Magnetization Process Research Articles

Biochar accelerates methane production efficiency from Baijiu wastewater: Some viewpoints considering direct interspecies electron transfer

The low pH of Maotai-flavor Baijiu wastewater (MFBW) adversely affects its anaerobic digestion (AD) performance, resulting in low AD efficiency. Here, coconut shell was used to produce biochar. The characteristics of biochar were regulated through acid, alkali, and magnetic modification, respectively. Biochar and modified biochars were applied to assist the AD of MFBW. The results showed that biochar could significantly increase methane yield by 220.8 %–241.7 % with the corresponding soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) degradation increasing by 52.3 %–57.5 % (p < 0.05). Joint modification could significantly enhance the electron donating capacity from 0.0042 to 0.0095 mmol e−1/g (p < 0.05). The combined modification with magnetic alkali had the best stimulating effect on the AD process, which might be related to the conductive particles (Fe3O4) formed during magnetization processes. The modified biochar featured a high degree of surface roughness, a relatively large aperture, and strong electron donating ability, all of which were beneficial to the colonization and microbial growth. Supplementation with biochar resulted in the enrichment of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria, especially for Syntrophomonas (rising from 0.013 % to 6.74 %–10.93 % of relative abundance). These microorganisms are related to the hydrolysis, acidification, and extracellular electron transfer. The enrichment of electroactive microorganism is a prerequisite for improving the direct interspecies electron transfer pathway. This study provides theoretical support for efficient MFBW treatment.

Simulation of Magnetic Separation of Metal Ions in Aqueous Electrolytes

The magnetic separation of metal ions provides an alternative solution to traditional separation techniques such as pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, biometallurgy or electrodialysis. Compared to traditional techniques that either use large amounts of chemicals (usually inorganic acids combined with reducing agent), produce large amounts of sludge as solid waste, consume a large amount of energy, or are difficult to separate ions of different charges [1], the magnetic separation of the metal ions can separate ions based on their magnetic susceptibility. This method is environmentally friendly [2] and consumes a small amount of energy (particularly when the system is designed using permanent magnets instead of electromagnets). The goal of this presentation is twofold. First, we derive the set of transport equations that need to be used to simulate the magnetic separation of metal ions in aqueous solutions. Then, we use these transport equations to simulate the magnetic separation process in various magnetic systems and predict the efficiency of magnetic separation of different systems.The mathematical model developed here is based on coupling the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations for flow transport with the drift (migration)-diffusion equations of ion transport [3] in the presence of magnetic field gradients. Both the drift-diffusion model and the Navier-Stokes equations include the magnetic force term as an additional driving force. By solving the entire system of equations self-consistently we analyze the effect of the diffusivity, concentration gradients, magnetic field gradients and fluid velocity over the capturing properties of the system. A detailed presentation of the mathematical model, underlying assumptions of the model, limiting cases, numerical implementation in three-dimensional structures, and simulations results will be presented at the meeting. In addition, we will present predictions for the magnetic separation of Li, Fe, Ni, Mn, and Co from the solution phase. Fortunately, these ions have significantly different magnetic susceptibility, which vary over more than 3 orders of magnitude, and which allows for the efficient extraction and separation of the elements from the solution and from each other.

Thermally-assisted magnetization of magnetic composites for enhanced micro actuator performance: a low-cost approach using permanent magnets

A micro actuator based on magnetic composite materials can control its deformation and movement through varying magnetic fields, showcasing significant applications in fields such as soft robotics and biomedicine. However, existing magnetic composite materials still require complex magnetization processes involving sophisticated equipment and demanding external magnetic fields. This paper proposed a low-cost, thermally-assisted magnetization process based on permanent magnets. It was observed that the maximum magnetic induction intensity on the surface of magnetic composites is linearly correlated with the heating temperature. Additionally, magnetically treated materials at elevated temperatures can achieve traditional high-field magnetization effects at lower field strengths. Specifically, we synthesized a magnetic composite with 50%wt NdFeB@PDMS and investigated the conditions of the thermally-assisted magnetization process based on permanent magnets, along with mechanical and magnetic performance characterization methods. Experimental results indicate that below 200 °C, the tensile strength and elastic modulus of the base material increase with rising temperatures, demonstrating a trend of high-temperature hardening. However, when the temperature exceeds 200 °C, the elevated temperature leads to the decomposition of the base material, resulting in a rapid decrease in the tensile strength and elastic modulus of the magnetic composite. Furthermore, high temperatures can disrupt the magnetic domains of the magnetic material, reducing its coercive force and making it more susceptible to external magnetic fields and heat, thereby compromising the stability of the magnetic material. These findings provide new insights into the development of more stable and controllable magnetic composite materials.

