Macular Volume Research Articles

Morphological and Functional Correlations in Acute Central Serous Chorioretinopathy

PurposeWe evaluate morphological and functional correlations in patients with acute central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC).MethodsA prospective study was conducted on 50 patients with an acute CSC episode lasting less than 3 months. At baseline, assessments included optical coherence tomography (OCT), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), contrast sensitivity (CS), microperimetry (MP), and multifocal electroretinography (mfERG). A correlation analysis between OCT morphological parameters (maximal subretinal fluid height (SRF), central retinal thickness (CRT), and macular volume (MV)) and functional parameters was conducted on the affected eye for each patient.ResultsAmong the morphological parameters, SRF showed the strongest correlations with functional parameters (r absolute value range = 0.10–0.70). Weak correlations were observed between BCVA and morphological parameters (r absolute value range = 0.14–0.26). Average retinal sensitivity (MP-A) was the functional parameter displaying the most robust negative correlation with morphological parameters (r absolute value range = 0.61–0.70). In contrast, average contrast sensitivity (CS-A) and mfERG average amplitude density in the first (mfERG-A1) and second (mfERG-A2) ring showed weak to moderate (r absolute value range = 0.35–0.56) yet statistically significantly nonzero correlations.ConclusionsSRF and CRT could serve as the most representative morphological proxies for visual function deficit in acute CSC patients. Retinal sensitivity, as measured by MP, may be superior to BCVA in clinical research studies or when an in-depth visual function evaluation is needed.

En Face and Volumetric Comparison of Hypertransmission Defects Evaluated by Cirrus and Spectralis Optical Coherence Tomography

PurposeTo evaluate and compare en face and 3-dimensional (D) properties of hypertransmission defects (HTDs) between different optical coherence tomography (OCT) devices using OCT volumes and reconstructed en face images. SettingsComparative diagnostic evaluation study. MethodsThirty eyes with dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) that underwent dense OCT macular volume scans with both the Spectralis (97 B-scans/volume; 2,910 B-scans in total) and Cirrus OCT (128 B-scans/volume; 3,840 B-scans in total) from AMISH EYE STUDY cohort were included in this analysis. HTD regions were labeled on each B-scan and reconstructed into en face and 3-D volume images. Properties of HTD volume were compared between the two devices. ResultsQualitative score of en face images for HTD was higher for the Cirrus compared to the Spectralis (P < 0.01). The quality of Spectralis en face images improved after preprocessing and reconstruction. The 2-D HTD area on en face obtained from 2-D projections of 3-D volume did not differ between devices (P = 0.478; ICC 0.998; Jaccard index 0.721 ± 0.086). There was no difference in the number, volume, PALs, and surface areas of HTDs between devices in the volumetric analysis (all P ≥ 0.090). The signal intensity of HTD normalized by the mean choroidal signal intensity did not differ between devices (P = 0.861). ConclusionsThe visualization of HTD on en face images from Spectralis OCT could be enhanced through image processing. The equivalence in 3-D HTD parameters between the two devices suggests interchangeability for assessing these lesions in AMD.

Connecting the Dots: Exploring the Relationship between Optical Coherence Tomography and 99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT Parameters in Parkinson's Disease.

