Magnesium Status Research Articles

Differences in Erythrocyte Magnesium Levels between Men with Schizophrenia Treated with Risperidone and Haloperidol in Prof. Dr. M Ildrem Psychiatric Hospital Medan

BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia according to the world health organization is one of the top ten causes of disability in developed countries around the world. Because of the severity, chronicity, and prevalence of schizophrenia, it has a very large economic burden. Magnesium is a micronutrient needed by the body which can affect mental health. Erythrocyte magnesium levels are considered more sensitive than serum magnesium levels to reflect intracellular magnesium status. AIM: The objective of the study was to determine the differences in erythrocyte magnesium levels between men with schizophrenia who received risperidone and haloperidol treatment at Prof. Dr. M Ildrem Psychiatric Hospital, Medan. METHODS: This study is an intention to treat and is an experimental pre-test and post-test that compares two groups, namely the intervention group and the control group. The sampling method is non-probability sampling with a consecutive sampling type. The research was conducted at Prof. Dr. M. Ildrem Psychiatric Hospital Medan between July and October 2019. The subjects of the study were 60 men with schizophrenia, namely, 30 who received risperidone and 30 who received haloperidol. RESULTS: There was a difference in the levels of male erythrocyte magnesium with schizophrenia who received risperidone and haloperidol between the initial week and the third week with a value of p = 0.007. Where there was a higher increase in the haloperidol group which showed a significant difference, namely, p < 0.05. CONCLUSION: The increase in magnesium levels will improve the symptoms of schizophrenia where magnesium activity decreases glutamate release associated with N-Methyl D-Aspartate receptors and results in the activity of the gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic system.

Effect of magnesium and vitamin B6 supplementation on mental health and quality of life in stressed healthy adults: Post-hoc analysis of a randomised controlled trial.

Magnesium status and vitamin B6 intake have been linked to mental health and/or quality of life (QoL). In an 8‐week Phase IV randomised controlled study in individuals with low magnesemia and severe/extremely severe stress but who were otherwise healthy, greater stress reduction was achieved with magnesium combined with vitamin B6 than with magnesium alone. We present a previously unreported secondary analysis of the effect of magnesium, with and without vitamin B6, on depression, anxiety, and QoL. Adults with Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS‐42) stress subscale score >18 were randomised 1:1 to magnesium + vitamin B6 combination (Magne B6®; daily dose 300 and 30 mg, respectively) or magnesium alone (Magnespasmyl®; daily dose 300 mg). Outcomes included changes from baseline in DASS‐42 depression and anxiety scores, and QoL (Short Form‐36 Health Survey). DASS‐42 anxiety and depression scores significantly improved from baseline to week 8 with both treatments, particularly during the first 4 weeks. Improvement in QoL continued over 8 weeks. Participants' perceived capacity for physical activity in daily life showed greater improvement with magnesium + vitamin B6 than magnesium alone (Week 4). In conclusion, magnesium supplementation, with or without vitamin B6, could provide a meaningful clinical benefit in daily life for individuals with stress and low magnesemia.

Public Health Perspective on Magnesium

Magnesium is a cofactor in more than 300 enzymes, it plays a vital role in energy metabolism, homeostasis of electrolites, and bone metabolism, and regulates a number of fundamental functions such as muscle contraction, neuromuscular conduction, glycemic control, and blood pressure. Magnesium deficiency has been associated with a wide range of diseases, from cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, diabetes, to anxiety and other mental disorders, migraine and osteoporosis, and especially worrying is subclinical form which is estimated to affect up to 30% of the population. Recommended dietary intake of magnesium is 300 mg and 350 mg per day for adult males and females, respectively. While highly abundant in a variety of foods, especially green leafy vegetables, nuts and seeds, water is the main contributor to magnesium daily intake. Water has been the focus of a number of public health interventions aiming to improve magnesium status of populations, especially in Israel and Australia. Supplements are becoming a more important contributor to the total magnesium intake, especially among physically active individuals. Public awareness of the health benefits gained from physical activity is improving, and more individuals decide to engage in (recreational) physical activity. Even though physical activity increases the risk of magnesium deficiency, misuse of supplements due to lack of knowledge and misinformation shared on social networks can have a detrimental effect on individual’s health and physical performance.