Core Loss Measurements of Ni-Zn Ferrites by Resonant Method and Loss Separation based on Magnetization Process

Core Loss Measurements of Ni-Zn Ferrites by Resonant Method and Loss Separation based on Magnetization Process

Simulation of magnetization process and Faraday effect of magnetic bilayer films

Abstract We described ferromagnetic film and bilayer films composed of two ferromagnetic layers coupled through antiferromagnetic interfacial interaction by classical Heisenberg model and simulated their magnetization state, magnetic permeability, and Faraday effect at zero and finite temperature by using the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert (LLG) equation. The results indicate that in a microwave field with positive circular polarization, the ferromagnetic film has one resonance peak while the bilayer film has two resonance peaks. However, the resonance peak disappears in ferromagnetic film, and only one resonance peak emerges in bilayer film in the negative circularly polarized microwave field. When the microwave field’s frequency exceeds the film’s resonance frequency, the Faraday rotation angle of the ferromagnetic film is the greatest, and it decreases when the thickness of the two halves of the bilayer is reduced. When the microwave field’s frequency remains constant, the Faraday rotation angle fluctuates with temperature in the same manner as spontaneous magnetization does. When a DC magnetic field is applied in the direction of the anisotropic axis of the film, the Faraday rotation angle varies with the DC magnetic field and shows a similar shape of the hysteresis loop.

Magnetic Properties of Gd-Doped Bi7Fe3Ti3O21 Aurivillius-Type Ceramics.

The magnetic properties of Aurivillius-phase Bi7Fe3Ti3O21 (BFT) and Bi7-xGdxFe3Ti3O21, where x = 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 (BGFT), were investigated. Ceramic material undoped (BGF) and doped with Gd3+ ions were prepared by conventional solid-state reaction. In order to confirm that the obtained materials belong to Aurivillius structures, XRD tests were performed. The XRD results confirmed that both the undoped and the gadolinium-doped materials belong to the Aurivillius phases. The qualitative chemical composition of the obtained materials was confirmed based on EDS tests. The temperature dependences of magnetization and magnetic susceptibility were examined for the ceramic material both undoped and doped with Gd3+ ions. The measurements were taken in the temperature range from T = 10 K to T = 300 K. Using Curie's law, the value of the Curie constant was determined, and on its basis, the number of iron ions that take part in magnetic processes was calculated. The value of Curie constant C = 0.266 K, while the concentration of iron ions Fe3+, which influence the magnetic properties of the material, is equal 3.7 mol% (for BFT). Hysteresis loop measurements were also performed at temperatures of T = 10 K, T = 77 K, and T = 300 K. The dependence of magnetization on the magnetic field was described by the Brillouin function, and on its basis, the concentration of Fe3+ ions, which are involved in magnetic properties, was also calculated (3.4 mol% for BFT). Tests showed that the material is characterized by magnetic properties at low temperatures. At room temperature (RT), it has paramagnetic properties. It was also found that Gd3+ ions improve the magnetic properties of tested material.

Application of hydrophobic superparamagnetic nanoparticles in the solvent extraction of nickel aiming to accelerate phase disengagement

This study investigated the application of a magnetic organic phase containing hydrophobic superparamagnetic nanoparticles to accelerate phase disengagement in solvent extraction processes. For this purpose, stearate-modified magnetite nanoparticles were prepared, characterized, and dispersed in 20 vol.% D2EHPA extractant diluted in kerosene to obtain the intended organic phase. The magnetic solvent extraction process of nickel was conducted using the as-prepared magnetic organic phase containing varying concentrations of hydrophobic magnetite nanoparticles in a sulfate medium. The results implied significant decrements of up to four times in the aqueous/organic phase disengagement duration in an external magnetic field with 10 g.L−1 nanoparticles determined as the optimum concentration. Such magnetically accelerated separation was revealed to be the result of colliding and coalescing the size-heterogeneous magnetic organic droplets moving unevenly through the continuous aqueous solution in a separating system. It is also worth mentioning that applying magnetic solvent extraction did not affect the equilibrium extraction behavior of nickel by D2EHPA.

