Magnitude Of Events Research Articles

Shear behavior of thermally damaged rock using the bonded-particle model based on moment tensor

It is critical to understand the temperature-dependent shear behavior of rock in exploiting deep natural resources-geothermal energy, coal, and oil. The shear behavior of thermally damaged rock needs to be further clarified from a micromechanical perspective. In this study, a series of direct shear tests are performed on thermally damaged sandstone using the bonded-particle model (BPM) with thermal formulation to investigate the temperature-dependent behavior. The macro mechanical properties and micro acoustic emission (AE) responses based on a moment tensor algorithm are derived from numerical models to provide insight into the temperature dependence of the mechanical behavior of sandstone. The simulated results indicate that high temperature can induce microcracks, a form of thermally induced damage. Thermally induced damage is a principal cause of the degradation of rock's mechanical properties. Generally, the maximum magnitudes of tensile, shear, and implosive events that can be tolerated without damage decrease gradually as the temperature increases. Also, AE b-value are closely associated with temperature. The findings of this study provide new insights into the shear responses and failure behaviors of rocks at different temperatures, and further aid deep natural resource exploitation when thermal and mechanical properties are coupled. The findings of this study provide new insights into the shear responses and failure behaviors of rocks at different temperatures. These insights could be valuable for optimizing deep natural resource exploitation, particularly when considering the coupling of thermal and mechanical properties.

Indicating landslide hazard from tree rings – Ecosystem service provided by an alder forest in the hengduan Mts, Sichuan, China

Landslides are destructive geomorphological processes that cause economic and social losses. This stimulates the development of new tools related to landslide hazard. Recently, trees, their growth rings and dendrochronology have become widely used in landslide studies. Thus, this study aims to explore the potential of trees in providing landslide-monitoring ecosystem services through dendrochronology. In our opinion, establishing such an idea would help promote empirical evidence on the efficiency of tree-ring-based tools to decision-makers. We use the example of a landslide in the Moxi basin, Sichuan, China and present results of dendrochronological analysis of growth eccentricity in 48 Nepalese alder (Alnus nepalensis) trees. This analysis provided data on event timing and magnitudes, average frequency and recurrence interval for reactivation of the study landslide, as well as spatial variability of landslide active. Based on dendrochronological data we were also able to determine the current slope balance and general hazard of landslide reactivation on the study slope. Our study shows that trees and dendrochronology can provide data on the activity of landslides that can complement and improve the results of standard engineering methods. Moreover, dendrochronology itself can provide the full information needed for landslide hazard assessment, monitoring and prediction.

Constructing Rainfall Threshold for Debris Flows of a Defined Hazardous Magnitude

Debris flow can cause damage only when its discharge exceeds the drainage capacity of the prevention engineering. At present, most rainfall thresholds for debris flows mainly focus on the initiation of debris flow and do not adequately consider the magnitude and drainage measures of debris flows. These thresholds are likely to initiate numerous warnings that may not be related to hazardous processes. This study proposes a method for calculating the rainfall threshold that is related to a defined level of debris flow magnitude, over which certain damage may be caused. This method is constructed by using the transient rainfall infiltration analysis slope stability model (TRIGRS) and the fluid dynamics process simulation model (MassFlow). We first use the TRIGRS model to analyze slope stability in the study area and obtain the distribution of unstable slopes under different rainfall conditions. Afterward, the MassFlow model is employed to simulate the movement process of unstable slope units and to predict the depositional processes at the mouth of the catchment. Lastly a rainfall threshold is constructed by statistically analyzing the rainfall conditions that cause debris flows flushing out of the given drainage ditch. This method is useful to predict debris flow events of a hazardous magnitude, especially for areas with limited historical observational data.

