development of its wing and unusual mucilaginous layer. Ovaries and seeds were accompanied throughout their development using standard methods of plant anatomy; the cotyledons were examined using transmission electron microscopy. The wing consists of two juxtaposed layers formed by lateral expansion of the testa. The seed core is composed of three layers, with the outer layer being highly hygroscopic. A conspicuous raphe surrounds the embryo in the median longitudinal plane, and the nucellus is proliferative and secretory. The embryo is oleaginous and late-maturing. Seed development requires approximately 350days and takes place in seven phases: (1) ovule fertilization; (2) raphe differentiation; (3) wing expansion; (4) differentiation of the seed coat layers; (5) embryo expansion; (6) maturation of the wing and the mucilaginous layer; and, (7) accumulation of mucilage in the core and oil in the embryo. The winged seeds of M. pubescens have complex structures and important adaptive features such as the mucilaginous core and raphe, which contribute to hydration during germination, as well as abundant oil reserves in the embryo that aid seedling establishment. These seeds structure contribute to the reproductive success of this species and its adaptation to the highly seasonal Cerrado biome.

Embryological studies of Magonia pubescens (Dodonaeaeae, Sapindaceae): development of male and female gametophytes in both floral morphs and its phylogenetic implications

Magonia pubescens A.St.-Hil. (Dodonaeaeae, Sapindaceae) is a monoecious species exhibiting two floral morphs, namely staminate flowers, with gynoecium reduced to a pistillode, and morphologically hermaphrodite but functionally pistillate flowers. It presents the basic type of antheral wall development. Microsporogenesis is normal, forming tetrahedral and decussate tetrads. Anatomical differences in anthers between floral morphs become visible at the stage of callose wall degradation and release of tetrads. In staminate flowers, the endothecium develops fibrous thickening, and the two middle layers, the tapetum and the parenchymal septum that separates both locule, are degraded. At dehiscence, permanent calymmate tetrads are released. Magonia is the only genus of the family with this type of pollen unit. In pistillate flowers, the endothecium exhibits fibrous thickening only in three to five cells on the dorsal loculus, and only the inner middle layer collapses. The septum that separates both locules remains unaltered, the stomium is non-functional, mature anthers are indehiscent and show collapsed tetrads. In staminate flowers, the gynoecium is reduced to a tricarpellar pistillode, trilocular, with ovules that degenerate after megasporogenesis. In pistillate flowers, the gynoecium has a tricarpellary ovary, with six to eight ovules per carpel; they are campylotropous, bitegmic, mixed crassinucellate, and exhibit a well-developed obturator. The phylogenetic implications of these embryological characters are discussed in the context of the family.

English

Magonia pubescens A.St.-Hil (Sapindaceae) (&lsquo;tingui&rsquo;) is a typical medicinal plant of the Cerrado biome. This plant is used as a larvicide and employed in poison fishing. However, little is known of its secondary metabolites. In this study, it is described for the first time as the volatile constituents of M. pubescens, collected via headspace. Qualitative phytochemical analyses were performed. In addition, the antioxidant activity of the ethanol extracts of flowers and leaves were evaluated, and the total flavonoids were quantified. The ethanol extracts of flowers (12.67 &plusmn; 0.05 rutin equivalent (EQ) g-1) and leaves (11.81 &plusmn; 0.05 rutin EQ g-1). The leaf extracts exhibited higher IC50 values (18.14 &plusmn; 0.02 rutin EQ g-1) than did the flower extracts (31.19 &plusmn; 0.05 rutin EQ g-1). Twenty volatile compounds were identified in M. pubescens flowers through gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), being identified as benzilic acid (17.9%) and styrene (13.9%) as the major compounds. The antioxidant activity of M. pubescens could be related to the presence of flavonoids and tannins, but further studies need to be conducted to fully understand that correlation. The identified volatiles have the potential to be used in the cosmetics industry due to their socio-economic relevance, and the may also contribute to the understanding of the reproductive success of this species. Key words: Magonia pubescens, &lsquo;tingui&rsquo;, headspace, phytochemical screening, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

