Magnitude Of Metabolic Syndrome Research Articles

Magnitude of Metabolic Syndrome and its Associated Factors among Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: Laboratory-Based Cross-Sectional Study in Northwest Ethiopia

Magnitude of Metabolic Syndrome and its Associated Factors among Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: Laboratory-Based Cross-Sectional Study in Northwest Ethiopia

Metabolic syndrome and its associated factors among type 2 diabetic patients in Mizan-Tepi University Teaching Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia Region.

Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are prone to modifiable and non-modifiable complications, which can be grouped under metabolic syndrome (MetS). Evaluating MetS in patients with diabetes is critical for the prevention of cardiovascular disease among patients with DM. In Ethiopia, more specifically in the southwest of Ethiopia, these kinds of information are lacking. Thus, this study estimated the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among type 2 diabetic patients and its associated factors. A health facility-based cross-sectional study was done from May 1 to 30, 2021. The data were collected using structured questionnaires, laboratory investigations, and anthropometric measurements. MetS was diagnosed using the modified International Diabetic Federation guidelines (IDF) and the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) criteria. The data was entered into Epidata and analyzed using SPSS software. Bivariable and multiple variable logistic regression was done to identify the factors associated with MetS. In multiple-variable logistic regression analysis, variables that have a p-value ≤ 0.05 were declared to have statistical significance. The majority (31.4%) of study participants were within the age group of 41-50 years and the mean ± SD of age is 51.75 ± 11.66, and 54.9% of them were men. In this study, the prevalence of MetS was 31.4% and 41.2% using the IDF and NCEP-ATP III criteria, respectively. Being a woman (AOR = 11.33, 95% CI; 3.73, 34.34; p < 0.001), having a lower level of education (AOR=7.10, 95% CI; 1.88, 26.70; p <0.004), and performing high physical activities (AOR=0.08, 95%CI; 0.01, 0.40; p <0.002) were significantly associated with MetS. According to this study, the magnitude of Metabolic Syndrome in Mizan-Teppi University Teaching Hospital was 31.4% and 41.2% using IDF and NCEP-ATP III criteria, respectively. Being a woman and having a lower level of education increased the odds of MetS among patients with DM while performing high physical activities decreased the odds of MetS among patients with DM. Therefore, to prevent metabolic syndrome among type 2 DM patients in the study area, it is crucial to focus on women and individuals who have not had access to adequate education. One way to do this is by prioritizing interventions that involve physical activity.

Metabolic syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at Adama Hospital Medical College, Ethiopia: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.

Metabolic syndrome is one of the most serious global public health problems. It is associated with a higher risk of heart attack and other cardiovascular diseases. However, the magnitude of metabolic syndrome among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is not well understood, especially in developing countries such as Ethiopia. To determine the magnitude of metabolic syndrome and associated factors among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at Adama Hospital Medical College, Ethiopia, in 2022. A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from September 1 to October 30, 2022. The data was collected through a self-administered questionnaire. A systematic random sampling method was used to select the participants. Data were entered using Epi Info version 7.2 and analyzed by SPSS version 23. Multivariable logistic regression was used to model this study. Statistical significance was set at p-values of < 0.05. A total of 237 participants were included in this study, with a response rate of 95.1%. Overall, the magnitude of metabolic syndrome was 53.2% (95% CI: 46.8 - 59.6), 41.3% (95% CI: 35.0 - 47.5), and 41.8% (95% CI: 35.5 - 48.1) based on 2009 harmonized criteria of MetS, Revised National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III), and International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria, respectively. In multivariable logistic analysis, urban residence (AOR=3.07, 95% CI: 1.46-6.42), earning a high income (AOR=5.87 95% CI: 1.8-19.1), history of cardiac illness (AOR=3.33, 95% CI: 1.41-7.84), history of hypertension (AOR=2.65, 95% CI: 1.22-5.78), dyslipidemia (AOR=4.47, 95% CI: 1.96-10.19), current cigarette smoker (AOR=6.2, 95% CI: 1.7-22.93), sedentary activity (AOR=3.62, 95% CI: 1.68-7.82), use of palm oil (AOR=4.87, 95% CI: 2.06-11.51), and BMI ≥25 kg/m2 (AOR=3.36, 95% CI: 1.57-7.16) were significantly associated with metabolic syndrome. The findings of this study suggested that the magnitude of metabolic syndrome among T2DM patients was high. We found consistent results using the NCEP-ATP III and IDF criteria. Similarly, urban residence, high income, history of cardiac, history of hypertension, dyslipidemia, current cigarette smoker, sedentary activity, palm oil, and BMI ≥25 kg/m2 were significantly associated with metabolic syndrome.