Quantifying the mineral magnetic signature of petroleum systems and their source rocks: a study on the Inner Moray Firth, UK North Sea

SUMMARY This study aims to expand on existing connections between magnetic minerals and hydrocarbons within petroleum systems. Previous studies have focussed on single-source petroleum systems whereas this study, for the first time, analyses a multi-source petroleum system to investigate potential correlations between different kerogen type source rocks and magnetic minerals. To do this, the study investigates the magnetic mineral characteristics of the Inner Moray Firth (IMF), UK North Sea, through room-, low- and high-temperature techniques, and correlates this to published basin and petroleum systems modelling results that show a three-source hydrocarbon mix. Magnetic mineral analysis identifies extensive evidence for magnetite, goethite and siderite, alongside more minor lepidocrocite and iron sulphides. Although we find that magnetite is ubiquitous within the IMF, its abundance is relatively low, and, in contrast, the relatively magnetically weak goethite is more likely the most abundant magnetic mineral throughout the IMF. In agreement with previous studies, we find magnetic enhancement at oil-water contacts (OWCs); however, here, we identify two different magnetic enhancement processes at OWCs in wells, which are dependent on the amount of sulphur available in the local environment. Wells with low levels of sulphur have increasing levels of magnetite towards the OWC, with the magnetic enhancement occurring at the top of the water-saturated section. Sulphur-rich environments display an increase in iron sulphides near the OWC at the bottom of the oil-saturated sediments. Additionally, we confirm the presence of siderite as indicator of upward vertical migration. Combining with petroleum system model predictions, we find direct links between iron hydroxide presence and Type I and II–III kerogen source rocks, and iron sulphide presence with Type II kerogen source rocks. This study shows the potential for further utilization of magnetic mineral analysis within hydrocarbon exploration and petroleum system definition.

Concentration of Silver from Recycling of Fine Powder of Wasted Videogame Printed Circuit Boards through Reverse Froth Flotation and Magnetic Separation Processes

Electronic waste stream grows day by day; printed circuit boards are a kind of solid waste that accounts for 6% of electronic waste. When these are discarded, they can cause soil, water, and air contamination; however, if recycled, these can be considered as a secondary source of metals. Physical comminution of printed circuit boards generates particles with sizes smaller than 250 µm, which are typically not included in the recycling process because they are considered as dust and unvaluable; nevertheless, precious and base metals can be found in these particles. The concentration of metals like silver, among others, from these particles can be achieved by reverse froth flotation in a flotation column followed by magnetic separation of the tails products. A mass balance of the flotation column feed, concentrate, and tails indicates that using a pulp modified with 5 ppm methyl isobutyl carbinol plus 5 g/ton oleic acid (both biodegradable reagents), the concentration of the products improved, resulting in recoveries of 86.13 and 13.87% in the concentrate and tails zones, respectively, with a grade of 74.4% in the tails flow. Magnetic separation of the tails product increases slightly the concentration of silver, reaching a silver grade of 74.5%, a recovery amount similar to those obtained employing complex and environmentally unfriendly processes.

Facile preparation of covalent-organic framework composites for magnetic solid-phase extraction of naphthaleneacetic acid in food prior to HPLC-UV analysis

Novel magnetic covalent organic frameworks (COFs) were prepared by one-pot synthetic strategy and employed as an efficient adsorbent for magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) in food samples. Depending on the predesigned the hydrogen bonding, π-π and hydrophobic interactions of magnetic COFs, the efficient and selective extraction process for NAA was achieved within 15 min. The magnetic COFs adsorbent combined with HPLC-UV was devoted to develop a novel quantitative method for NAA in complex food. The method afforded good coefficient in range of 0.002–10.0 µg mL-1 and low limit of detection was 0.0006 µg mL-1. And the newly established method afforded less adsorbent consumption, wider linearity and lower LODs than the reported analytical methods. Ultimately, the method was successfully applied to determine NAA in fresh pear, tomato and peach juice. The magnetic COFs based MSPE coupled with HPLC-UV method provided a simple, efficient and dependable alternative to monitor trace NAA in food samples.