Seismic Constraints on Hydrothermal Circulation and Magmato‐Tectonic Interactions Beneath Lucky Strike Volcano, Mid‐Atlantic Ridge

AbstractThe Lucky Strike volcano is the central edifice of the Lucky Strike segment on the slow spreading Mid‐Atlantic Ridge. The volcano summit hosts one of the largest known deep‐sea hydrothermal fields, and overlies an axial magma chamber (AMC) whose summit reflector lies 3–3.8 km beneath the seafloor. We present a 12‐year microearthquake catalog beneath the volcano, which we constructed using data collected from 2007 to 2019 as part of the EMSO‐Azores observatory. The catalog reveals continuous low magnitude seismicity (85% with ML < 0), focused mainly north‐northwest of the hydrothermal field and 0–2 km above the AMC reflector. Focal mechanisms estimated only from the 2010–2011 deployment show a mixture of thrust, normal and strike/slip faulting mechanisms. We propose that the observed microearthquake activity is due to thermal cracking, tectonic cracking, and possible small dike injections occurring at the base of hydrothermal downflow zones. We document a ∼800 m eastward shift of the seismicity sometime during a catalog gap from June 2013 to April 2015, accompanied by a change in the seismicity pattern from a patch just above the AMC to a more vertically aligned structure. We also identify several higher seismicity periods, often including relatively large magnitude events (ML > 0.8). We interpret the spatio‐temporal variations in seismicity patterns and the correlation between larger magnitude events and higher seismicity periods to indicate that the hydrothermal domain is a dynamic interface, where the variations are caused by changes in permeability and/or temperature induced by tectonic and small episodic melt injections.

Cyclone Jasper’s rains in the context of climate change

Cyclone Jasper struck northern Queensland in mid-December, 2023, causing extensive flooding stemming from torrential rain. Many stations reported rainfall totals exceeding 1 m, and a few surpassed 2 m, possibly making Jasper the wettest tropical cyclone in Australian history. To be better prepared for events like Jasper, it is useful to estimate the probability of rainfall events of Jasper's magnitude and how that probability is likely to evolve as climate warms. To make such estimates, we apply an advanced tropical cyclone downscaling technique to nine global climate models, generating a total of 27,000 synthetic tropical cyclones each for the climate of the recent past and that of the end of this century. We estimate that the annual probability of 1 m of rain from tropical cyclones at Cairns increases from about 0.8% at the end of the 20th century to about 2.3% at the end of the 21st, a factor of almost three. Interpolating frequency to the year 2023 suggests that the current annual probability of Jasper's rainfall is about 1.2%, about a 50% increase over that of the year 2000. Further analysis suggests that the primary causes of increasing rainfall are stronger cyclones and a moister atmosphere.

Analysis of Fluid-Injection-Induced Seismicity Using a Dynamic Sliding Model Incorporating the Rate- and State-Dependent Friction Law