Investigation of hypomagnesaemia prevalence and underlying aetiology in a hospitalised cohort of dogs with ionised hypocalcaemia.

Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and plays a critical role in a wide range of physiological processes. Low concentrations of ionised calcium, the most metabolically available form of calcium, have been linked to an increased risk of adverse clinical outcomes in dogs. Magnesium plays an important role in parathyroid hormone function. The objective of this study was to define the prevalence and aetiology of hypomagnesaemia in a hospitalised cohort of dogs with ionised hypocalcaemia (IHC). A total magnesium reference interval was established using serum biochemistry results from 346 clinically healthy dogs. The clinical records of dogs with IHC were reviewed, and concurrent serum magnesium concentrations were recorded alongside clinical signs and underlying aetiology. The prevalence, clinical presentation and aetiology of hypomagnesaemia were examined in the IHC population. Two hundred and ninety-five IHC dogs were identified. Hypomagnesaemia was identified in 22%. Total magnesium concentration was significantly higher in dogs with renal disease. The most common cause of concurrent hypomagnesaemia and IHC was gastrointestinal diseases. Low concentrations of serum magnesium occur in approximately one fifth of all dogs with IHC. Further studies are required to clarify the link between magnesium status, IHC and clinical outcome.

Potential Combination of Bittern Water with Vitamin B Complex for Mineral Deficiency Therapy in Cattle: A Literature Study

Bittern water is a byproduct of the crystallization process from the manufacture of salt which have high concentrations of magnesium, calcium, potassium and other trace minerals Bittern water is known to treat osteoporosis, postprandial hyperlipidemia, oral infections and increase salivary secretion. The mineral content in bittern water is not only beneficial for humans but also for animal health. Cows are one of the animals that are prone to various health problems such as mineral balance and metabolism disorders in the body, especially during pregnancy and after giving birth. In addition to minerals, vitamin B complex is often used to improve the health quality of cows. However, until now, the use of bittern water and the combination with vitamin B complex for animal treatment is still very rare. The formulation of multivitamin-mineral preparations is quite complex to do so that there are several things that need to be considered in order to obtain a good and quality formula. This review article was created to gather information regarding the benefits of the mineral content contained in bittern water and vitamin B complex as a treatment to treat various health problems for cattle, as well as what important factors should be considered in multivitamin-mineral preparations. Based on literature search, it was found that the combination of bittern water and vitamin B complex has the potential to overcome health problems in cows, where the main minerals in bittern water are proven to improve magnesium status in the blood, increase calcium intake and reduce the incidence of milk fever, increase milk production and components, and improve immune status. While vitamin B complex is widely used as a supplement to increase metabolism, energy status in cows balances rumen pH, maintains microbiota balance in riumen and helps increase milk production. The combination of bittern water and vitamin B complex can synergistically improve mineral status, energy, and immune response, as well as improve disease symptoms. There are also important factors that must be considered in multivitamin-mineral dosage formulations for animals, namely bioavailability, stability, and dosage form.

Magnesium: Biochemistry, Nutrition, Detection, and Social Impact of Diseases Linked to Its Deficiency.

Magnesium plays an important role in many physiological functions. Habitually low intakes of magnesium and in general the deficiency of this micronutrient induce changes in biochemical pathways that can increase the risk of illness and, in particular, chronic degenerative diseases. The assessment of magnesium status is consequently of great importance, however, its evaluation is difficult. The measurement of serum magnesium concentration is the most commonly used and readily available method for assessing magnesium status, even if serum levels have no reliable correlation with total body magnesium levels or concentrations in specific tissues. Therefore, this review offers an overview of recent insights into magnesium from multiple perspectives. Starting from a biochemical point of view, it aims at highlighting the risk due to insufficient uptake (frequently due to the low content of magnesium in the modern western diet), at suggesting strategies to reach the recommended dietary reference values, and at focusing on the importance of detecting physiological or pathological levels of magnesium in various body districts, in order to counteract the social impact of diseases linked to magnesium deficiency.

Perspective: Characterization of Dietary Supplements Containing Calcium and Magnesium and Their Respective Ratio—Is a Rising Ratio a Cause for Concern?