Metabolic syndrome and its associated factors among epileptic patients at Dessie Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northeast Ethiopia; a hospital-based comparative cross-sectional study.

Metabolic syndrome is a group of metabolic risk factors which are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and type2 diabetes. Nowadays, several studies have shown that the burden of metabolic syndrome is increasing among epileptic patients, and leads to MS-associated complications, including cardiovascular disease. However, getting published documents has been limited in Ethiopia and the study area. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the magnitude and associated factors of metabolic syndrome among epileptic patients in Dessie Comprehensive Specialized Hospital in compression with respective controls. Hospital-based comparative cross-sectional study design was implemented from June 25 to August 20, 2021. A total of 204 participants with an equal number of cases and controls (n = 102 each) were included. The data was collected through face-to-face interviews and biochemical analyses such as fasting blood glucose and lipid profiles were done through the enzymatic technique. The magnitude of metabolic syndrome was determined using both National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III and International Diabetes Federation definition criteria. The STATA version 14 was used for statistical data analysis, and a comparison of categorical and continuous variables was done with χ2 and an independent t-test, respectively. The multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with metabolic syndrome, and variables having a P-value of <0.05 were considered statistically significant. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among the epileptic group was (25.5% in National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III and 23.5% in International Diabetes Federation criteria), whereas it was 13.7% in National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III and 14.7% in International Diabetes Federation criteria among control groups. According to the International Diabetes Federation criteria, low physical activity (adjusted odds ratio = 4.73, 95% CI: 1.08-20.68), taking multiple antiepileptic drugs (adjusted odds ratio = 8.08, 95% CI: 1.52-42.74), having a total cholesterol level of ≥ 200 mg/dl (adjusted odds ratio = 5.81, 95%: 1.32-41.13) and body mass index (adjusted odds ratio = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.16-2.11) were significantly associated with metabolic syndrome among epileptic participants. Applying National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria, taking multiple antiepileptic drugs (adjusted odds ratio = 6.81, 95% CI: 1.29-35.92), having a total cholesterol level > 200 mg/dl (adjusted odds ratio = 7.37, 95% CI: 1.32-41.13) and body mass index (adjusted odds ratio = 1.53, 96% CI: 1.16-2.01) were also significantly associated. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among epileptic patients was higher than that of control groups and reaches statistically significant by National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. Being on multiple antiepileptic drugs, body mass index, having low physical activity and raised total cholesterol were significantly associated with metabolic syndrome among the epileptic group. Therefore, it is better to focus on controlling weight, having sufficient physical exercise, and regular monitoring of total cholesterol levels in epileptic patients.

Metabolic Syndrome and Its Associated Factors among Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Southwest Ethiopia, 2021/2022.

Background Metabolic syndrome is one of the leading global public health and clinical challenges, with increasing prevalence figures ranging from 10% to as high as 84%. There is a 5-fold increase in metabolic syndrome associated with type 2 diabetes and a 2-fold increase associated with the development of cardiovascular disease. The calorie-dense diet and sedentary life patterns are the most important contributory factors that have been established. Objective This study is aimed at assessing metabolic syndrome and its associated factors among patients with type 2 diabetes attending chronic follow-up units at hospitals in Southwest Ethiopia, in 2020. Methods This study was conducted at hospitals in Southwest Ethiopia, using an institutional-based cross-sectional study design from September 1, 2020, to August 30, 2021. Data was collected from 422 type 2 diabetics through face-to-face interviews using structured and pretested questionnaires. Data were entered into Epi-data version 4.4.1 and exported for analysis to the Statistical Package for Social Sciences 25. The magnitude of metabolic syndrome was determined by using the National Cholesterol Education Program Third Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate associated factors for the outcome variable. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result and Conclusion. Out of the 422 sample sizes, 394 type 2 diabetics participated in this study, giving a response rate of 93.36%. The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome among type 2 diabetics in this study was 68.3%, using the National Cholesterol Education Program and Third Adult Treatment Panel criteria. The associated factors for metabolic syndrome among type 2 diabetics are urban residency, old age, physical inactivity, salt intake, inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption, palm oil, and eating meat.