Summary Earthquakes can be triggered by fluid injection into underground formations. Fluid injection can cause large changes in the underground volume that exert stresses on nearby preexisting faults, leading to seismic activity. Assuming an increase in underground development activities in the future, our understanding of the mechanism underlying induced seismicity must be improved, and methods must be developed to properly assess the risk of seismic events. The objective of this study is to develop a seismicity prediction model that calculates the magnitude and timing of triggered earthquakes or seismic events occurring during various subsurface fluid injection activities. We developed an injection-induced seismicity analysis model that predicts the dynamic earthquake nucleation caused by changes in stress and pore pressure that occur during various subsurface activities. The governing equations consisting of the dynamic motion of the poroelastic spring-slider system, rate and state friction laws and pore pressure diffusion equation were solved using the embedded semi-implicit Runge-Kutta (SIRK) method. The dynamic sliding model was also incorporated into the finite element method (FEM) model, considering the variations in the stresses and pore pressures in the formation. A field case study was also conducted to compare the model results with typical microseismicity responses observed from hydraulic fracturing treatments in shale fields. Contrary to the popular understanding derived from Amonton’s law, the dynamic friction model revealed that a large normal stress on the fault leads to rapid sliding. A larger normal stress accumulates a large amount of elastic energy until it slips owing to fluid injection, nucleating large seismic waves. The poroelastic spring-slider model estimated reasonable microseismic magnitudes for hydraulic fracturing treatment but overestimated the time required to trigger a microseismic event under field conditions. To improve the analysis results, the poroelastic spring-slider model was coupled with a linear elastic FEM that considered the complex interplay of stress changes from hydraulic fracturing and the associated pore pressure variation in the formation. Compared with the field data, the coupled simulation model estimated a reasonable timing for the induced microseismic events when the increasing pore pressure during hydraulic fracturing penetrated deep into the formation. These findings suggest the existence of permeable natural fractures in the formation, which intensify early frictional sliding during treatment. The seismicity prediction model presented in this study simulates the magnitude and timing of seismic nucleation, helping to manage and mitigate the environmental impacts of induced seismicity during various subsurface development activities, such as oil and gas extraction, hydraulic fracturing, geothermal, and carbon dioxide sequestration. Moreover, the case study results imply that the time series of seismic events predicted by the model can be used to understand the possible fracture geometry and extent of fluid invasion for field applications. Key Terms and Phrases induced seismicity, subsurface fluid injection, rate- and state-dependent friction law, embedded semi-implicit Runge-Kutta method, finite element analysis

Assessment of the Global Relationship of Different Types of Droughts in Model Simulations Under High Anthropogenic Emissions

AbstractThis study provides a global analysis of the relationship between drought metrics obtained from several climatic, hydrologic and ecological variables in a climate change framework using CMIP6 model data. A comprehensive analysis of the evolution of drought severity on a global scale is carried out for the historical experiment (1850–2014) and for future simulations under a high emissions scenario (SSP5‐8.5). This study focuses on comparing trends in the magnitude and duration of drought events according to different standardized indices over the world land‐surface area. The spatial and temporal relationship between the different drought indices on a global scale was also evaluated. Overall, there is a fairly large consensus among models and drought metrics in pointing to drought increase in southern North America, Central America, the Amazon region, the Mediterranean, southern Africa and southern Australia. Our results show important spatial differences in drought projections, which are highly dependent on the drought metric employed. While a strong relationship between climatic indices was evident, climatic and ecological drought metrics showed less dependency over both space and time. Importantly, our study demonstrates uncertainties in future projections of drought trends and their interannual variability related to the relationship among indices, stressing the importance of coherent climatic, hydrological and plant physiological patterns when analyzing CMIP6 model simulations of droughts under a warming climate scenario.

The Magnitudes of Seismic Events Induced by Fluid Injections into the Earth’s Crust

The Magnitudes of Seismic Events Induced by Fluid Injections into the Earth’s Crust

Unveiling Torrential Flood Dynamics: A Comprehensive Study of Spatio-Temporal Patterns in the Šumadija Region, Serbia

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of flood frequency and a spatio-temporal characterization of historical torrential floods in the Šumadija region using water discharge datasets and documented events. A chronology of 344 recorded torrential flood events, spanning from 1929 to 2020, illustrates the region’s vulnerability, with a death toll exceeding 43. The study defines the intra-annual primary and secondary peaks of torrential flood occurrences and explains their spatial distribution. Furthermore, the identification of suitable probability distribution functions underscores the necessity of tailored approaches for effective flood risk management in this diverse geographical environment. The study employed Flood Frequency Analysis (FFA) and goodness-of-fit tests, including the Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K-S) and Cramér–von Mises (CvM) tests, to assess the frequency and magnitude of flood events and evaluate diverse distribution functions. The main results include the identification of suitable probability distribution functions for each river within the region, emphasizing the need for tailored approaches in flood risk management. Additionally, discharge values for various return periods offer crucial insights for informed decision-making in flood risk management and infrastructure planning.

