Magnetic Nanocatalyst Research Articles

Efficient synthesis of some [1,3]-oxazine derivatives in the presence of solid acid nano catalyst based on ferrierite and study on their activity against breast cancer through molecular docking calculation

In this research, the magnetic solid acid nanocatalyst based on ferrierite has been prepared and used as catalyst for the green synthesis of some [1,3]-oxazine derivatives in water at room temperature. The synthesized compounds were obtained in high to excellent yields after short reaction times and the structure of synthesized products were investigated by spectroscopic methods such as: FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. The prepared magnetic solid acid catalyst was characterized using XRD, FT-IR, FE-SEM, EDX, elemental mapping, TGA and VSM analysis methods. Magnetic catalyst has easy separation ability, which leads to better and easier recycling. The preparation and synthesis of [1,3]-oxazine derivatives were carried out at room temperature in the presence of M-FER/TEPA/SO3H. Easy workup, green solvent (water) and also short reaction times with high to excellent yield of products, are some of advantageous of presented method. Docking calculations on the structure of the synthesized compounds proved their medicinal properties against breast cancer cells.

Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline in Wastewater with Bio-based Matrix Magnetic Heterogeneous Nanocatalyst: Performance and Mechanism Study

Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline in Wastewater with Bio-based Matrix Magnetic Heterogeneous Nanocatalyst: Performance and Mechanism Study

An Efficient and Magnetically Retrievable Mixed Metal Oxide Nanocatalyst for the Aqueous Media Three-Component Synthesis of Naphtho [1,2-e] [1,3] Oxazine Derivatives Under Green Conditions

Background: In recent years, the use of nanomaterials as heterogeneous catalysts has attracted much attention in organic reactions. Methods: A magnetically separable mixed metal oxide, Manganese Zinc Iron Oxide (Mn2O3/Fe3O4/ZnO) nanoparticles as nanocatalyst (Mmo@NCt) were synthesized using ultrasonic wave methods in the presence of polyethylene glycol as surfactant. In the second part of the present study, a practical procedure for the one-pot ternary condensation of aromatic aldehydes, β- naphthol, and urea in short reaction time for the synthesis of pharmaceutically interesting naphtho[ 1,2-e][1,3]oxazine derivatives using Mmo@NCt as an efficient, cost-effective and recyclable nanocatalyst under green conditions has been developed. Results: The analysis of phase purity, magnetic structure, size, and morphology of the as-synthesized nanocatalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction, VSM, SEM, and EDX techniques. The results of SEM imaging showed that all compounds have a spherical morphological structure with a mean diameter of 16.50 ± 3.94 nm. The structure of the products was confirmed by FT-IR, 1HNMR spectroscopy, and melting point. Conclusion: This project was designed and performed with the use of magnetic nanocatalysts as a suitable method with high efficiency a shorter time for the synthesis of naphthoxazinones heterocyclic compounds due to the medicinal importance of water as a green solvent.

Elucidating the scale-up potential of biogenic magnetized nanocatalyst towards intensified biodiesel production

The current investigation delved into biodiesel synthesis from castor oil (CO) employing a magnetic nanocatalyst contrived from waste Citrus limetta peel ash (CLPA@Fe3O4). SEM, TEM, EDAX, XRD, XPS, VSM, and FTIR were used meticulously to analyze the synthesized catalyst. The catalyst’s core–shell arrangement kept its regulated size and shape and enhanced its surface properties, significantly increasing its stability. The optimal biodiesel yield of 97.92 % was accomplished utilizing CLPA@Fe3O4 catalyst through transesterification under the ideal reaction conditions of 30 wt% methanol concentration, the catalyst of 6 wt%, 60 °C temperature, and 3 h reaction time. The thermodynamics study advocated the transesterification process to be endothermic and nonspontaneous, while the kinetic tests were revealed to obey pseudo-first-order kinetics. The transesterification of CO employing the current catalyst was found to have an activation energy of 33.138 kJ mol−1. Nevertheless, an extraneous magnet could recover the prepared magnetic iron oxide-supported nanocatalyst from the reactor, as the catalyst showed a strong magnetization of 31.56 (emu/g). The catalyst showed excellent reusability up to 80 % for 6 consecutive cycles. The turnover frequency of the catalyst was ascertained to be 0.011 mol g−1.h−1, which measures the ability to drive biodiesel synthesis. The conversions from CO to biodiesel were validated via FTIR and GC–MS analysis. It is essential to highlight that biodiesel’s key fuel properties align with the standards set by ASTM D6751, indicating promising prospects for its future industrial use. The life cycle cost analysis of the catalyst and biodiesel, i.e., USD 0.533/kg and USD 1.005/L, indicates excellent potential for commercialization. Lastly, using creative bibliometric analysis to identify the gaps in the literature, the study made recommendations for the synthesis of biodiesel utilizing nanocatalyst.