FITOSSOCIOLOGIA EM COMUNIDADES ARBÓREAS REMANESCENTES DE CERRADO SENSU STRICTO NO BRASIL CENTRAL

Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar o estrato arbóreo das comunidades de cerrado sensu stricto mediante avaliações da riqueza, estrutura e diversidade. Os dados da vegetação foram obtidos empregando-se o método de parcelas múltiplas, com tamanho de 20 x 20 m (400 m2). Em cada uma das 82 unidades amostrais foram obtidas a altura total e as circunferências de todas as plantas arbóreas com perímetro a 0,30 m do nível do solo (PAB) maior ou igual a 15,7 cm (DAB ³ 5,0 cm). A partir da parcela 60 (24.000 m2 da área amostrada) a curva estabilizou-se com a ocorrência de 106 espécies, distribuídas entre 81 gêneros e 36 famílias, indicando que a amostragem foi suficiente para caracterizar e avaliar as vegetações de cerrado sensu stricto estudadas. As espécies com maior VI foram: Qualea parviflora, Curatella americana, Davilla elliptica, Qualea grandiflora, Pterodon emarginatus, Lafoensia pacari, Diptychandra aurantiaca, Myrcia albo-tomentosa, Caryocar brasiliense, Byrsonima pachyphylla, Byrsonima coccolobifolia, Hymenaea stigonocarpa, Callisthene fasciculata, Luehea paniculata, Magonia pubescens, Terminalia argentea, Erythroxylum deciduum, Couepia grandiflora e Pouteria ramiflora. A diversidade da vegetação arbórea encontrada na área estudada foi de 4,033 nats/ind. pelo índice de Shannon e de 0,975 pelo de Simpson, indicando alta diversidade florística. AbstractPhytosociology of the arboreal communities remainders of sensu stricto cerrado in Central Brazil. This study has a objective to characterize the cerrado sensu stricto communities' arboreal stratum by evaluations of the richness, structures and diversity. Data of vegetation were obtained by the method of multiple plots, with size of 20 x 20 m (400 m2). In each one of the 82 patternless units were obtained the total height and the circumferences of all the arboreal plants with perimeter to 0.30 m from the level of the soil (PAB) larger or equal to 15.7 cm (DAB 5.0 cm). From the plot 60 (24.000 m2 out of the area used as sample) the curve is stabilized with the occurrence of 106 species, distributed between 81 genera and 36 families, indicating that the sampling was enough to characterize and to evaluate the vegetations of cerrado sensu stricto studied. The species with larger VI were: Qualea parviflora, Curatella americana, Davilla elliptica, Qualea grandiflora, Pterodon emarginatus, Lafoensia pacari, Diptychandra aurantiaca, Myrcia albo-tomentosa, Caryocar brasiliense, Byrsonima pachyphylla, Byrsonima coccolobifolia, Hymenaea stigonocarpa, Callisthene fasciculata, Luehea paniculata, Magonia pubescens, Terminalia argentea, Erythroxylum deciduum, Couepia grandiflora and Pouteria ramiflora. The diversity from the arboreal vegetation found in the area being studied was of 4.033 nats/ind. considering the Shannon Index and of 0.975 considering the Simpson Index, representing a great floristic diversity.Keywords: Phytosociological structures; richness; diversity.

ARMAZENAMENTO DE SEMENTES E SOMBREAMENTO NA EMERGÊNCIA E CRESCIMENTO INICIAL DAS MUDAS DE Magonia pubescens A. St.-Hil.

RESUMOA conservação das sementes e a quantidade de luz são fatores importantes para uma boa germinação e produção de mudas de qualidade. Em vista disso, este trabalho avaliou o efeito da embalagem das sementes durante o armazenamento e de diferentes níveis de luz na emergência e crescimento inicial das mudas de timbó (Magonia pubescens St. Hil.). Foram realizados dois experimentos. No primeiro, foi analisado o efeito do armazenamento das sementes em três tipos de embalagem (papel-alumínio, papel e saco plástico de polietileno de baixa densidade) e a duas temperaturas (10 e 25 °C), durante três épocas de armazenamento (30, 60 e 90 dias) e sem armazenamento. No segundo experimento, foi estudado o crescimento inicial das mudas em três níveis de sombreamento (30, 50 e 70%) e a pleno sol. As sementes de M. pubescens germinam melhor quando não armazenadas, com médias de 97%, em comparação com aquelas com 69% após 90 dias de armazenamento. Caso necessário, o armazenamento deve ser realizado em saco plástico na temperatura de 25 °C, por até 90 dias. As mudas apresentaram maior emergência e qualidade quando a semeadura e o crescimento foram realizados sob sombreamento de 50%.

INTERACTIONS OF BIOCHAR AND ORGANIC COMPOUND FOR SEEDLINGS PRODUCTION OF Magonia pubescens A. St.-Hil.

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that biochar, applied with cattle manure, promotes better development of seedlings of Magonia pubescens St. Hil. The experiment was conducted at the State University of Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, Brazil, in 2011. We used a completely randomized design, with twelve treatments and three replications. The substrates formed by the higher levels of cattle manure plus biochar (30%) provided better results of height, diameter and aerial biomass. However, the Dickson Quality Index has not confirmed the quality of seedlings in these treatments. We also observed that the doses of biochar (20 and 30%) when added separately to the Latosol, are not efficient for the growth improvement of the seedlings. Based on the present results, we validate the hypothesis that substrates formed with a mixture of cattle manure and biochar are effective to improve the production of seedlings of M. pubescens.