Metabolic syndrome and associated factors among severely ill psychiatric and non-psychiatric patients: a comparative cross-sectional study in Eastern Ethiopia

BackgroundMetabolic syndrome is a major public health challenge in both developed and developing countries. The burden of this disease is high, even in patients with psychiatric disorders. However, very little is known about the association between metabolic syndrome and psychiatric illness in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the magnitude of metabolic syndrome and its components among psychiatric clients.MethodsA comparative cross-sectional study was undertaken between psychiatric patients and age—and sex-matched non-psychiatric controls at the Dilchora referral hospital. The study included 192 study participants (96 psychiatric patients and 96 non- psychiatric controls from general medical and surgical patients). The National Cholesterol Education Program: Adult Treatment Panel III criteria were used to diagnose metabolic syndromes. The data were cleaned and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, Version 21. All intergroup comparisons for continuous data were performed using an independent sample t-test, whereas categorical data were analyzed using the Chi-square test. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the association between metabolic syndrome and the associated variables.ResultsThe magnitude of metabolic syndrome among psychiatric patients was 36.5% (95%CI: 27.6, 47.4) compared to non-psychiatric control patients, 21.9% (95%CI: 13.5, 30.3), p = 0.02. The prevalence of MetS components, such as waist circumference (25.0% vs. 14.3%), lower-high density lipoprotein level (35.4% vs. 20.8%), higher systolic blood pressure (41.7% vs. 29.2%) and higher fasting blood glucose (40.6% vs. 18.8%) showed statistically significant differences between the exposed and non-exposed groups. Age greater than 50 years (AOR: 2.8, CI: 1.14, 20.0, p < 0.05); being female (AOR: 7.4, CI: 2.0, 27.6, p < 0.05), being urban residence (AOR: 6.4, CI: 2.2, 20.6, p < 0.05), ever alcohol intake (AOR: 5.3, CI: 1.3, 21.2), being physically inactive (AOR: 3.52, CI: 1.1, 12.9, p < 0.05) and family history of hypertension (AOR: 2.52, CI: 1.1, 12.2, p < 0.05) were independent predictors of metabolic syndrome (p < 0.05).ConclusionsThere is a high burden of metabolic syndrome and its components in patients with severe psychiatric disorders. Therefore, screening and mitigation strategies for metabolic syndrome and their components should be implemented in the management of psychiatric disorders.

Cardiometabolic syndrome and associated factors among Ethiopian public servants, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are increasingly becoming the global cause of premature death encompassing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cancer, respiratory diseases and diabetes mellitus. However, cardiometabolic risk factors in the general population, especially among the high-risk groups have rarely been assessed in Ethiopia. The study aimed to assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome, its components and associated factors among staff in the Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI). An institutional-based cross-section study was conducted from March to June 2018 among EPHI staff members. A total of 450 study participants were involved in the study, and the World Health Organization NCD STEPS survey instrument version 3.1 was used for the assessment. The biochemical parameters were analyzed by using COBAS 6000 analyzer. Statistical package for the social science (SPSS) version 20 was used for data analysis. Both bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify associated risk factors. p value < 0.05 was considered for statistical significance. The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 27.6% and 16.7% according to IDF and NCEP criteria respectively, with males having greater prevalence than females (35.8% vs 19.4%). Central obesity, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and hypertension had a prevalence of 80.2%, 41.3%, and 23.6%, respectively. In multivariate analysis increasing age and having a higher body mass index (25–29.9) were significantly associated with metabolic syndromes. The magnitude of metabolic syndrome was relatively high among public employees. Preventive intervention measures should be designed on the modification of lifestyle, nutrition and physical activities, and early screening for early identification of cardiometabolic risks factors should be practised to reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.