Technoeconomic and environmental impact assessment of industrial scale biodiesel production process from algal oil using a reusable basic ionic liquid magnetic nanocatalyst

A unique magnetically reusable basic ionic liquid nanocatalyst was designed to convert algal oil into biodiesel. The imidazolium-based basic ionic liquid (BIL) was immobilized onto the magnetic nanocomposite (Fe3O4-SiO2), resulting in Fe3O4-SiO2-BIL nanocatalyst with notable properties of large surface area (21.963 m2/g), high saturation magnetization (28.78 emu/g) and high thermal stability. The nanocatalyst effectively facilitated algal oil transesterification with 96.94 % biodiesel yield under methanol: oil ratio of 8.58:1 and a catalyst dosage of 4.59 % at 60.60 °C for 87.42 min. The transesterification reaction proceeded with pseudo-first-order kinetics, featuring a relatively low activation energy. The nanocatalyst showed excellent reusability for eight recycles. A techno-economic analysis demonstrated that industrial-scale biodiesel production from algal feedstock was economically viable with a minimum payback of 2.25 years. The environmental analysis revealed a low carbon footprint with the emission of 0.074 kg CO2 per kg of biodiesel produced. This research presents a sustainable approach for biodiesel production from algal feedstock facilitated by Fe3O4–SiO2–BIL nanocatalyst, offering both environmental and economic benefits.

Fe3O4@Sal-cu as a highly efficient magnetic nano-catalyst for the synthesis of 2-substituted benzimidazoles under ultrasonic irradiation and solvent free condition

Fe3O4@propyl-semicarbazide-salicyl aldehyde-Cu (Fe3O4@sal-Cu) nanocatalyst was synthesized and characterized by several methods including XRD, SEM, EDX, VSM and FT-IR analyses. The Fe3O4@sal-Cu has been used as an efficient recyclable magnetic catalyst for the preparation of benzimidazoles. The catalyst was conveniently separated from the reaction mixture by an external magnet, and could be reused without any considerable change in catalytic activity.

A Comprehensive Overview of Recent Trends in the Production of Nitrogen-Containing Heterocyclic Compounds Using Nanocatalysts

Abstract: Nanocatalysis is the newest invention in the area of synthetic chemistry that has changed the process of chemical transformation. The nanocatalysts have various benefits as compared to traditional catalysts, such as simple and economical methods of synthesis, high surface-to-volume ratio, large number of active sites, excellent selectivity, increased stability, rapid recovery, and recyclability. In recent years, nanomaterials have been extensively employed in the production of heterocyclic moieties. This study intends to emphasize the function of distinct nanocatalysts in the synthesis of various nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds. An update on the catalytic efficiency of different nanocatalysts, such as magnetic nanocatalysts, nanomixed metal oxides, core-shell nanocatalysts, nano-supported catalysts, and graphene-based nanocatalysts for the production of heterocycles has been provided in this article.