MAF process for aluminum 6060: An analytical temperature modelling and chemo-mechanical analysis

The magnetic abrasive finishing process is a sophisticated micro-finishing process that enhances the surface quality of superalloys, ceramics, and composites. Surface temperature plays a pivotal role in facilitating chemo-mechanical reactions between the processed surface and abrasive particles. In triggering the chemo-mechanical response of the micro-finished surface of Aluminum 6060 (Al-6060), an analytical thermal model derived using Jaeger moving heat formulation to find the flash temperature (FT) and flash time duration (FTD) at the micro-finishing interface of the processed workpiece and the abrasive particles of the magnetic abrasive brush. Furthermore, the present work performed an RSM-based Box Behnken design experiment to analyse and explain the crucial role of machining gap, abrasive weight, Voltage, and rotational speed on surface temperature, machining surface, and hardness. ANOVA highlighted key factors in machining responses. Surface roughness and temperature were notably influenced by voltage (58.42 % and 57.62 %, respectively), while surface hardness primarily depended on abrasive weight (60.65 %). Using the developed model, extreme FT of 880 °C and 810 °C were calculated under specific conditions, along with corresponding FTD required for quasi-steady-state conditions. FT and FTD were identified as sufficient for initiating chemo-mechanical action in the MAF micro-finishing process, depending on contact pressure, the number of abrasive particles, and sliding velocity, which in turn are influenced by magnetic intensity, abrasive ratio, and rotational speed. Furthermore, a detailed examination of the finished surface was carried out using the SEM, EDS and XRD of Al-6060 which shows that the SiC does participate on the finishing surface. Chemical substrates such as Kaolinite (Al2O9Si2), Iron silicide (FeSi), and Cristobalite (O2Si) had formed on the finished surface of Al-6060 due to the chemo-mechanical action between the SiC and workpiece material.

Preparation of magnetic coconut clothing biochar for extracting neonicotinoid insecticides from environmental water samples

In this study, the magnetic coconut clothing biochar hybrid materials were successfully prepared by in-situ method. The obtained magnetic biochar was characterized in detail by using series of analytical techniques. The results showed that the magnetic hybrid materials presented alveolate network structures with abundant large pores and good magnetic separation ability with Fe3O4 nanoparticles obviously attached on the surface of biochar. The magnetic biochar hybrid materials were used as adsorbents during magnetic solid-phase extraction process for extracting neonicotinoid insecticides from environmental water samples. The adsorption and desorption parameters (adsorption time, elution condition, sample volume, sample pH) affecting magnetic solid-phase extraction efficiency were carefully investigated. Under the optimum conditions (adsorption for 15 min, 5 % formic acid-acetonitrile as elution condition, 50 mL of sample volume, 15 mg of magnetic biochar, pH at 5.0), the magnetic solid-phase extraction process based on magnetic coconut clothing biochar hybrid materials coupled with high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for enriching and detecting neonicotinoid insecticides in environmental water samples was established. The good linear relationship in the range of 0.5–200 ng mL−1 with correlation coefficients greater than 0.9989 and the lower limits of detection (0.0017–0.0069 ng·mL−1) were obtained. The recovery in the spiked water samples was in the range of 68.6 %-104.0 % with relative standard deviation from 0.4 % to 9.3 %. These results demonstrated that the established method was highly sensitive, convenient and repeatable for directly analyzing trace neonicotinoid insecticides in environmental water samples. More importantly, the novel biochar from coconut clothing was introduced into sample pretreatment to enrich trace organic pollutants.

Spin orientation evolution of individual ferromagnetic nanoparticle during reversing magnetization processes revealed by micromagnetic simulations

Understanding the internal magnetization structure of an individual ferromagnetic nanoparticle (MNP) is crucial for deciphering its magnetic characteristics. Unfortunately, while certain techniques can measure the magnetic properties of an individual MNP, they fall short of accurately detecting the internal magnetization structure. In this work, micromagnetic simulations were employed to construct the internal magnetization structure of an individual CoFe2O4 (CFO) nanopyramid, and the energy jump behavior during the magnetization process was successfully explained, with simulation results aligning with dynamic cantilever magnetometry (DCM) experimental outcomes. Subsequently, the external stray field of the nanopyramid was simulated, and the stray field gradient map revealed distinct bright and dark regions corresponding to the reverse and forward saturation magnetizations of the CFO nanopyramid. This result is possible to be verified by magnetic force microscopy (MFM) measurements of individual CFO nanopyramids. The confidence in the accuracy of the simulated internal magnetization structure was significantly enhanced by independently verifying the micromagnetic simulation results through DCM and MFM experiments. Our work proposes a convenient and cost-effective method for studying the internal magnetization structure of individual MNPs.