Low magnesium intakes coupled with high calcium intakes and high calcium-to-magnesium (Ca:Mg) intake ratios have been associated with increased risk for multiple chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome, as well as some cancers (colorectal, prostate, esophageal), and total mortality. A high dietary Ca:Mg ratio (>2.60) may affect body magnesium status while, on the other hand, high intakes of magnesium could adversely impact individuals with an exceedingly low dietary Ca:Mg ratio (<1.70). Thus, a Ca:Mg ratio range of 1.70-2.60 (weight to weight) has been proposed as an optimum range. Data from NHANES surveys have shown the mean Ca:Mg intake ratio from foods alone for US adults has been >3.00 since 2000. One-third of Americans consume a magnesium supplement with a mean dose of 146mg/d, and 35% of Americans consume a calcium supplement with a mean dose of 479mg/d. Our review of Ca:Mg ratios in dietary supplements sold in the United States and listed in NIH's Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) found a mean ratio of 2.90 across all calcium- and magnesium-containing products, with differences by product form. The ratios ranged from a low of 0.10 in liquid products to a high of 48.5 in powder products. Thirty-one percent of products fell below, 40.5% fell within, and 28.3% fell above the ratio range of 1.70-2.60. Our findings of calculated Ca:Mg ratios from dietary supplements coupled with food-intake data suggest that, in individuals with high calcium intakes from diet and/or supplements, magnesium supplementation may be warranted to establish a more favorable dietary Ca:Mg ratio in their total diet. Additional research may provide greater insight into whether the Ca:Mg ratio is a biomarker of interest for moderating chronic disease and which population groups may derive benefit from moderating that ratio.

Ionized or Total Magnesium levels, what should we measure in critical ill patients?

Monitoring and measuring magnesium (Mg) values are essential to prevent the development of numerous complications in perioperative medicine and critically ill patients. Although previous studies suggest that measuring free ionized magnesium (iMg) is more useful for estimating Mg status, clinicians currently rely on measurement of total serum magnesium to determine if supplemental magnesium is needed. In this review, we analyzed the recent literature to decide whether it is better to measure ionized serum Mg or total serum Mg when assessing magnesium status, whether iMg predicts clinical outcome, and what are the difficulties in measuring serum iMg levels in intensive care patients and perioperative medicine.

Soil Nutrients Status and Cotton Yield as Influenced by Split Application of Nitrogen and Potassium in Vertisol

The present investigation was conducted during 2018-19 with a view to study the effect of split application of nitrogen and potassium on yield of cotton and soil nutrient status at Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola. The experiment comprised of eight different treatments and their combination with foliar spray of 1 per cent MgSO4 at two different growth stages viz. flowering and boll development in randomized block design with three replications. The results of the present experiment revealed that, available nutrient status of soil was slightly increased with increase in the splits of N and K fertilizer. Available N, P, K, S and exchangeable Ca in soil were significantly increased with the split application of fertilizer. The fertilizer split did not show significant effect on the exchangeable magnesium status of soil. Foliar sprays of 1 per cent MgSO4 at two different growth stages viz. flowering and boll development irrespective of fertility levels showed slightly higher exchangeable magnesium status of soil. The lowest available N, P, K, S and exchangeable Ca and Mg was recorded in treatment of absolute control. The fertilizer splits show a consistent increase in the seed cotton yield and stalk yield of Bt cotton. Hence, it can be concluded that, application of 60:30:30 N, P2O5 and K2O kg ha-1 with splits of nitrogen at basal, 30, 60 and 90 DAS, 100 per cent P2O5 as basal and K2O in two equal splits at basal and 60 DAS recorded significantly higher seed cotton and cotton stalk yield. The seed cotton (R2 = 0.913**) and stalk yield (R2 = 0.935**) was significantly and positively correlated with the soil organic carbon status.