Escaping Environmental Hazards? Human Mobility in Response to Air Pollution and Extreme Cold Events

Understanding the patterns of human mobility and how they relate to different environmental risks is key to developing effective adaptation strategies. To this end, this study applied large-scale mobile phone data to examine the differential mobility responses to and interaction between air pollution and extreme cold events and attempted to identify nonlinearities in the relationship between short-term movements and the two environmental hazards. The results revealed that extreme cold events had a strong influence on the mobility decisions of residents in the city of Chengdu, China. Residents were more likely to react to climate-related hazards in their daily mobility than air pollution, which is often characterized as a slow-onset, small-impact, and frequent concern. The findings from the estimation of an interaction term indicated an antagonistic effect; that is, the combined effect of air pollution and extreme cold events on short-term movements was significantly lower than expected from the sum of their individual effects. Using a piecewise regression approach, this study uncovered nonlinearities in mobility as a response to air pollution and cold events as the number of trips from hazardous places to less hazardous places increased more than proportional to the differentials in air quality and magnitude of cold events.

Holocene wildfire regime shifts induced by the enhancement of human activities in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Basin

Deforestation and technical innovation have changed the natural fire regimes, topography and carbon reservoirs during the history of human evolution. Recognition of the timing, scope, and magnitude of wildfire events in large river basins such as the Changjiang (Yangtze River) is essential for understanding the impacts of climate forcing and human perturbation on Earth surface processes. Here, we present a multi-proxy study based on the pollen and black carbon (BC) abundance in sediments of Core CM97 taken from the Changjiang Delta, aiming to reconstruct the paleo-fire history in the Changjiang River Basin and further disentangle anthropogenic and climatic influences on fire regimes during the Holocene. Our results show that the average BC abundance increased from 0.88 ‰ at 12–8 cal kyr BP to 1.17 ‰ at 8–5 cal kyr BP, well corresponding to the evolution of the Asian Summer Monsoon (ASM). This suggests the wildfire occurrences were dominated by hydroclimatic conditions during 12–5 cal kyr BP. After the early Bronze Age (∼5 cal kyr BP), the sustained high anomaly of BC abundance (average 1.30 ‰), however, was decoupled from the weakened monsoon climate. We propose that this might be associated with anthropogenic destruction of natural forests through fire-assisted agriculture and bronze smelting. Especially, with the prosperity of the Han Dynasty (202 BCE − 220 CE), a rapid increase in population promoted the transition of ecosystem (vegetation type) from forests to permanent farmlands in the drainage basin. Human intervention has overwhelmed the long-term climate control over wildfire, plant diversity, soil erosion, and sediment source-to-sink processes, suggesting the dominance of anthropogenic activities on nature over the last 2 kyrs. Our study provides deep insight on the enhancing perturbation of human activities on Earth's surface at a continental scale and provides more constraints on the Anthropocene epoch.

Systematic application of SICA-PED protocol for central venous catheterization in neonates: A prospective clinical study on 104 cases.

Catheterization of central vessels can be associated with early and late, potentially fatal complications. A proactive approach is imperative to reduce the frequency and magnitude of adverse events. Recently, the GAVeCeLT has proposed a protocol called SICA-PED (i.e. Safe Insertion of Central Access in Pediatric patients) and includes seven evidence-based strategies. Through a single-center prospective observational study, the authors wanted to consolidate the efficacy and safety of these protocol in newborns. In a series of 104 newborns, the seven steps of the protocol were applied (1) pre-procedural ultrasound study of the RaCeVA veins, (2) correct aseptic technique, (3) ultrasound-guided venipuncture, (4) intraprocedural localization of the tip of the catheter with TTE (ECHO TIP) and (iECG) intracavitary electrocardiogram, (5) reasoned choice of the implant exit site with the RAVESTO Tunneling technique, (6) anchoring without stitches, and (7) exit point protection with the use of glue and transparent semipermeable membrane. The authors have included a further precaution in point (6) the subcutaneous anchoring system has added the counter-fixation of the catheter wings that we will call 6Plus Point. All infants requiring implantation of elective us-guided central venous access were enrolled in the study. None of the 104 implanted central venous catheters experienced early complications (accidental arterial puncture, PNX, primary malposition); rare late complications such as ecchymosis, CRBSI, exit site infection or dislodgement were observed, No catheter-related thrombotic phenomena were observed. The CRBSI catheter-related infection rate was 2.47 × 1000 days catheter cases. The results of this prospective study strengthen the feasibility and efficacy of the SICA-Ped Protocol. Demonstrating that the systematic application of the evidence-based seven-step implantation strategy increases the success rate, minimizes early and late complications, which result in increased patient safety.