Recovery of low carbon FeCr alloy using sensor-based separation

The recovery of low-carbon FeCr alloy at Ferbasa's metallurgical unit in Pojuca is a crucial process involving the separation of the metallic alloy from the slag generated during smelting. This study investigates the application of sensor-based sorting (SBS) technology to optimize this recovery. Tests conducted at the STEINERT Latin America Testing Center utilized X-ray transmission (XRT) sensors combined with 3D laser sensors, demonstrating efficacy in distinguishing between alloy and slag particles based on density differences. The results indicated that with only 4% of the mass, it is possible to recover more than 11% of the metal, focusing on particles with an average grade above 23% Cr2O3. The implementation of this technology could increase the mass recovery of the alloy by 3.5% compared to the current process, optimizing resources and improving the efficiency of the existing magnetic separation process. It is concluded that SBS technology, particularly the combination of XRT and 3D laser, is a promising solution to enhance the recovery of FeCrBC alloy.

From Agriculture to Clinics: Unlocking the Potential of Magnetized Water for Planetary and Human Health.

Magnetized water (MW) is a form of liquid water that has been exposed to a magnetic field to alter its hydrogen bonding structure, resulting in the formation of water molecule clusters of various sizes and configurations connected by hydrogen bonds. This magnetization process induces several changes in the physicochemical properties of water, such as increased pH, electrical conductivity, and dissolved oxygen content, as well as decreased surface tension, density, and evaporation temperature compared to untreated water. In this narrative review, we explore the effective utilization of MW in agriculture, where it has a well-established history of applications, and its potential for direct applications in the medical field, which are currently at the forefront of research. MW is one of the most promising innovations for facilitating the transition from unsustainable to sustainable agriculture, which is expected to yield positive human health outcomes by promoting the consumption of less processed foods and reducing resource consumption. In addition to these indirect effects on human health, preclinical research utilizing animal models has demonstrated that water magnetization exerts beneficial effects on diabetes, renal function, bone health, and fertility. These health benefits appear to stem from the ability of MW to increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes while decreasing lipid peroxidation and inflammatory markers. In terms of direct human applications, MW has been primarily studied in the fields of dentistry and dermatology. MW mouthrinse has consistently shown efficacy against Streptococcus mutans, with studies reporting comparable effects to chlorhexidine. In dermatology, the topical application of MW has demonstrated improvements in skin biophysical parameters, increased hair count and hair mass index, and promoted the healing of challenging wounds. Intriguingly, these effects on human skin seem to be mediated by local activation of autophagy, potentially through mild alkaline stress. In conclusion, this review underscores the promising role of MW in promoting a holistic approach to planetary and human health. Future studies should focus on standardizing the magnetization process, exploring the molecular mechanisms underlying MW-induced autophagy, and investigating the potential of MW as a complementary strategy for treating human diseases characterized by impaired autophagy.

Study of mass outflow rates from magnetized advective accretion disk around rotating black holes

We develop and discuss a model formalism to study the properties of mass outflows that are emerged out from a relativistic, magnetized, viscous, advective accretion flow around a rotating black hole. In doing so, we consider the toroidal component as the dominant magnetic fields and synchrotron process is the dominant cooling mechanism inside the accretion disk. With this, we self-consistently solve the coupled accretion-ejection governing equations in the steady state and obtain the shock-induced global inflow-outflow solutions in terms of the inflow parameters, namely plasma-β (=pgas /pmag, pgas and pmag being gas and magnetic pressures), accretion rates (ṁ) and viscosity (αB), respectively. Using these solutions, we compute the mass outflow rate (Rṁ, the ratio of outflow to inflow mass flux) and find that mass loss from the magnetized accretion disk continues to take place for wide range of inflow parameters and black hole spin (ak). We also observe that Rṁ strongly depends on plasma-β, ṁ, αB and ak , and it increases as the magnetic activity inside the accretion disk is increased. Further, we compute the maximum mass outflow rate (R max ṁ) by freely varying the inflow parameters and find that for magnetic pressure dominated disk, R max ṁ ~ 24% (~ 30%) for a k=0.0 (0.99). Finally, while discussing the implication of our model formalism, we compute the maximum jet kinetic power using R max ṁ which appears to be in close agreement with the observed jet kinetic power of several black hole sources.