While optical coherence tomography (OCT) is explored as a potential biomarker in Parkinson's disease (PD), technetium-99m-labeled tropane derivative (99mTc-TRODAT-1) single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging has a proven role in diagnosing PD. Our objective was to compare the OCT parameters in PD patients and healthy controls (HCs) and correlate them with 99mTc-TRODAT-1 parameters in PD patients. This cross-sectional study included 30 PD patients and 30 age- and gender-matched HCs. Demographic data, PD details including Movement Disorders Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale-III (MDS-UPDRS-III) and Hoehn-Yahr (HY) staging, and OCT parameters including macular and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in bilateral eyes were recorded. PD patients underwent 99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT imaging. The terms "ipsilateral" and "contralateral" were used with reference to more severely affected body side in PD patients and compared with corresponding sides in HCs. PD patients showed significant ipsilateral superior parafoveal quadrant (mean ± standard deviation [SD] = 311.10 ± 15.90 vs. 297.57 ± 26.55, P = 0.02) and contralateral average perifoveal (mean ± SD = 278.75 ± 18.97 vs. 269.08 ± 16.91, P = 0.04) thinning compared to HCs. Peripapillary RNFL parameters were comparable between PD patients and HCs. MDS-UPDRS-III score and HY stage were inversely correlated to both ipsilateral (Spearman rho = -0.52, P = 0.003; Spearman rho = -0.47, P = 0.008) and contralateral (Spearman rho = -0.53, P = 0.002; Spearman rho = -0.58, P < 0.001) macular volumes, respectively. PD duration was inversely correlated with ipsilateral temporal parafoveal thickness (ρ = -0.41, P = 0.02). No correlation was observed between OCT and 99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT parameters in PD patients. Compared to HCs, a significant thinning was observed in the ipsilateral superior parafoveal quadrant and the contralateral average perifoveal region in PD patients. Macular volume and ipsilateral temporal parafoveal thickness were inversely correlated with disease severity and duration, respectively. OCT and 99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT parameters failed to correlate in PD patients.

Macular Thickness and Volume Analysis in Primary Open Angel Glaucoma by Optical Coherence Tomography

Macular Thickness and Volume Analysis in Primary Open Angel Glaucoma by Optical Coherence Tomography

Serum and Vitreous Levels of Placenta Growth Factor in Diabetic Retinopathy Patients: Correlation With Disease Severity and Optical Coherence Tomographic Parameters.

Purpose The primary objective of this study was to compare placenta growth factor (PlGF) levels in the serum and vitreous of diabetic retinopathy (DR) patients to non-diabetic controls. Additionally, the study aimed to establish associations between serum and vitreous PlGF concentrations and to examine the correlation between vitreous PlGF in DR patients and morphological parameters. Methods This study included serum and vitreous samples from 38 patients, including 21 patients with DR and 17 non-diabetic controls. The control group included non-diabetic patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with retinal tears secondary to posterior vitreous detachment or trauma. PlGF levels were quantified in vitreous and serum samples using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans from DR patients were evaluated to measure the central retinal thickness (CRT) and macular volume (MV). Results DR patients had significantly higher mean vitreous PlGF levels compared to non-DR patients (70.0±39.2 vs. 46.47±9.7 pg/mL, p-value=0.004). However, no significant increase in mean serum PlGF levels was observed in DR patients (p-value=0.232). Within the DR group, proliferative DR (PDR) patients presented significantly higher vitreous PlGF levels than non-PDR (NPDR) patients (76.5±41.0 vs. 42.5±5.0 pg/mL, p-value=0.009). There was no association between serum and vitreous PlGF levels. The correlation between vitreous PlGF levels and morphological parameters was rsp=0.175, p-value=0.488 for CRT, and rsp=0.288, p-value=0.262 for MV. Conclusion This study emphasizes the important role of PlGF in neovascularization, specifically highlighting its overexpression exclusively in vitreous from PDR patients. The observed increase in PlGF levels may be indicative of disease severity. The lack of correlation between vitreous and serum PlGF levels suggests a potential dissociation between intravitreal and systemic PlGF synthesis. Consequently, targeting PlGF in therapeutic approaches may offer an additional strategy for ocular pathologies with a neovascular component.

The neurovascular retinal involvement in a large population of patients recovered from COVID-19: an OCT and OCT angiography study.