Ultrasound‒induced facile synthesis of spinel CoFe2O4‒PAC magnetic nanocatalyst for remediation of hypersaline petrochemical wastewater: Degradation mechanism, biodegradability enhancement and phytotoxicity mitigation

In this study, magnetic CoFe2O4−PAC nanocatalysts were synthesized through facile hydrothermal and co‒precipitation approaches with ultrasonic irradiation, which were used for the treatment of hypersaline petrochemical wastewater (HPCW). When an ultrasound‒induced synthesis process (US@CoFe2O4‒PAC) was used, a more efficient and stable magnetic spinel CoFe2O4‒PAC nanocatalyst was developed. The application of this nanocatalyst as a PMS activator, not only caused eradication of 90.4% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) of a HPCW after 90 min reaction time under the optimum conditions (pH 5−6, catalyst dose 1.0 g/L and 1.0 mM PMS), but also led to marginal leaching of iron (314 μg/L) and cobalt (95 μg/L) from the nanocatalyst. Recycling experiments over five consecutive runs showed a negligible decrease (7.2%) in COD removal efficiency which proved the stability and reusability of magnetic US@CoFe2O4−PAC. Two main mechanisms of adsorption and catalytic oxidation processes (homogeneous and heterogeneous PMS) are involved simultaneously in the PMS/US@CoFe2O4−PAC system, which are responsible for the destruction of refractory contaminants of HPCW through the generation of SO4•‒ and OH• radicals. COD of HPCW was mainly removed through SO4•− radical attack (73.6%) and the biodegradability of HPCW was enhanced dramatically after 90 min reaction time. The germination index (GI) of raw HPCW was increased 17.1 ± 4.2% and 24.3 ± 8.8% after 15 and 90 min reaction time, respectively, even PMS/US@CoFe2O4−PAC system showed less impact on phytotoxicity mitigation. Hence, it can be recommended to dilute the effluent before using for irrigational purpose. The findings of this study present practical significance of spinel US@CoFe2O4−PAC, which is an environment‒friendly catalyst, easy to handle and can sustain long‒term operation for the treatment of recalcitrant hypersaline wastewater and the other potential practical applications.

Preparation and Characterization of C@Fe3O4 Supported Pd Magnetic Nanoparticles for Degradation of Dye Wastewater

The core-shell structure Fe3O4@C magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized with superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanosphere as a magnetic core, and soluble starch resin as a carbon source via a solvothermal method. Silica-iron oxide and Fe3O4@C carriers with a core-shell structure were prepared by carbonization of organic material on the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, Fe3O4@C supported Pd were processed into magnetic nano-catalysts with core-shell structure, and their catalytic properties were investigated. The resulting environmentally friendly magnetic material can be used to degrade dye wastewater. The structure of magnetic nanoparticles was characterized using TEM, XRD and VSM. The effects of preparation conditions in the structure of the Fe3O4@C magnetic nanoparticles were taken out. The results indicate that from XRD, the magnetic nano particles Fe3O4@C synthesized of carbon sources have amorphous carbon diffraction peak except for all the characteristic peaks of Fe3O4. The saturation magnetization Fe3O4, Fe3O4@SiO2 and Fe3O4@C – 59.14 emu/g, 49.12 emu/g and 27.95 emu/g, respectively.

Fabrication and characterization of copper complex immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles: an efficient and ecofriendly nanomagnetic catalyst for synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines and pyranopyrazoles

Fabrication and characterization of copper complex immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles: an efficient and ecofriendly nanomagnetic catalyst for synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines and pyranopyrazoles

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) wrapped palladium nanoparticles-loaded Fe3O4@CFR core-shell magnetic nanohybrid as heterogeneous catalyst with robust catalytic properties

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) wrapped palladium nanoparticles supported on Fe3O4@catechol formaldehyde resin (Fe3O4@CFR@Pd@MOF) as magnetic nanohybrid catalyst was successfully fabricated by employing the redox capacity of CFR shell of Fe3O4@CFR core-shell microsphere for in situ formation of Pd NPs, followed by surface coating with Cu-MOF(HKUST-1). The research results demonstrated that the complementary properties of the various components within this hybrid material yielded magnetic recyclable nanocatalysts with exceptional catalytic performance. The Fe3O4@CFR@Pd@MOF catalyst exhibited remarkable advantages in the catalytic reduction of nitrophenol, demonstrating a transformation frequency (TOF) value of up to 4651 h−1. Additionally, the nanocatalyst was proved to have robust catalytic capacity in the reduction of organic dyes and Suzuki-Miyaura reaction. The HKUST-1 framework played a triple role: facilitating dye enrichment, Cu2+ assisting Pd NPs catalysis, and mitigating Pd NPs leaching. Moreover, the synthesized catalyst exhibited favorable magnetic properties, enabling facile separation by magnets for efficient recycling and reutilization.