The effects of magnesium supplementation on serum level of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and depression status in patients with depression

Recent researches suggest that there is a relationship between the pathogenesis of depression and serum Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) levels. Therefore, the purpose of this clinical trial was to determine effect of magnesium supplementation on serum Level of BDNF, magnesium and depression status in patients with depression. A double blind randomized clinical trial was conducted on 46 depressed subjects. The participants were randomly allocated into the magnesium (MG) and the placebo (PG) group and received 500mg magnesium and placebo daily for 8 weeks. Beck's test was conducted and blood samples were taken at baseline and after the intervention period for analysis of serum magnesium and BDNF. No significant differences were observed in assessed variables between the two groups at the baseline. At the end of intervention, supplementation with magnesium oxide had a significant effect on Beck's test (P=0.01) and serum magnesium (P=0.001), but had no significant effect on BDNF levels (P=0.507) between the two groups. Daily intake of 500mg magnesium oxide for at least 8 weeks improved Beck's test score and serum magnesium in depressed patients, but had no significant effect on BDNF levels between the two groups, Which Further research is recommended.

Effect of endurance training on copper, zinc, iron and magnesium status.

Physical activity related energy expenditure, environmental stresses, body composition, dietary intake, etc., are key factors influencing the nutritional requirements of minerals. The present study was designed to study the nutritional status of metals with respect to extensive endurance training. The participants of the study were navy sailors (N.=37, mean age±SD: 25.2±4.8 y) undergoing one month of endurance training. Nutritional status was assessed by determining their body composition using bioelectrical impedance (BIA), food intake and urinary excretion levels. Fasting blood samples were taken to separate plasma and red blood cells for analysis of copper, zinc, magnesium and iron and certain metal dependent enzymatic biomarkers. Endurance training significantly decreased the plasma levels of copper (P<0.01), zinc and iron (P<0.05) while in erythrocytes a significant (P<0.001) decrease was observed only for Mg and Zn. There was a concomitant increase (P<0.05) in urinary Zn excretion. In addition, the concentrations of certain metal dependent enzymatic biomarkers like RBC metallothionein (P<0.05) and carbonic anhydrase (P<0.01) (Zn biomarker), plasma ferritin (Fe biomarker) (P<0.001) and RBC Mg ATPase (Mg biomarker) (P<0.05) decreased after physical activity. The findings of the present study suggested the increased requirements of these minerals during physical activity.

Magnesium and imidazole propionate.

Circulating levels of imidazole propionate (ImP), a microbial metabolite of histidine, were higher in participants with type 2 diabetes (T2D) compared to those without and also induced insulin resistance. We hypothesize that low intake of magnesium (Mg) and/or low body Mg status in humans may lead to low Mg concentrations in gut microbiota, and, in turn, elevated microbial production of ImP and increased levels of circulating ImP. We tested this hypothesis in the Personalized Prevention of Colorectal Cancer Trial (PPCCT) (registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01105169), a double-blind 2×2 factorial randomized controlled trial enrolling 240 participants at high risk of Mg deficiency. Among 68 participants (34 each in the treatment and placebo arms), we measured plasma metabolites using the untargeted Metabolon's global Precision Metabolomics™ LC-MS platform. Mg treatment significantly reduced ImP by 39.9% compared to a 6.0% increase in the placebo arm (P=0.02). We found the correlation coefficients were-0.12 (P=0.32) and-0.31 (P<0.01) between the change in ImP and changes in serum Mg and urinary Mg, respectively. In addition, we found Mg treatment increased circulating levels of propionic acid (InP) by 27.5% (P=0.07) and reduced levels of glutarate by 17.9% (P=0.04) compared to the placebo arm. Further studies are needed to replicate these findings and to investigate whether Mg treatment specifically changes the production of ImP by microbiota. Also, future studies are warranted to confirm the effect of Mg treatment on glutarate and InP.

Magnesium and Hypertension in Old Age.

Hypertension is a complex condition in which various actors and mechanisms combine, resulting in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications that today represent the most frequent causes of mortality, morbidity, disability, and health expenses worldwide. In the last decades, there has been an exceptional amount of experimental, epidemiological, and clinical studies confirming a close relationship between magnesium deficit and high blood pressure. Multiple mechanisms may help to explain the bulk of evidence supporting a protective effect of magnesium against hypertension and its complications. Hypertension increases sharply with advancing age, hence older persons are those most affected by its negative consequences. They are also more frequently at risk of magnesium deficiency by multiple mechanisms, which may, at least in part, explain the higher frequency of hypertension and its long-term complications. The evidence for a favorable effect of magnesium on hypertension risk emphasizes the importance of broadly encouraging the intake of foods such as vegetables, nuts, whole cereals and legumes, optimal dietary sources of magnesium, avoiding processed food, which are very poor in magnesium and other fundamental nutrients, in order to prevent hypertension. In some cases, when diet is not enough to maintain an adequate magnesium status, magnesium supplementation may be of benefit and has been shown to be well tolerated.