This study aimed to assess the neuronal and microvascular retinal and choroidal involvement in COVID-19 recovered patients using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA). This observational cross-sectional study recruited patients recovered from COVID-19 and a group of healthy controls for comparisons. OCT (peripapillary scan and macular map) and OCTA (macular map) were performed to obtain: the central subfield thickness (CST), the macular volume (MV), the peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (pRNFL) thickness, the vessel area density (VAD), vessel length fraction (VLF), vessel diameter index (VDI) and fractal dimension (FD) of the superficial vascular plexus (SVP), intermediate capillary plexus (ICP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP), and the vessel density (VD), stromal density (SD) and vascular/stromal (V/S) ratio of the choriocapillaris (CC) and choroid (Ch). Data regarding disease severity, administered therapy and prior comorbidities were collected. We recruited 676 eyes from 338 patients and 98 eyes from 49 healthy controls. VAD of all the three retinal plexuses, VLF and VDI of ICP and DCP and VD of CC were significantly reduced in patients versus controls. No differences were found in CST, MV and pRNFL. A multivariate analysis showed that oxygen therapy, previous cardio/cerebrovascular events and hypertension negatively influenced vascular parameters. A microvascular retinal and choriocapillaris damage may be identified secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection, even after recovery. OCTA may represent a reproducible and non-invasive tool to assess microangiopathy in these patients, with particular regard to those with previous cardio/cerebrovascular events, hypertension and those who received oxygen therapy.

Epiretinal membrane development after Ex-Press glaucoma filtration device implant: 2-year results of a case control study

BackgroundThe most common retinal complications after glaucoma surgery are choroidal detachment, hypotony maculopathy, malignant glaucoma, vitreous hemorrhage, endophthalmitis and retinal detachment. However, if glaucoma surgery is a risk factor for the ERM development needs to be clarified. This study aims to assess the incidence of epiretinal membrane (ERM) in 2 years of follow-up in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) treated with Ex-Press shunt implant.MethodsA prospective, consecutive, single-center, case–control study. We enrolled patients affected by POAG and scheduled for Ex-Press device implant with or without concomitant cataract surgery. The control group was the contralateral eyes which continues anti-glaucomatous eyedrops. Complete ophthalmologic evaluation and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography were performed before surgery, at 6 months and 24 months of follow-up.ResultsEighty-two eyes of 41 consecutive patients, 18 males and 23 females with a mean age of 70, 29 ± 8,45, were analyzed at 24 months. 39.1% of eyes developed ERM: 29.3% were cellophane macular reflex (CMR) and 9.8% were pre-macular fibrosis (PMF). In the control group, 19.5% of eyes developed ERM: 17.1% were CMR and 2.4% were PMF. No statistically significant difference was reported (p = 0.121) between treated and control group. ERM development did not affect significantly the central foveal thickness (260.13 ± 35.01 μm at baseline, 265.03 ± 34.90 μm at 6 months and 275.18 ± 33.31 μm at 24 months) and macular volume (7.75 ± 0.43 mm3 at baseline, 7.77 ± 0.48 mm3 at 6 months and 7.77 ± 0.46 mm3 at 24 months), remained comparable to reported average measures in healthy individuals during the follow-up. Concomitant cataract surgery did not increase the ERM incidence.ConclusionEx-Press implant may increase the ERM incidence regardless concomitant cataract surgery, accelerating or inducing a posterior vitreous detachment, such as other ocular surgical procedure. Nevertheless, the vast majority of ERM are CMR, not affecting the macular profile.

Deep learning-based correction of cataract-induced influence on macular pigment optical density measurement by autofluorescence spectroscopy.

Measurements of macular pigment optical density (MPOD) using the autofluorescence spectroscopy yield underestimations of actual values in eyes with cataracts. Previously, we proposed a correction method for this error using deep learning (DL); however, the correction performance was validated through internal cross-validation. This cross-sectional study aimed to validate this approach using an external validation dataset. MPODs at 0.25°, 0.5°, 1°, and 2° eccentricities and macular pigment optical volume (MPOV) within 9° eccentricity were measured using SPECTRALIS (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) in 197 (training dataset inherited from our previous study) and 157 eyes (validating dataset) before and after cataract surgery. A DL model was trained to predict the corrected value from the pre-operative value using the training dataset, and we measured the discrepancy between the corrected value and the actual postoperative value. Subsequently, the prediction performance was validated using a validation dataset. Using the validation dataset, the mean absolute values of errors for MPOD and MPOV corrected using DL ranged from 8.2 to 12.4%, which were lower than values with no correction (P < 0.001, linear mixed model with Tukey's test). The error depended on the autofluorescence image quality used to calculate MPOD. The mean errors in high and moderate quality images ranged from 6.0 to 11.4%, which were lower than those of poor quality images. The usefulness of the DL correction method was validated. Deep learning reduced the error for a relatively good autofluorescence image quality. Poor-quality images were not corrected.