Preparation CaO/MgO/Fe3O4 magnetite catalyst and catalytic test for biodiesel production

Biodiesel is a promising renewable fuel with lower emissions and environmental friendly. This research investigated the potential of a CaO/MgO/Fe3O4 nanomagnetic catalyst synthesized from dolomite and iron sand for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. The influence of catalyst loading, Fe3O4:CaO/MgO mass ratio, and calcination temperature on biodiesel yield was investigated and the catalyst was characterized using XRD, SEM, and PSA techniques. The optimal reaction conditions were found at 1 % w/w catalyst loading, Fe3O4:CaO/MgO weight ratio of 1:7.5 w/w, and 1000 °C calcination temperature, which result in 95.640 % yield. The produced biodiesel has fulfill the quality standards for density and viscosity. This work also demonstrates the effectiveness of CaO/MgO/Fe3O4 nanomagnetic catalysts for sustainable biodiesel production from waste feedstock, offering a promising approach for waste management and cleaner fuel alternatives.

Synthesis and density functional theory study of functionalized Oxazolidine-2-ones using a novel MnFe2O4@SiO2-SiO3H magnetic nanocatalyst

This study introduces MnFe2O4@SiO2-SiO3H as a novel magnetic catalyst and thoroughly investigates its structure, catalytic activity, and reusability. The synthesis of the magnetic catalyst was meticulously characterized using an array of analytical techniques. Utilizing MnFe2O4@SiO2-SiO3H, the synthesis of functionalized oxazolidine-2-ones were performed, versatile compounds widely employed in chiral auxiliaries, protecting groups, and medicinal chemistry. Remarkably, the two-step process from chalcones demonstrated one of the shortest reported pathways, highlighting the efficiency of our novel nanocatalyst. To elucidate the stability and reactivity of the synthesized products, we employed Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, including molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) mapping and reactivity indices such as electronegativity, electrophilic index, softness, and hardness, as well as frontier molecular orbitals (HOMO-LUMO). Furthermore, our investigations extended to the recycling capabilities of the nanocatalyst. Through a comprehensive evaluation of at least five reaction cycles, MnFe2O4@SiO2-SiO3H showcased a remarkable retention of activity (97–92 %), reaffirming its reusability and long-term potential. Our research presents MnFe2O4@SiO2-SiO3H as a highly effective and recoverable nanomagnetic catalyst for organic reactions, with demonstrated applications in synthesizing functionalized oxazolidine-2-ones. As such, our findings offer a promising alternative to traditional methods, presenting new opportunities in catalysis and materials science.

A Comprehensive Review on Synthesis of Thiazoles: Research on Magnetically Recoverable Catalysts

In chemistry, thiazoles and their derivatives constitute a significant class of biologically active molecules that are thought to be the fundamental building blocks of numerous other biologically active compounds. Many synthetic pharmaceuticals, including fungicides, dyes, antimicrobials, and anticonvulsants, are made using thiazoles and their derivatives as an intermediary. Thus, one of the main areas of organic synthesis research is the presentation of effective and environmentally acceptable catalytic methods for the synthesis of thiazole derivatives. Over the past ten years, organic synthesis in chemistry has been completely transformed by the use of magnetic nanocomposites as catalysts. Magnetic nanoparticles are very stable and easily manipulated on the surface, which can result in the creation of an efficient catalyst. The main feature of magnetic nanocatalysts is their ability to be easily separated from the reaction mixture using only an external magnet. In recent years, several magnetic nanocatalysts have been reported to produce various thiazole compounds. We will look at these methods and talk about the characteristics of these catalytic systems in this post. This review will be helpful for synthetic chemists who are interested in magnetic nanocatalysts and working in the field of thiazole synthesis.