Hydrologic Evaluation of the Global Precipitation Measurement Mission over the U.S.: Effect of Spatial and Temporal Scales

This research focuses on the effects of spatio-temporal resolutions of global satellite precipitation on simulated flood events characteristics. The analysis is carried out by spatially, temporally, and spatiotemporally upscaling fine-scale precipitation forcings from the ground-radar-based Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor system (MRMS) to the resolution of the Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) satellite precipitation product. These upscaled products were then run through the Ensemble Framework for Flash Flood Forecasting hydrologic modeling framework over the U.S. to assess how the different spatial and temporal resolutions impact the simulated outputs of flood event magnitude, duration, and timing. It was found that the quantitative uncertainties generated by the IMERG Early (IMERG-E) simulations overpowered those associated with resolution across all flood characteristics. When compared to native MRMS simulations, however, the upscaled precipitation estimates tended to underestimate peak discharges and event durations, associated with distinct negative water balance errors. It was also found that the upscaled precipitation simulations exhibited a scaling effect with regards to error contribution of peak discharge, with higher contributions at smaller basin sizes and decreasing contributions as basin sizes increased. Looking at how upscaling can affect the modeled output desired allows for improved understanding of which resolutions lead to the greatest changes in simulation accuracy, increasing the potential global use and utility of current or future satellite products, especially in regions where high-resolution ground radars are sparse.

Quantifying compound flood event uncertainties in a wave and tidally dominated coastal region: The impacts of copula selection, sampling, record length, and precipitation gauge selection

AbstractCoastal flooding is a growing hazard. Compound event characterization and uncertainty quantification are critical to accurate flood risk assessment. This study presents univariate, conditional, and joint probabilities for observed water levels, precipitation, and waves. Design events for 10‐ and 100‐year marine water level and precipitation events are developed. A total water level formulation explicitly accounting for wave impacts is presented. Uncertainties associated with sampling method, copula selection, data record length, and utilized rainfall gauge are determined. Eight copulas are used to quantify multivariate uncertainty. Generally, copulas present similar results, except the BB5. Sampling method uncertainty was quantified using four sampling types; annual maximum, annual coinciding, wet season monthly maximum, and wet season monthly coinciding sampling. Annual coinciding sampling typically produced the lowest event magnitude estimates. Uncertainty associated with record length was explored by partitioning a 100‐year record into various subsets. Withholding 30 years of observations (i.e., records of less than 70 years) resulted in substantial variability of both the 10‐ and 100‐year return period estimates. Approximately equidistant rainfall gauges led to large event estimate differences, suggesting microclimatology and gauge selection play a key role in characterizing compound events. Generally, event estimate uncertainty was dominated by sampling method and rainfall gauge selection.