The Impact of a Single Haemodialysis Session on the Retinal Thickness and Optic Nerve Morphology

Background: The aim of the study was to assess the influence of a single haemodialysis (HD) session on the retinal and optic nerve morphology in end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients. Methods: It is a prospective study including only the right eye of 35 chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients subjected to HD. Each patient underwent a full eye examination 30 min before HD (8 a.m.) and 15 min after HD. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to assess the peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (pRNFL) thickness, macular nerve fibre layer (mRNFL) thickness, ganglion cell layer with inner plexiform layer thickness (GCL+), GCL++ (mRNFL and GCL+) thickness, total retinal thickness (RT) and total macular volume (TMV). The correlation was tested between such systemic parameters changes as systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), body weight, plasma osmolarity and ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) and ultrafiltration volume with total RT and pRNFL thickness changes during HD. Results: In the results of a single HD session, we could observe a statistically significant increase in the total RT thickness (pre-HD 270.4 ± 19.94 μm, post-HD 272.14 ± 20.11 μm; p = 0.0014), TMV (pre-HD 7.48 ± 0.53 mm3, post-HD 7.52 ± 0.55 mm3; p = 0.0006), total pRNFL thickness (pre-HD 97.46 ± 15.71 μm, post-HD 100.23 ± 14.7 μm; p = 0.0039), total GCL+ thickness (pre-HD 70.11 ± 9.24 μm, post-HD 70.6 ± 9.7 μm; p = 0.0044), and GCL++ thickness (pre-HD 97.46 ± 12.56 μm, post-HD 97.9 ± 12.94 μm; p = 0.0081). We observed a significant correlation between the change in total RT and DBP change, as well as between body weight change and the change in total pRNFL thickness. There was also a correlation between total pRNFL thickness change and the presence of diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: Even a single HD session affects the retinal and pRNFL thickness, which should be taken into account when interpreting the OCT results in patients subjected to HD. The impact of changes after a single HD session on selected parameters requires further assessment in subsequent studies, including long-term observation.

Clinical efficacy of subthreshold micropulse laser combined with anti-VEGF drugs in the treatment of diabetic macular edema: A meta-analysis.

To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of subthreshold micropulse laser (SML) combined with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs for the treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME). The randomized controlled trials on SML combined with anti-VEGF drugs for DME were retrieved from China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wan Fang Data, VIP Data, Sino Med (China Biomedical Literature Database), PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, and Embase by computer from inception to April 19, 2022. The observation group was treated with SML combined with anti-VEGF drugs, while the control group was treated with anti-VEGF agents alone or SML. And the references of the included literature were manually searched. The Meta-analysis was performed using Revman 5.4 and STATA SE 15. This study finally included 15 randomized controlled trials involving 891 eyes for Meta-analysis. The results showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups in best-corrected visual acuity at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after treatment. There was no statistical difference between the 2 groups in central macular thickness (CMT) at 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment (P > .05). CMT in the observation group was lower than that in the control group at 9 and 12 months (P < .05). There was no statistical difference between the 2 groups in total macular volume at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months in CMT (P > .05). The number of anti-VEGF drugs injections in the observation was lower than that in the control group (P < .05). The occurrence of complications between the 2 groups was not statistically significant difference (P > .05). SML in combination with anti-VEGF drugs in patients with DME are comparable in reducing the number of anti-VEGF drugs injections and CMT, thereby reducing the financial burden on patients. It does not differ in best-corrected visual acuity and total macular volume.