Magnitude of metabolic syndrome in Gondar town, Northwest Ethiopia: A community-based cross-sectional study

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is becoming a major public health problem globally; it is clear that the burden of MetS is rapidly increasing the rates of non-communicable diseases (NCD). In Ethiopia studies done so far have shown a large disparity in magnitude of the prevalence of MetS and were mainly institution-based studies. Therefore, this study assess the prevalence of MetS among adults who are residing in Gondar city using Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) assessment tool. The findings are imperative to developing and strengthening national NCD prevention and control programs. This study was conducted in Gondar city Northwest Ethiopia in 2018. It employs a community-based cross-sectional study design among 3,227 individuals 18 years of age or older. Data was collected using the WHO stepwise tool, lipid profile, blood pressure (BP), waist circumference (WC) body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose levels (FG), and anthropometric measurements. The prevalence estimation was made along with a 95% confidence interval (CI). The Kappa statistic was used to analyze the statistical agreement between ATP III and IDF definitions of the MetS. Stratified analysis was also performed for description and analysis components using ATP III and IDF as an outcome. Of the total study participants (3227), 3059 (94.8%) were included in the final analysis and 52.5% were female. The mean (±SD) age of the study participant was 40.8 years (16.2 ±SD). The overall prevalence of MetS using ATP III was 11.2% [95%CI: 10.1, 12.3] and using IDF was 11.9% [95%CI: 10.8, 13.2]. The sex-specific proportion was high in females rather than males irrespective of the criteria. The overall level of agreement between ATP III and IDF prevalence was 91.7% and the Kappa statistics was 0.594. Older age, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, body mass index, being female, born in an urban area, consumption of an alcoholic drink in the preceding 30 days, and non-fasting practice was significantly associated with MetS. There was a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome among females than males irrespective of metabolic syndrome diagnostic criteria. This also shows good agreement between ATP III and IDF. Being female, urban birthplace, frequent alcohol consumption in the last 30 days, and non-fasting practice are factors associated with higher rates of metabolic syndrome. Hence, awareness campaigns, physical exercise, and nutrition education intervention should be undertaken to promote health behavioral practice.

Magnitude of metabolic syndrome and its predictors among patients on second-generation antipsychotic drugs at six psychiatry clinics and mental hospitals, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2019; Multicenter cross-sectional study

AimsSecond-generation antipsychotics are an important component in the management of psychiatric conditions but their use can also lead to weight gain, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. Thus, this study aimed to assess the magnitude of metabolic syndrome and its predictors among patients who were on second-generation antipsychotic drugs at six psychiatry Hospitals, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2019. MethodThis study was conducted using a Multicenter cross-sectional study design. Medical charts of 510 patients on second-generation antipsychotic drugs who were selected by convenience sampling method and complete patients' charts were included in this study. Data was gathered using a checklist from patients’ medical charts. To identify the determinants of metabolic syndrome, a logistic regression model was used. ResultFrom a total of 510 patients’ Medical charts on the second-generation antipsychotic drugs, 270 (52.9%) of them were females and 240 (47.1%) were males. The magnitude of metabolic syndrome among patients receiving second-generation antipsychotic drugs was found to be 88 (17.8%). Age, education, family history of cardiovascular disease, and type of second-generation antipsychotic drugs are found to be significantly associated factors with metabolic syndrome. ConclusionsConsiderable proportion of patients receiving second-generation antipsychotic medications have metabolic syndrome.

Magnitude, components and predictors of metabolic syndrome in Northern Ethiopia: Evidences from regional NCDs STEPS survey, 2016.