The Role of Magnesium in Pregnancy and in Fetal Programming of Adult Diseases

Magnesium is an essential trace metal and a necessary factor for multiple biochemical functions in humans. Its role in biology is fundamental in over 600 enzymatic reactions implicated in protein synthesis, mitochondrial functions, neuromuscular activity, bone formation, and immune system competence. Magnesium status is relevant in fetal development during gestation and in the newborn growth during the perinatal period. Moreover, magnesium is able to influence fetal programming and disease presentation in childhood or adulthood. The aim of this review is to focus on this metal homeostasis, analyzing its normal values, the causes of hypomagnesemia, the interaction with drugs and other conditions, and the diseases associated with magnesium value alteration during pregnancy, in order to study its role in fetal programming of adult diseases. The data here reported clearly indicated the existence of a connection between magnesium status and human pathology starting from intrauterine life and extending into childhood and adulthood.

Intra-erythrocytes magnesium deficiency could reflect cognitive impairment status due to vascular disease: a pilot study

Background and aimsMagnesium is a fundamental cation that regulates neuronal transmission, protein synthesis, energy metabolism. Magnesium deficiency mostly affects nervous and cardiovascular systems determining weakness, tremors, seizure and arrhythmias. This condition retains also a role in memory function and neuronal plasticity. Importantly magnesium deficiency could remain latent and asymptomatic resulting a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. In this sense we aim to determine magnesium status in patient presenting cognitive impairment of vascular origin.Methods21 healthy subjects and 27 patients presenting vascular cognitive impairment were included in this study. Both plasma and intraerythrocitary magnesium level were measured to detect magnesium deficiency and cognitive performance was evaluated trough Mini Mental State Evaluation (MMSE).ResultsHere we showed that patients presenting vascular cognitive impairment present intraerythrocitary magnesium level lower than age-matched healthy subjects. To note their plasma magnesium resulted within reference limit.ConclusionWe suggest that intracellular magnesium laboratory measurement is needed to detect occult magnesium deficiency in population at risk. Magnesium supplementation could represent an adjuvant for healthy aging in high risk population.

Magnesium Status and Stress: The Vicious Circle Concept Revisited.

Magnesium deficiency and stress are both common conditions among the general population, which, over time, can increase the risk of health consequences. Numerous studies, both in pre-clinical and clinical settings, have investigated the interaction of magnesium with key mediators of the physiological stress response, and demonstrated that magnesium plays an inhibitory key role in the regulation and neurotransmission of the normal stress response. Furthermore, low magnesium status has been reported in several studies assessing nutritional aspects in subjects suffering from psychological stress or associated symptoms. This overlap in the results suggests that stress could increase magnesium loss, causing a deficiency; and in turn, magnesium deficiency could enhance the body’s susceptibility to stress, resulting in a magnesium and stress vicious circle. This review revisits the magnesium and stress vicious circle concept, first introduced in the early 1990s, in light of recent available data.

The Relation Between Trace Element Status (Zinc, Copper, Magnesium) and Clinical Outcomes in COVID-19 Infection During Pregnancy.