Preparation of Magnetic Nano-Catalyst Containing Schiff Base Unit and Its Application in the Chemical Fixation of CO2 into Cyclic Carbonates

The development of a catalyst for the conversion of CO2 and epoxides to the corresponding cyclic carbonates is still a very attractive topic. Magnetic nano-catalysts are widely used in various organic reactions due to their magnetic separation and recycling properties. Here, a magnetic nano-catalyst containing a Schiff base unit was designed, synthesized and used as a heterogeneous catalyst to catalyze CO2 and epoxides to form cyclic carbonates without solvents and co-catalysts. The catalyst was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric (TG), VSM, SEM, TEM and BET. The results show that the magnetic nano-catalyst containing the Schiff base unit has a high activity in the solvent-free cycloaddition reaction of CO2 with epoxide under mild conditions, and is easily separated from the reaction mixture driven by external magnetic force. The recovered catalyst maintains a high performance after five cycles.

Photocatalytic degradation of Acid Red 18 by synthesized AgCoFe2O4@Ch/AC: Recyclable, environmentally friendly, chemically stable, and cost-effective magnetic nano hybrid catalyst

Chitosan (Ch) is a linear biodegradable natural carbohydrate polymer and the most appealing biopolymer, such as low-cost biodegradability, biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, and non-toxicity. In this case, Ch was utilized to synthesize AgCoFe2O4@Ch/Activated Carbon (AC) by the modified microwave-assisted co-precipitation method. The physical and chemical structure of magnetic nanocomposites was analyzed and characterized by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), Diffuse Reflection Spectroscopy (DRS), Value stream mapping (VSM), Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR) and BET. The effects of various parameters on the removal of dye (Acid Red18), including catalyst dose, dye concentration, pH, and time were studied. Results showed that the highest removal efficiencies were 96.68 % and 84 % for the synthetic sample and actual wastewater, respectively, in optimal conditions (pH: 3, the initial dye concentration: 10 mgL−1, the catalyst dose: 0.14 gL−1, time: 50 min). Mineralization, according to the COD analysis, was 89.56 %. Photocatalytic degradation kinetics of Acid Red 18 followed pseudo-first order and Langmuir-Hinshelwood with constants of kc = 0.12 mg L−1 min−1 and KL-H = 0.115 Lmg−1. Synthesized photocatalytic AgCoFe2O4@Ch/AC showed high stability and after five recycling cycles was able to remove the pollutant with an efficiency of 85.6 %. So, the synthesized heterogenous magnetic nanocatalyst AgCoFe2O4@Ch/AC was easily recycled from aqueous solutions and it can be used in the removal of dyes from industries with high efficiency.

Modified nano magnetic Fe2O3-MgO as a high active multifunctional heterogeneous catalyst for environmentally beneficial carbon–carbon synthesis

In this study, novel nanomagnetic catalysts, namely Fe2O3-MgO@choline formate (Ch. F.) and Fe2O3-MgO@choline cyanide (Ch. CN), were synthesized through immobilizing choline-based ion liquids to magnetic support via a simple and cost-effective methodology. FT-IR, TGA, FE-SEM, VSM, EDS, BET, and XRD techniques were employed to assess and characterize these organic–inorganic compounds. Following the successful preparation of nanoparticles, the catalysts were utilized in Knoevenagel and benzoin condensations. Fe2O3-MgO@Ch.F. exhibited exceptional activity in Knoevenagel condensation under solvent-free conditions at room temperature, achieving high yields (91–98%) in a short timeframe. Similarly, Fe2O3-MgO@Ch.CN demonstrated remarkable activity in benzoin condensation under environmentally friendly solvent conditions, yielding higher isolated yields (76–88%). Furthermore, these magnetically recyclable multifunctional catalysts displayed the ability to be reused up to five times without a significant loss in efficiency. Additionally, the heterogeneity of this nanocatalyst was investigated using the hot filtration technique. The findings indicated that the reaction primarily occurs via a heterogeneous pathway.