Individuals with metabolic syndrome are five times more susceptible to chronic diseases. Assessment of its magnitude, components, and risk factors is essentials to deploy visible interventions needed to avoid further complications. The study aimed to assess magnitude, components, and predictors of metabolic syndrome in Tigray region northern Ethiopia, 2016. Data were reviewed from Tigray region NCDs STEPs survey data base between May to June 2016. A total of 1476 adults aged 18-64 years were enrolled for the study. Multi-variable regression analysis was performed to estimate the net effect of size to risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome. Statistical significance was declared at p-value of ≤0.05 at 95% confidence interval (CI) for an adjusted odds ratio (AOR). The study revealed that unadjusted and adjusted prevalence rate of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) were (CPR = 33.79%; 95%CI: 31.29%-36.36%) and (APR = 34.2%; 95% CI: 30.31%-38.06%) respectively. The most prevalent MetS component was low HDL concentration (CPR = 70.91%; 95%CI: 68.47%-73.27%) and (APR = 70.61; 95%CI; 67.17-74.05). While; high fasting blood glucose (CPR = 20.01% (95%CI: 18.03-22.12) and (APR = 21.72; 95%CI; 18.41-25.03) was the least ones. Eating vegetables four days a week, (AOR = 3.69, 95%CI; 1.33-10.22), a salt sauce added in the food some times (AOR = 5.06, 95%CI; 2.07-12.34), overweight (AOR = 24.28, 95%CI; 10.08-58.47] and obesity (AOR = 38.81; 12.20-111.04) had strong association with MetS. The magnitude of metabolic syndrome was found to be close to the national estimate. Community awareness on life style modification based on identified MetS components and risk factors is needed to avoid further complications.

Association of HIV infection with metabolic syndrome among normal or underweight young adults: evidence from the CHART cohort.

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is common among obese people. Little is known about the magnitude and characteristics of MS in people living with HIV (PLWH) in Asian countries in general and China in particular. Using baseline data collected between February 2017 through January 2020 from the Comparative HIV and Aging Research in Taizhou (CHART) cohort in China, we examined MS among 2,227 PLWH and 5,264 matched people without HIV, respectively. MS was defined using the criteria set forth by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Approximately 76.7% of PLWH had body mass index (BMI) < 24.0 kg/m2, significantly higher than people without HIV (50.3%). Among participants with BMI < 24.0 kg/m2, PLWH had a significantly higher prevalence of MS than people without HIV (20.6% vs. 14.5%; aOR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.19-1.68) overall, and at an age of 18-29 (10.4% vs. 3.4%, aOR: 3.49, 95% CI: 1.99-6.11) and 30-44 years (17.3% vs. 8.5%, aOR: 2.03, 95% CI: 1.47-2.81), respectively. Among participants with BMI ≥ 24.0 kg/m2, MS prevalence was not significantly different between PLWH and people without HIV overall, but significantly lower in PLWH than people without HIV for those aged over 60 years (65.9% vs. 77.8%, aOR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.32-0.88). Among PLWH, MS was significantly associated with older age and higher CD4 cell count, and with stavudine (d4T) use only in the group of BMI < 24.0 kg/m2. Our finding is indicative of a relatively higher risk for early onset of MS among HIV-infected young adults with lower BMI. Research is needed to elucidate the pathogenic mechanism for MS among PLWH.

The extents of metabolic syndrome among Antiretroviral Therapy exposed and ART na\xefve adult HIV patients in the Gedeo-zone, Southern-Ethiopia: a comparative cross-sectional study

BackgroundHIV infection and Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) has been associated with metabolic syndrome (MS). The prevalence of MS varies substantially between populations and is not yet well-known in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), including Ethiopia. The current study aims to estimate and evaluate the magnitude of MS among ART exposed and ART naïve HIV-infected patients.MethodsA comparative cross-sectional design was employed among the randomly chosen PLHIVs from two hospitals and two health centers, found in the Gedeo zone, southern-Ethiopia. Data collection was run beginning from December 29th, 2017 up to January 22nd − 2019, using the WHO steep tool; eventually, the completed data entered into Epidata (V-3.1) and exported to SPSS (V− 22) for analysis. The revised international diabetes federation criterion was used to define MS and its components. The mean, standard deviations and proportions were used as a descriptive summary. Categorical data and the proportion of MS in the two groups were compared using binary logistic regression, and results were reported statistically significant with p-value is less than 5%.ResultsA total of 633 (n = 422 on ART and n = 211 ART-naive) PLHIVS was involved, with an overall response rate of 96.2%. The cumulative proportion of MS was 42.5%(95% CI: 39.2–45.7), with 43.4%(95% CI: 39.1–47.4) among ART exposed and 40.8% (95% CI: 35.5–46.0) among ART naïve patients (P > 0.005). However, the difference was not statistically significant and signified that ART has no association with an increased proportion of MS.ConclusionOverall this study demonstrated the presence of an elevated degree of overall MS among PLHIVs. Besides, although the difference was not statistically significant, a relatively higher proportion of MS was realized in the ART exposed than ART naïve groups. Implicated that at the time of the entire test and treatment approaches employed in this target group, routine screening of MS incorporated through HIV care and management system will be a vibrant action.