Changes in the discharge regime of Finnish rivers

Study regionFinland divided into three subregions, each representing different environmental conditions. Study focusThis study investigates long-term changes in unregulated river discharge. Trends in high- and low-flow event volumes, magnitudes, timings, and frequencies are analysed across 36 gauging stations in 19 watershed areas from 1911 to 2021. The average measurement period for discharge in the stations is 60 years, with over 765,000 daily records examined statistically. New hydrological insights for the regionHigh-flow events show advancing timings and decreasing magnitudes, notably in the coastal region and less so in the north. These events, occurring from 6 to 68 days earlier in 21 stations, now in the late winter and early spring, align with increasing spring low-flow volumes. On a monthly scale, a trend of rising volume magnitude is observed in late autumn, winter, and early spring, especially in Northern Finland's rivers. High flows during autumn and winter occur 30 to 60 days later in 8 stations. Changes in the monthly mean volumes were found in 30 stations, suggesting a redistribution of annual volumes across a broader time period, while the overall annual volumes have remained relatively unchanged. This underscores the complexity of hydrological patterns, emphasizing the need to consider total volumes and their temporal distribution in analyses. The findings enhance understanding of current changes and align with findings in the boreal-subarctic area.

Effects of high-quality elevation data and explanatory variables on the accuracy of flood inundation mapping via Height Above Nearest Drainage

Abstract. Given the availability of high-quality and high-spatial-resolution digital elevation maps (DEMs) from the United States Geological Survey's 3D Elevation Program (3DEP), derived mostly from light detection and ranging (lidar) sensors, we examined the effects of these DEMs at various spatial resolutions on the quality of flood inundation map (FIM) extents derived from a terrain index known as Height Above Nearest Drainage (HAND). We found that using these DEMs improved the quality of resulting FIM extents at around 80 % of the catchments analyzed when compared to using DEMs from the National Hydrography Dataset Plus High Resolution (NHDPlusHR) program. Additionally, we varied the spatial resolution of the 3DEP DEMs at 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 m (meters), and the results showed no significant overall effect on FIM extent quality across resolutions. However, further analysis at coarser resolutions of 60 and 90 m revealed a significant degradation in FIM skill, highlighting the limitations of using extremely coarse-resolution DEMs. Our experiments demonstrated a significant burden in terms of the computational time required to produce HAND and related data at finer resolutions. We fit a multiple linear regression model to help explain catchment-scale variations in the four metrics employed and found that the lack of reservoir flooding or inundation upstream of river retention systems was a significant factor in our analysis. For validation, we used Interagency Flood Risk Management (InFRM) Base Level Engineering (BLE)-produced FIM extents and streamflows at the 100- and 500-year event magnitudes in a sub-region in eastern Texas.

An empirical review of dynamic extreme value models for forecasting value at risk, expected shortfall and expectile

This work provides a selective review of the most recent dynamic models based on extreme value theory, in terms of their ability to forecast financial losses through different risk measures. The main characteristic of these models is that their dynamics depend only on the occurrence and magnitude of extreme events above a high threshold. Through an empirical analysis, we evaluate the predictive ability of these approaches on a set of stock market indices. In an in-sample analysis, we assess the goodness-of-fit of the different specifications. We also compare the adequacy of each model, considering how well they forecast the risk measures in the out-of-sample period. In addition, in order to identify the best-performing models, we use the model confident set procedure across different risk measures, loss functions, and score functions to identify the superior models. Finally, we identify some potential avenues for future research.

Assessing precipitation event characteristics throughout North Carolina derived from GPM IMERG data products

The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission provides near-real time precipitation estimates that can be used for monitoring water supply infrastructure. To better understand the potential use of GPM data products for use in relevant applications, this study examines the performance of the Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) precipitation products throughout North Carolina to capture rainfall events. Event characteristics derived from IMERG precipitation products: early (4 h latency), late (14 h latency), and final (3.5 month latency) are compared to characteristics derived from gauges (N = 282) for the period 2000–2021. Results show that the IMERG data products identify events reasonably well (mean event errors of 6.0, 6.8, and 1.7 mm for early, late, and final products; probability of detection: 0.83, 0.83, 0.86; false alarm ratio: 0.20, 0.18, 0.18, respectively). While the final product performs best, the early and late products perform similarly. While additional research is needed to better understand factors leading to under- and over-estimates of event magnitudes, the findings from this study support the potential use of early/late IMERG data products in water supply monitoring or flood warning systems, where rapid estimates of event precipitation characteristics are needed.