Quantitative assessments of retinal macular structure among rural-dwelling older adults in China: a population-based, cross-sectional, optical coherence tomography study

ObjectivesTo quantitatively assess and compare retinal macular structures of rural-dwelling older adults in China using two different optical coherence tomography (OCT) scanners and to examine their associations with demographic, lifestyle,...

Anterior chamber cytokine production and postoperative macular edema in patients with diabetes undergoing FLACS.

To evaluate the effect of femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS) and manual cataract surgery (MCS) on proinflammatory cytokine expression in patients with diabetes vs nondiabetic patients. Outpatient surgical center in Vaughan, Ontario, Canada. Prospective cohort study. Patients with diabetes and nondiabetic patients undergoing noncomplicated MCS or FLACS were assigned into 4 cohorts: MCS nondiabetic (n = 30), FLACS nondiabetic (n = 42), MCS diabetic (n = 40), and FLACS diabetic (n = 40). Aqueous humor inflammatory mediator concentrations were evaluated at MCS onset and after femtosecond laser treatment. The presence of cystoid macular edema, anterior chamber (AC) inflammation, central retinal thickness, macular volume, and retinal microvascular changes (through optical coherence tomography angiography) were evaluated preoperatively and on postoperative day 1, week 1, month 1 (POM1), and month 3 (POM3). Patients with diabetes receiving FLACS had a higher concentration of interleukin (IL)-7, IL-13, and interferon-induced protein-10 than MCS diabetic patients; they also demonstrated higher levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and lower levels of interferon (IFN)-γ, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and IFN-α2 compared with MCS nondiabetic patients. Macular volume appeared to be significantly higher in MCS diabetic vs MCS non-diabetic patients at POM1 and between FLACS diabetic vs FLACS nondiabetic patients at POM3. There were no other significant differences between the cohorts for any parameter. FLACS use in patients with diabetes demonstrated some differences in AC cytokine expression compared with non-diabetic FLACS or diabetic patients undergoing MCS; however, there was no increase in clinical inflammatory biomarkers. FLACS seems to be a safe technique to use in patients with diabetes.

Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Patients with Schizophrenia and Its Relation with Cognitive Impairment.

Schizophrenia is a chronic severe mental illness with heterogeneous clinical presentation, course, and outcome. Cognitive impairment is one of its core features. Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) imaging using OCT (optical coherence tomography) could provide easy access for in vivo imaging of the retina, rendering it as a "window to the brain." Studies done on schizophrenia have shown RNFL thinning. This study attempts to look into the association between cognitive impairment, disease duration, and RNFL abnormality in patients with schizophrenia using OCT. Patients diagnosed with schizophrenia meeting DSM 5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) criteria and who were confirmed to be in remission for at least six months clinically and scoring less than three on PANSS-8 (positive and negative symptom scale-8) remission scale were included. They were administered the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA) for cognitive assessment. RNFL measures were taken using spectral domain-OCT. Variables were compared using Pearson's correlation test, one-way ANOVA test, and independent t-test as appropriate. A total of 36 patients were studied. MoCA scores and RNFL thickness showed a positive correlation. Patients with schizophrenia had reduced average RNFL thickness and reduced RNFL thickness in superior, inferior, and temporal quadrants. Average RNFL thickness, Superior and inferior quadrant RNFL thickness showed a positive correlation with MoCA scores. No correlation was obtained between macular volume, macular thickness, duration of illness, and MoCA scores. Patients with schizophrenia have reduced average RNFL thickness. Patients with low MoCA scores have RNFL thinning.

Association of Metabolic Syndrome with Macular Thickness and Volume in Older Adults: A Population-Based Optical Coherence Tomography Study.