Obesity Indices for Identifying Metabolic Syndrome Among Type Two Diabetes Patients Attending Their Follow-Up in Dessie Referral Hospital, North east Ethiopia.

IntroductionWorldwide, metabolic syndrome is a common problem among T2DM patients. Even though the International Diabetes Federation recommended waist circumference as a diagnostic tool for metabolic syndrome, the appropriate indices and cut-off point remain controversial.ObjectiveTo assess obesity indices in identifying metabolic syndrome among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Dessie Referral Hospital, North east Ethiopia.MethodsA hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 363 consecutively selected T2DM in Dessie Referral Hospital from February to March 2017. Data were collected by interviewer-administered questionnaire. Height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, lipid profile, blood glucose levels and blood pressure were taken. Descriptive statistics were computed. Receiver operator characteristic curve analysis with a 95% confidence interval and p-value <0.05 was used to identify the discriminate ability of each index, while the optimal cut point of each index was determined by Youden’s index.ResultsA total of 330 study participants were included in the study. Based on ATP III definition, the magnitude of metabolic syndrome among T2DM patients was 59.4% (53.6–64.5%). Waist to height ratio (optimal cut point=0.54, AUC=0.85) and waist circumference (optimal cut point= 83 cm, AUC=0.75) were the best predictor of metabolic syndrome for women and men, respectively. For the entire study participant, waist to height ratio (optimal cut point=0.51, AUC=0.79) was the best predictor of metabolic syndrome among type 2 diabetes patients.Conclusion and RecommendationWaist to height ratio and waist circumference was the best predictor of metabolic syndrome for women and men, respectively. So, appropriate indices optimal cut-off point should be included to diagnose metabolic syndrome among T2DM.

The global magnitude of metabolic syndrome among antiretroviral therapy (ART) exposed and ART-naïve adult HIV-infected patients in gedio-zone, southern Ethiopia: Comparative cross-sectional study, using the Adult Treatment Panel III criteria

AimThe global operation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has averted 30 million new infections and nearly 8 million deaths; however, it has an impact on metabolic syndrome (MS) acquisition. As a result, there is growing concern about MS; but strangely the magnitude of MS in HIV-infected cohort, and its differential contribution ART status in Ethiopia has yet to be abundantly studied. Hence, the aim of this study was to estimate and evaluate the difference of the overall magnitude of MS among ART exposed and ART naïve people living with HIV (PLWH). Materials and methodsAn institution based cross-sectional study was conducted at the randomly chosen two hospitals and health centers, in Gedio zone, southern Ethiopia between December 29th, 2017 and January 22nd, 2019. Data were collected using the WHO three step tools. The collected data were fed into Epidata version.3.1 and exported to SPSS version 22 for analysis. The descriptive complex sample analysis method was employed, and the prevalence and differences between groups were computed with a 95% CI. ResultA total of 633 (n = 422 ART and n = 211 ART naive) PLWH was involved, with the response rate of 92.1%. Of whom, 22.0% (95% CI: 19.0–25.4) of PLWH had MS. It was slightly higher in the ART-exposed (22.5%, 95% CI: 18.7–26.8) than ART naïve (20.9%, 95% CI: 15.2–27.1) group. ConclusionThe global magnitude of MS in the ART-exposed was relatively higher than ART naïve groups. This dictates the existence of HIV associated MS that necessitates immediate prevention and management strategies.