Carrion ecology in inland aquatic ecosystems: a systematic review.

Carrion ecology, i.e. the decomposition and recycling of dead animals, has traditionally been neglected as a key process in ecosystem functioning. Similarly, despite the large threats that inland aquatic ecosystems (hereafter, aquatic ecosystems) face, the scientific literature is still largely biased towards terrestrial ecosystems. However, there has been an increasing number of studies on carrion ecology in aquatic ecosystems in the last two decades, highlighting their key role in nutrient recirculation and disease control. Thus, a global assessment of the ecological role of scavengers and carrion in aquatic ecosystems is timely. Here, we systematically reviewed scientific articles on carrion ecology in aquatic ecosystems to describe current knowledge, identify research gaps, and promote future studies that will deepen our understanding in this field. We found 206 relevant studies, which were highly biased towards North America, especially in lotic ecosystems, covering short time periods, and overlooking seasonality, a crucial factor in scavenging dynamics. Despite the low number of studies on scavenger assemblages, we recorded 55 orders of invertebrates from 179 families, with Diptera and Coleoptera being the most frequent orders. For vertebrates, we recorded 114 species from 40 families, with birds and mammals being the most common. Our results emphasise the significance of scavengers in stabilising food webs and facilitating nutrient cycling within aquatic ecosystems. Studies were strongly biased towards the assessment of the ecosystem effects of carrion, particularly of salmon carcasses in North America. The second most common research topic was the foraging ecology of vertebrates, which was mostly evaluated through sporadic observations of carrion in the diet. Articles assessing scavenger assemblages were scarce, and only a limited number of these studies evaluated carrion consumption patterns, which serve as a proxy for the role of scavengers in the ecosystem. The ecological functions performed by carrion and scavengers in aquatic ecosystems were diverse. The main ecological functions were carrion as food source and the role of scavengers in nutrient cycling, which appeared in 52.4% (N = 108) and 46.1% (N = 95) of publications, respectively. Ecosystem threats associated with carrion ecology were also identified, the most common being water eutrophication and carrion as source of pathogens (2.4%; N = 5 each). Regarding the effects of carrion on ecosystems, we found studies spanning all ecosystem components (N = 85), from soil or the water column to terrestrial vertebrates, with a particular focus on aquatic invertebrates and fish. Most of these articles found positive effects of carrion on ecosystems (e.g. higher species richness, abundance or fitness; 84.7%; N = 72), while a minority found negative effects, changes in community composition, or even no effects. Enhancing our understanding of scavengers and carrion in aquatic ecosystems is crucial to assessing their current and future roles amidst global change, mainly for water-land nutrient transport, due to changes in the amount and speed of nutrient movement, and for disease control and impact mitigation, due to the predicted increase in occurrence and magnitude of mortality events in aquatic ecosystems.

Temporary slip speed increases during short-term slow slip events with durations of one to three hours

AbstractTemporary slip speed increases with durations of 1–3 h were identified during short-term slow slip events in records of borehole and laser strainmeters in the Tokai region, Japan. They were found by searching for peaks of correlation coefficients between stacked strain data and ramp functions with rise times of 1 and 2 h. Although many of the strain steps were considered due to noise, some strain steps occurred with simultaneous activation of the deep tectonic tremors and shared source areas with the tremors. From 2016 to 2022, we observed five strain steps with simultaneous activation of tectonic tremors and coincidence of source locations with the tremors. Those strain steps occurred during short-term slow slip events and were temporary slip speed increases of the slow slip events. Those strain steps seemed to be related to successive occurrences with source migration of short-term slow slip events. The detrended strain steps corresponded to plate boundary slip events of moment magnitude around 5, which was consistent with the scaling law of slow earthquakes. Graphical Abstract