Background: To explore the associations of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and individual components with macular thickness and volume among rural-dwelling Chinese older adults. Methods: This population-based cross-sectional study included 705 participants (age ≥60 years) derived from the MIND-China study. In 2018-2019, we collected data through face-to-face interview, clinical examination, optical coherence tomography (OCT) examination, and blood test. We measured macular thickness and volume using spectral-domain OCT. MetS was defined following the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria, the IDF/American Heart Association (AHA) criteria, the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III criteria, and the Chinese Diabetes Society (CDS) criteria. Data were analyzed with multivariable general linear models. Results: MetS was significantly associated with thinner macula in central (multivariable-adjusted β = -5.29; 95% confidence interval: -9.31 to -1.26), parafoveal (-2.85; -5.73 to 0.04) and perifoveal regions (-4.37; -6.79 to -1.95) when using the IDF criteria, in the perifoveal regions (-3.82; -6.18 to -1.47) when using the IDF/AHA criteria, and in the central region (-5.63; -10.25 to -1.02) when using the CDS criteria, and with reduced macular volume when using the IDF (-0.16; -0.26 to -0.07) and IDF/AHA (-0.13; -0.22 to -0.04) criteria. In the parafoveal region, the IDF-defined MetS was significantly associated with thinner retina in men (β = -6.25; -10.94 to -1.56) but not in women. Abdominal obesity (-2.83; -5.41 to -0.25) and elevated fasting blood glucose (-2.65; -5.08 to -0.21) were associated with thinner macular thickness in the perifoveal region. Conclusion: MetS is associated with macular thinning and reduced macular volume among rural-dwelling older adults, and the associations vary by the defining criteria of MetS.

Choroid plexus volume as a marker of retinal atrophy in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis

ObjectiveTo evaluate choroid plexus (CP) volume as a biomarker for predicting clinical disability and retinal layer atrophy in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). MethodsNinety-five RRMS patients and 26 healthy controls (HCs) underwent 3 T whole brain MRI, expanded disability status scale (EDSS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Fully automated intra-retinal segmentation was performed to obtain the volumes of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), combined ganglion cell layer -inner plexiform layer (GCIPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), outer plexiform layer (OPL), outer nuclear layer (ONL), retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), total macular volume (TMV) and papillomacular bundle (PMB). Automated segmentation of the CP within the lateral ventricles was performed and the choroid plexus volume (CPV) was normalized by total intracranial volume (TIV). Linear regression analysis and generalized estimating equation (GEE) models were applied to evaluate relationships between nCPV and EDSS, T2 lesion volume, disease duration, and retinal layer volumes, followed by Bonferroni correction analysis for multiple comparisons. ResultsRRMS patients had larger tChPV compared to HCs (p < 0.001). After Bonferroni correction, there was a significant positive correlation between tChPV and EDSS (r2 = 0.25, p = 0.0002), disease duration (r2 = 0.30, p = 0.01), and T2 lesion volume (r2 = 0.39, p = 0.0000). A robust negative correlation was found between tChPV and RNFL (p < 0.001), GCIPL (p = 0.003), TMV (p = 0.0185), PMB (p < 0.0001), G (p = 0.04), T(p = 0.0001). ConclusionsOur findings support the association of tChPV with disability and altered retinal integrity in RRMS.

Morphological and functional parameters in X-linked retinoschisis patients-A multicentre retrospective cohort study.

X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS) is a potential target for gene supplementation approaches. To establish potential structural and functional endpoints for clinical trials, a comprehensive understanding of the inter-eye symmetry, relationship between structural and functional parameters, and disease progression is vital. In this retrospective multicentre study, 118 eyes of 59 XLRS patients with RS1 mutations were assessed. Information from center databases included: RS1 variant; age at presentation; best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central retinal thickness (CRT), macular volume (MV) at presentation and at the last follow up; full-field electroretinogram (ERG) findings; presence of peripheral retinoschisis and complications (vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment); treatment with systemic or topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAI). Inter-eye symmetry revealed strong correlation in CRT (r = 0.77; p < 0.0001) and moderate correlations in MV (r = 0.51, p < 0.0001) and BCVA (r = 0.49; p < 0.0001). Weak or no correlations were observed between BCVA and structural parameters (CRT, MV). Peripheral retinoschisis was observed in 40 (68%), retinal detachment in 9 (15%), and vitreous hemorrhage in 5 (8%) patients, respectively. Longitudinal examinations (mean, 4.3 years) showed no BCVA changes; however, a reduction of the CRT (p = 0.02), and MV (p = 0.01) was observed. Oral and/or topical CAI treatment did not significantly alter the CRT (p = 0.34). The XLRS phenotype demonstrates a strong CRT symmetry between the eyes within individual patients and stable BCVA over several years. BCVA exhibits a weak correlation with the morphological parameters of retinal thickness (CRT MV). In our cohort, longitudinal functional changes were not significant, likely attributed to the short average follow-up period. Furthermore, CAI treatment didn't influence both morphological and functional outcomes.