Prevalence and Correlates of Metabolic Syndrome in Young Population: A Cross Sectional Study

Background: The Metabolic Syndrome (MS) is emerging as one of the major public health problem all over the world including India. It confers increased risk of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) and Diabetes Mellitus (DM), both of which pose a huge burden over the society and economics. This study was conducted to assess the prevalence and correlates of MS in young population. Settings and design: A cross-sectional study was performed in Department of Medicine of a rural teaching tertiary care hospital in central India. Materials and methods: In all consecutive study subjects, a National Cholesterol Education Programme Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP ATP – III) criteria was applied to assess the magnitude of MS. Statistical analysis: Prevalence of MS was expressed in percentage. For determining the association of risk factors with MS, we used Student’s t-test to test for continuous variables Chi square for categorical variables and Fisher exact test in the case of small cell sizes (expected value<5). Association was considered statistical significant when P value was ≤ 0.05. Results: The magnitude of MS was 11.2%. Conclusion: Metabolic syndrome exists in significant number of young student population. The early identification of MS and associated risk factors can help to prevent or delay MS, diabetes and CVD by modifying their lifestyle.

A Study on Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence among Master Health Checkup Subjects

Background and Objectives: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is increasing among Indians. Early screening is the only way to recognize metabolic syndrome. There are only few evidences available about the magnitude of metabolic syndrome among master health checkup patients. With this background the present study assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in master health subjects. Methods: 105 patients was undergone master health checkup at Chennai Medical College Hospital and Research Centre during the month of June 2014 and they were enrolled for this present study. Blood pressure, fasting blood glucose level, high density lipoprotein, triglycerides were measured after overnight fasting. Anthropometric measurements such as height, weight, waist circumference and hip circumference also measured. The results were analyzed statistically. Results: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among master health checkup subjects was found 28.5%. Among 20% males (21) and 8.5% (9) were females. The most common feature of the metabolic syndrome among master health checkup subjects was abdominal obesity (30), high blood pressure (21), increased fasting blood sugar (24), low levels of high density lipoproteins (24), and high level of triglycerides (19). The prevalence among the age groups was 6.6% among 30-40years, 13.3% among 41-50years, 6.6% among 51-60 and 1.9% among 61-75years. Interpretations and Conclusions: The presentation of metabolic syndrome is asymptomatic and incidental, screening is the only way to identify the individual and address the issues. Measuring the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in general population in the form of master health checkup is one of the key to assess the early identification and also to plan for early prevention in the form of lifestyle modification, dietary intervention. Key Words: Metabolic Syndrome, Fasting blood glucose, Lipoprotein, Triglycerides, Prevalence

Metabolic syndrome among hypertensive patients at University of Gondar Hospital, North West Ethiopia: a cross sectional study.

BackgroundData is sparse concerning the magnitude of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in developing countries like Ethiopia whose major health problem had long been under-nutrition and infectious diseases rather than non-communicable diseases (NCDs) including hypertension, obesity and MetS. However, it is obvious that the NCDs are recently taking over and becoming the major health care concerns in the developing countries. This pattern could be partly explained by the nation’s sustained economical growth in the last few decades in addition to the increasing globalization related adoption of western lifestyle. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and associated factors among hypertensive patients in North West Ethiopia.MethodA cross sectional study was conducted on 300 hypertensive individuals who get follow-up care at University of Gondar Hospital after diagnosed as hypertensive. The WHO STEP-wise approach to surveillance of NCD was used. Fasting blood glucose level, triglyceride and high density lipoprotein cholesterol were determined using standardized laboratory procedures.ResultThe prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 40.7% and 39.3% according to the modified NCEP-ATP III and IDF criteria respectively. Low HDL-c was found to be the most frequently encountered (81.3%) component of MetS other than the hypertension. Being female was significantly associated with MetS (AOR = 4.34; 95% CI: 2.09, 8.99) using IDF and (AOR = 3.30; 95% CI: 1.66, 6.58) using NCEP-ATP III criteria. Abnormal BMI which included both high and low BMI was found to have significant association with MetS (AOR = 3.10; 95% CI: 1.73, 5.58) using IDF and (AOR = 1.84; 95% CI: 1.05, 3.22) as diagnosed using the NCEP-ATP III criteria.ConclusionWe recommend a comprehensive medical care approach to hypertensive patients to adequately assess and address the additional components of MetS which are known to potentiate the risks of cardiovascular diseases among hypertensive patients.