Palladium anchored to BisPyP@bilayer-SiO2@NMP organic–inorganic hybrid as an efficient and recoverable novel nanocatalyst in suzuki and stille C–C coupling reactions

The palladium anchored to BisPyP@bilayer-SiO2@NMP organic–inorganic hybrid was employed as an effective and recyclable organometallic catalyst in Suzuki and Stille C–C coupling reactions. The structure of this magnetic nanocatalyst was determined using various techniques such as SEM, TEM, FT-IR, EDS, ICP-OES, VSM, N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms, XRD, and TGA. In both of the mentioned coupling paths, the yields of the products were very favorable and ranged from 90 to 98%. Also, they had significant features compared to previous reports, such as very short reaction time (5–15 and 7–20 min respectively in the Suzuki and Stille reactions), easy work-up, broad substrate scope, ease of separation of the catalyst using a magnet, suitable reproducibility of the catalyst in 6 runs, heterogeneous nature of the catalyst and not washing it during consecutive runs with confirmation of hot filtration and ICP-OES methods.

One–Pot Three–Component Synthesis of 2,4,5–Triaryl Imidazoles using Fe3O4@BisImid−CuBr Nanocomposite as an Ecofriendly and Efficient Magnetically Reusable Catalyst

AbstractImidazoles are one of the keys of N‐heterocycle molecules that exist in the structure of many biomolecules. In this research project, we reported that Fe3O4@BisImid−CuBr nanocomposite is an attractive and efficient nanomagnetic catalyst to afford 2,4,5–triaryl imidazoles through reactions of 1,2–diketones and aldehydes in the presence of NH4OAc under ecofriendly conditions. The Fe3O4@BisImid−CuBr nanocomposite was readily fabricated by a simple method from available reagents and its structure was analyzed by spectroscopic techniques. SEM and TEM images affirmed the formation of particles in spherical shape and nanometer–size. Under this methodology, a diverse library of triaryl imidazoles were afforded with high yields in water. This synthetic methodology has significant features such as (a) high yields and high purity of the products (b) suitable reaction time (c) use of magnetic reusable nanocatalyst (d) high reusability of Fe3O4@BisImid−CuBr nanocatalyst and the performance of reactions in aqueous medium.

Magnetic induction heating-assisted synthesis of biodiesel using an alumina/iron oxide nanocatalyst

While generating biodiesel from vegetable oils presents various advantages over fossil fuels, ongoing actions aim to improve the efficiency of this production process. Emphasis is placed on optimizing experimental conditions, including the catalyst selection, reaction media and the energy source for heating and mixing, thereby revealing existing research gaps in biodiesel production. In this sense, we have designed a magnetic nanocatalyst based on iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) of 18 nm in diameter incorporated within an alumina matrix of around 500 nm infused with potassium hydroxide that provides the catalyst's mesoporosity and basicity. Magnetization analyses confirmed the superparamagnetic behaviour of the nanocatalyst at room temperature and a saturation magnetisation high enough to ease magnetic recovery for reuse. Additionally, magnetic nanoparticles can serve as nanoheaters when subjected to an alternating magnetic field. The heating efficiency of the isolated IONPs was assessed under various frequency and field conditions, yielding specific absorption rate values of up to 80 W/g. Such heating capacity has allowed the synthesis of fatty acid methyl ester (FAMEs), which constitute the biodiesel at 65 °C under optimal field conditions (100 kHz and 48 kA/m) and ideal reaction parameters: 5 % catalyst, methanol/oil ratio 12:1 and 6 h of reaction, with a conversion of up to 98.6 % determined through NMR characterization of the FAMEs and a 95.6 % yield. FAMEs presence was confirmed by optimizing a swift and efficient FTIR method and their purity by TLC. Overall, the designed nanocatalyst presented for FAME synthesis, which incorporates magnetic separability and effective heating capabilities, holds great promise for cost reduction and process efficiency.