Initial experiences of switching to faricimab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in an Asian population.

To describe the early experiences of patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) whose treatment was switched to faricimab from other anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents. This is a prospective cohort of eyes with nAMD and PCV that were previously treated with anti-VEGF agents other than faricimab. We evaluated visual acuity (VA), central subfield thickness (CST), macular volume (MV), pigment epithelial detachment (PED) height, and choroidal thickness (CT) after one administration of faricimab. Where present, fluid was further evaluated according to intraretinal fluid (IRF), subretinal fluid (SRF), or within PED. Seventy-one eyes from 71 patients were included (45.07% PCV and 54.93% typical nAMD). The mean [standard deviation (± SD)] VA, CST, and MV improved from 0.50 logMAR (± 0.27 logMAR) to 0.46 logMAR (± 0.27 logMAR) (p = 0.20), 383.35 µm (± 111.24 µm) to 322.46 µm (± 103.89 µm (p < 0.01), and 9.40 mm3 (± 1.52 mm3) to 8.75 mm3 (± 1.17 mm3) (p < 0.01) from switch to post switch visit, respectively. The CT reduced from 167 µm (± 151 µm) to 149 µm (± 113 µm) (p < 0.01). There was also a significant reduction in the maximum PED height between visits [302.66 µm (± 217.97 µm)] and the post switch visit [236.66 µm (± 189.05 µm); p < 0.01]. This difference was greater in PEDs that were predominantly serous in nature. In the eyes with typical nAMD (n = 39), improvements were significant for CST, MV, CT, and PED. In the eyes with PCV (n = 32), only reductions in CT were statistically significant, while VA, CST, MV, and PED only showed numerically smaller improvements. One patient developed mild vitritis without vasculitis, which resolved with topical steroids with no sequelae. In our case series of Asian nAMD patients, switching to faricimab was associated with a stable VA and meaningful anatomical improvements, particularly with typical nAMD subtypes.

Impact of intravitreal triamcinolone injection following epiretinal membrane peeling on ectopic inner foveal layer classification.

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (TA) administration after peeling of idiopathic epiretinal membranes (iERM) on both anatomical and visual outcomes, utilizing the ectopic inner foveal layer (EIFL) staging scheme. In this retrospective case-control study, we analyzed 43 eyes from 43 patients diagnosed with iERM between June 2019 and December 2021. All participants were categorized into the TA or control groups based on administering intravitreal TA injection following ERM peeling. We thoroughly reviewed the clinical data, including the preoperative and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central foveal thickness (CFT), and macular cube volume (VOL), with ERM stages classified according to the EIFL staging scheme. The study enrolled 22 eyes in the TA and 21 in the control groups. Following a mean follow-up period of 11.07 ± 2.02 months, noteworthy improvements in EIFL stages were observed in both cohorts (p < 0.01), but without significant distinctions between groups. In the TA group, 63.64% of eyes demonstrated improvements in EIFL stages, while the control group exhibited 76.19% (p = 0.37). At the final visit, both groups experienced a noteworthy reduction in the postoperative CFT and VOL (p < 0.05), coupled with significant improvement in BCVA (p < 0.01). No substantial differences appeared between the two groups concerning BCVA, CFT, and VOL (all p > 0.05). Our study suggested that concurrent intravitreal TA injection following ERM removal did not provide additional benefits regarding anatomical and visual improvement in iERM cases classified as Stages 2 and 3.