Burden of metabolic syndrome among HIV-infected patients in Southern Ethiopia

BackgroundHIV infection and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can induce metabolic disturbances including lipodystrophy, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance, which are reminiscences of metabolic syndrome (MS). However, little is known regarding the magnitude of MS in Ethiopian HIV population. This study, aimed to estimate the prevalence of MS among HIV positive patients with and without HAART. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted at Hawassa University Referral Hospital, southern Ethiopia between February 2012 and April 2013. Data on demographic and anthropometric characteristics were collected from a total of 374 HIV positive participants (188 on ART and 186 on Pre-ART) using WHO stepwise approach. Fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol was measured. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and the National Cholesterol Education Program: Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP) Criteria were used to define MS. ResultOf the 374 study participants 68% were females, and 50.3% were receiving ART. Using the IDF criteria, metabolic syndrome was diagnosed in 25% of patients receiving ART compared to 22.5% of the ART naïve group (OR: 1.14 CI: 0.71–1.84). Using the ATP criteria, the prevalence of MS was 18.1% in the ART groups compared to 15.6% in ART naïve group (OR: 1.20, CI: 0.69–2.06). Patients receiving ART had significantly elevated Cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose and LDL-c levels but lower CD4+ cell counts than the Pre-ART groups. Being a female, having BMI of at least 25, older age (i.e. age≥45 years) and having total cholesterol of at least 200mg/dl were significantly associated with the presence of MS. Using the ATP criteria to define MS, taking d4T-3TC-EFV regimen was significantly associated with higher odds of MS. ConclusionAlmost a quarter of HIV patients on ART developed metabolic syndrome. Furthermore patients on ART had elevated lipid profile and glucose metabolism disturbance than the ART naïve.

P22 Coincidence of diabetes mellitus and hypertension in a semi-urban Cameroonian population

Methods: Retrospective study was done and analysed by SPSS programm version 15, whereby a total of 652 patients aged above 18 years, tested for lipids profile and using HAART for not less than 9 months were recruited from 5 care and treatment centres out of 15 centres from Ilala district in Dar es salaam. This study was done for one year from January, 2011 to December 2011. Results: Out of 652 people living with HIV/AIDS 332 (50.9%) were females and 320 (49.1%) were males. About 60% of participants were obese, and about 75% of obese patients were aged between 35–45 years p<0.01. Among 156 patients who had elevated blood pressure only 37 (23.7%) were using anti hypertensive drugs, two thirds of patients with elevated blood pressure and serum triglycerides were aged between 35–54 years p<0.01. The magnitude of metabolic syndrome in the PI based regimen was significantly higher than in NNRTIs based regimens in those patients who had been using HAART for more than 18 months with p<0.01. Conclusion: This study observed that there was high prevalence of metabolic syndrome by 42% in people living with Aids using HAART, with strong association with person age group, dyslipidaemia and association in both NNRTIs and PIs.

Mediterranean diet and metabolic syndrome: An updated systematic review

The metabolic syndrome is a health condition characterized by abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure and impaired glucose tolerance, with increasing prevalence. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet seems to exert beneficial effects regarding the metabolic syndrome prevalence and progression. Thus, we performed an updated systematic review of studies which have evaluated the effect of the Mediterranean dietary pattern on the metabolic syndrome. This was a systematic review of epidemiological observational studies and clinical trials. English language publications in the databases PubMed, Embase, Scopus, until May 31, 2013, were included in this review. New evidence from prospective cohort studies, cross-sectional studies and clinical trials supports the beneficial role of adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern regarding metabolic syndrome presence and progression. Considering the magnitude of metabolic syndrome, efforts should be made to encourage adoption of this pattern in Mediterranean countries and similar dietary pattern in countries where metabolic syndrome is prevalent.