Long-term Variation of the Solar Polar Magnetic Fields at Different Latitudes

The polar magnetic fields of the Sun play an important role in governing solar activity and powering fast solar wind. However, because our view of the Sun is limited in the ecliptic plane, the polar regions remain largely uncharted. Using the high spatial resolution and polarimetric precision vector magnetograms observed by Hinode from 2012 to 2021, we investigate the long-term variation of the magnetic fields in polar caps at different latitudes. The Hinode magnetic measurements show that the polarity reversal processes in the north and south polar caps are non-simultaneous. The variation of the averaged radial magnetic flux density reveals that, in each polar cap, the polarity reversal is completed successively from the 70° latitude to the pole, reflecting a poleward magnetic flux migration therein. These results clarify the polar magnetic polarity reversal process at different latitudes.

Studying Magnetic Reconnection with Synchrotron Polarization Statistics

Magnetic reconnection is a fundamental process for releasing magnetic energy in space physics and astrophysics. At present, the usual way to investigate the reconnection process is through analytical studies or first-principle numerical simulations. This paper is the first to understand the turbulent magnetic reconnection process by exploring the nature of magnetic turbulence. From the perspective of radio synchrotron polarization statistics, we study how to recover the properties of the turbulent magnetic field by considering the line of sight along different directions of the reconnection layer. We find that polarization intensity statistics can reveal the spectral properties of reconnection turbulence. This work opens up a new way of understanding turbulent magnetic reconnection.

Conceptual design of the tail research experiment at the Space Plasma Environment Research Facility (SPERF-TREX)

The Space Plasma Environment Research Facility (SPERF) for ground simulation of the space plasma environment is a key component of the Space Environment Simulation Research Infrastructure (SESRI), a major national science and technology infrastructure for fundamental research. It is designed to investigate outstanding issues in the space plasma environment, such as energetic particle acceleration, transport, and interaction with electromagnetic waves, as well as magnetic reconnection processes, in magnetospheric plasmas. The Tail-Research EXperiment (TREX) is part of the SPERF for laboratory studies of space physics relevant to magnetic reconnection, dipolarization and hydromagnetic wave excitation in the magnetotail. SPERF-TREX is designed to carry out three types of experiments: the tail plasmoid for magnetic reconnection, dipolarization front formation, and magnetohydrodynamic waves excited by high-speed plasma jets. In this paper, the scientific goals and three scenarios of SPERF-TREX for typical processes in space plasmas are presented, and experimental plans for SPERF-TREX are also reviewed, together with the plasma sources applied to generate the plasma with the desired parameters and various magnetic configurations.

Circular Halbach array integrated using an abrasive circulating system during the ultra-precision machining of polymethyl methacrylate optical material

A novel approach to enhancing the efficacy and surface quality of magnetic polishing involves the incorporation of a magnetic liquid circulation system for abrasive particle regeneration in conjunction with a circular Halbach array. The continuous renewal of abrasive particles within the polishing zone is realised through a conveyor belt that transports new abrasive particles into the polishing liquid solution. This formation of a continuously circulating polishing system ensures uninterrupted magnetic finishing processes and maintains stability throughout the polishing operation. This study extensively explores polishing force distribution, magnetic field distribution and abrasive grain behaviour in the polishing area facilitated by the magnetic liquid solution. The application of the proposed polishing processes to polymethyl methacrylate, an optical lens material, aims to comprehend the characteristics and validate the feasibility of the polishing method. Key influencing factors in the magnetic polishing process, including abrasive grain size, magnetic particle, polishing distance and conveyor speed to surface quantity, are examined through experimental analysis. Results of the experimental polishing processes demonstrate that the utilisation of circular Halbach arrays with circulating abrasives produces a nanometric surface finish. Even in the polishing of polymethyl methacrylate with an initial rough surface (Ra = 464.895 nm), the process achieves an ultra-fine level with Ra below 9 nm without disruption in the material polishing processes of optical lenses.