Efficacy and Safety of Switching from Adalimumab Originator to SB5, Adalimumab Biosimilar for Noninfectious Uveitis

ABSTRACT Purpose To evaluate the efficacy and safety of switching from adalimumab originator (Humira, AbbVie) to SB5, adalimumab biosimilar (Adalloce, Samsung Bioepis) in patients with noninfectious uveitis (NIU). Methods Fifteen patients (29 eyes) with NIU who were switched from adalimumab originator to SB5 and followed up for 6 months or longer were retrospectively included. Data consisted of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA, logMAR), intraocular pressure (IOP, mmHg), anterior chamber (AC) cell grade, anterior vitreous (AV) cell grade, vitreous haze grade, central macular thickness (CMT, μm), and macular volume (MV, mm3) at pre-switching, 2, 4, and 6 months post-switching. Results There were no significant differences in BCVA, AC and AV cell grades, and vitreous haze grades at 2, 4, and 6 months post- compared with pre-switching, and no significant differences in CMT and MV at 2 and 6 months post-switching. CMT and MV decreased from 260.55 ± 67.44 μm and 8.37 ± 1.14 mm3 at pre-switching to 244.14 ± 60.31 μm (p = 0.032) and 8.11 ± 1.20 mm3 (p = 0.027) at 4 months post-switching, respectively. There was no recurrence of uveitis, as defined by AC cell grade, vitreous haze, or BCVA. Four patients (27%) were switched back to adalimumab originator after a mean of 9 weeks, due to discomfort during the injection (three patients) and technical difficulty with the new injection device (one patient). No other adverse events occurred after switching to SB5. Conclusion Switching from adalimumab originator to SB5 for NIU does not result in clinically significant differences in treatment efficacy and safety.

A comparison of visual electrophysiology measures in optic neuropathy

Aims/Purpose: Our aim is to explore the inter‐relationship of clinical PVEP and PERG measurements with each other and the optic nerve structure in children investigated for possible optic neuropathies.Methods: ISCEV Standard PVEPs and PERGs to 50′ check widths to large 30 and standard 15 degree fields were reviewed from children suspected to have optic neuropathy of various pathology. Amplitudes and peak times of PERG P50, N95, the N95:P50 amplitude ratio, the amplitude of the N95 from baseline and at 30 ms from the P50‐N95 slope were measured. Spectralis OCT RNFL sector measures and macular ganglion cell volumes were collated.Results: PERG, PVEP with OCT measurements were available for 42 patients, (83 eyes) aged 6‐17 yrs. Those with abnormal PVEPs (33 eyes) had the most severe macular RGC volume loss (mean 0.26 mm3 in 3.45 mm) with mean LogMAR VA 0.52 (range − 0.01 to 1.00). These patients had inherited optic neuropathies, optic neuritis associated with MOGAD and RMMS. In contrast, patients with papilledema, such as associated with IIH, or presenting with headache and reduced vision and full discs had normal PVEPs. Mean VA LogMAR 0.23 (range − 1.0 to 0.9), and mean macular RGC volume 0.45 mm3 in 3.45 mm circle. N95:P50 amplitude ratios ranged from 1.83 to 0.44 in 30 degree fields and 2.16 to 0.36 in 15 degree fields. The N95:P50 amplitude ratios, slope at 30 ms and N95 from baseline correlated with macular RGC volume, but the best PERG discriminator (AUC 0.83) in the large field was the N95 slope measured at 30 ms. RNFL values were confounded by disc oedema in many cases.Conclusions: Pattern reversal VEPs were abnormal in all patients with severe RGC volume loss. The PERG measures correlate with macular RGC volume. RNFL was confounded by disc oedema, but was helpful in highlighting temporal sector thinning in optic neuritis and inherited optic atrophy such as LHOA.