SARS CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus which has caused many deaths in the recent pandemic. This study aimed to determine zinc, copper and magnesium status on pregnant women with COVID-19. 100 healthy (33/32/35) and 100 SARS-CoV-2 positive (34/33/33) pregnant women were included in the study according to their trimesters. Blood samples were obtained from the patients along with the initial laboratory tests for clinical outcomes upon their first admission to hospital. In the first and third trimesters serum zinc level was lower (p:0,004 and p:0,02), serum copper level was higher (p:0,006 and p:0,008), the Zn / Cu ratio decreased(p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001) and the serum magnesium level was higher(p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001) in the COVID-19 group.In the second trimester COVID-19 patients had lower serum zinc (p:0,05) and copper levels (p:0,0003) compared to controls. Disease severity correlated with zinc/copper ratio in COVID19 patients (p:0.018, r:-0.243). Serum zinc and Zn/Cu ratio levels had a negative relationship with acute phase markers such as IL-6, Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, procalcitonin and C-reactive Protein. Also, increased serum magnesium level may play a role in decreased white blood cell, neutrophil, lymphocyte cell count and increased CRP levels in the third trimester. This study indicated that trace element status changed in pregnant women with COVID-19. The effect of trace elements on pregnant women diagnosed with COVID-19 infection was investigated in comparison with healthy pregnant women for the first time. This effect will be revealed better in more comprehensive studies to be planned in the future.

Magnesium and inflammation: Advances and perspectives

Magnesium is an essential element of life, involved in the regulation of metabolism and homeostasis of all the tissues. It also regulates immunological functions, acting on the cells of innate and adaptive immune systems. Magnesium deficiency primes phagocytes, enhances granulocyte oxidative burst, activates endothelial cells and increases the levels of cytokines, thus promoting inflammation. Consequently, a low magnesium status, which is often underdiagnosed, potentiates the reactivity to various immune challenges and is implicated in the pathophysiology of many common chronic diseases. Here we summarize recent advances supporting the link between magnesium deficiency, inflammatory responses and diseases, and offer new hints towards a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms.

Evaluation of electrolyte status of sodium, potassium and magnesium, and fasting blood sugar at the initial admission of individuals with COVID-19 without underlying disease in Golestan Hospital, Kermanshah.

We examined electrolyte imbalance and blood sugar levels in patients with COVID-19 who had no underlying disease. This cross-sectional study in a clinical center was performed in Kermanshah, west of Iran. All patients who had a record of magnesium (Mg2+), potassium (K+), sodium (Na+), and fasting blood sugar (FBS) tests in their clinical files at the time of admission to the hospital from April 21 to July 12, and didn't have a history of an underlying disease, were included in the study. Patients were divided into outpatient (as less severe COVID-19) and intensive care units (ICU) (as severe COVID-19). For statistical analysis of collected data, the SPSS software (version 16) was used. Among a total of 134 patients, 58 cases (24 ICU and 34 outpatients) were included in the study. The mean and median age was 56 and 62 years, respectively. From all included, 33 men (57%), 25 women (43%), 52 urban (89.7%), 6 rural (10.3%), 41 alive (70.7%), and 17 died (29.3%) were recorded. From all included patients, 49.1% hyperglycemia, 38% hyponatremia, 7.3% hypokalemia, and 32% hypomagnesemia were observed. Unlike the mean of age and the level of K+, there was a statistically significant difference between the outpatient and ICU groups in terms of Mg2+, Na+, and FBS (p < 0.05). Hyperglycemia and electrolyte imbalance in COVID-19 patients is feasible. Therefore, notice to measuring these cases and monitoring the patient can be effective in the treatment process and prevent the serious complications of the disease.

Magnesium: Relevance for general practitioners - a position paper ofthe Society for Magnesium Research e. V.

ZusammenfassungIn der Bevölkerung und vor allem bei Risikogruppen muss mit Magnesiummangel gerechnet werden. Magnesiummangel kann zahlreiche Symptome verursachen, ist per se pathologisch und deshalb therapiebedürftig. Die Diagnostik stützt sich auf die klinische Symptomatik in Verbindung mit anamnestischen Hinweisen und Laborparametern. Eine schlechte Magnesiumversorgung ist mit einem erhöhten Risiko für zahlreiche Erkrankungen assoziiert, darunter metabolisches Syndrom, Diabetes mellitus Typ 2 und Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen. Magnesiummangel tritt häufig auch als Komorbidität auf und kann zur Exazerbation von Krankheiten beitragen. Magnesium sollte eine größere Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt werden, um Mangelzustände als Ursache vielfältiger Symptome sowie als Risikofaktor für Erkrankungen zu vermeiden. Eine Optimierung der Magnesiumversorgung kann einen wichtigen Beitrag in der Prävention leisten. Die orale Magnesiumtherapie ist unbedenklich und kostengünstig.