Patterns Of Macronutrient Intake Research Articles

Impact of macronutrient composition in nutrition shakes on postprandial glycemic response, appetite, and food intake

Achieving proper postprandial glycemic control through dietary intervention is essential for preventing and controlling diabetes. However, limited data on the precise effect of macronutrient composition on postprandial glycemia are available due to the influence of food structure. Herein, 7 emulsion-based nutrition shakes were formulated with balanced and complete macronutrients and were designed to achieve identical structural characteristics and matched macronutrient levels with varying sources of protein, oil, available carbohydrate or fiber. Using a randomized crossover trial (n = 15), participants were assigned one of 8 treatments (7 nutrition shakes or water) 2 h after a standardized breakfast. Blood glucose, insulin levels and subjective appetite were monitored over the following 2-h. Ad libitum food intake was measured after each treatment. Besides, in vitro glucose release was determined by an in vitro digestion method. The results showed that soybean protein decreased the peak blood glucose level compared with sodium caseinate (P = .0003). Medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) decreased the blood glucose level at 30 or 45 min (P < .0001 or = 0.0008) compared with long-chain triglycerides (LCT). Maltodextrin decreased the peak blood glucose level compared with corn syrup (P = .0058). Maltodextrin + whey protein decreased the blood glucose level at 45 min compared with corn syrup + sodium caseinate (P < .0001). MCT + whey protein + syrup + fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) (P < .0001), LCT + whey protein + maltodextrin + FOS (P < .0001), and LCT + whey protein + syrup + oat fiber (P = .0027) suppressed food intake compared with LCT + sodium caseinate + syrup + FOS. These contrasting data indicated that postprandial glycemia and food intake after consumption of nutrition shakes could be controlled by manipulating patterns of macronutrient intake (i.e., changing the source of one or two macronutrients).

Macronutrient intake pattern among type 2 diabetic adults visiting a tertiary care hospital of rural Vadodara

The management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus requires a combination of medications and lifestyle changes. The present study was undertaken to correlate the dietary practices, anthropometric and biochemical parameters with the RDA of macronutrients. A cross sectional study consisting diabetic patients (n=50) visiting OPD at a tertiary care hospital were selected. Their anthropometry, food habits and dietary recall were analyzed. Out of 50 subjects, 58% were having normal BMI, 14% were hypertensive. A positive correlation (r=0.23) was observed between Blood pressure and BMI. The mean nutrient intake were Energy 1444 (±470) Kcal, Protein 40.26(±14.15) gm, Fats 28.60(±15.23) gm and Carbohydrate 193.28(±108.9) gm. About half of the subjects were achieving 50% of the calorie requirement, 60% of them were fulfilling 75% RDA for protein. Conclusion: MNT Goals should include maintenance of Ideal body weight along with lifestyle modifications besides maintaining the desired blood sugar levels. This will help in better compliance in management of diabetes.

Effects of Dietary Fat to Carbohydrate Ratio on Obesity Risk Depending on Genotypes of Circadian Genes.

Although the impacts of macronutrients and the circadian clock on obesity have been reported, the interactions between macronutrient distribution and circadian genes are unclear. The aim of this study was to explore macronutrient intake patterns in the Korean population and associations between the patterns and circadian gene variants and obesity. After applying the criteria, 5343 subjects (51.6% male, mean age 49.4 ± 7.3 years) from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study data and nine variants in seven circadian genes were analyzed. We defined macronutrient intake patterns by tertiles of the fat to carbohydrate ratio (FC). The very low FC (VLFC) was associated with a higher risk of obesity than the optimal FC (OFC). After stratification by the genotypes of nine variants, the obesity risk according to the patterns differed by the variants. In the female VLFC, the major homozygous allele of CLOCK rs11932595 and CRY1 rs3741892 had a higher abdominal obesity risk than those in the OFC. The GG genotype of PER2 rs2304672 in the VLFC showed greater risks for obesity and abdominal obesity. In conclusion, these findings suggest that macronutrient intake patterns were associated with obesity susceptibility, and the associations were different depending on the circadian clock genotypes of the CLOCK, PER2, and CRY1 loci.

A gene–diet interaction controlling relative intake of dietary carbohydrates and fats

ObjectivePreference for dietary fat vs. carbohydrate varies markedly across free-living individuals. It is recognized that food choice is under genetic and physiological regulation, and that the central melanocortin system is involved. However, how genetic and dietary factors interact to regulate relative macronutrient intake is not well understood. MethodsWe investigated how the choice for food rich in carbohydrate vs. fat is influenced by dietary cholesterol availability and agouti-related protein (AGRP), the orexigenic component of the central melanocortin system. We assessed how macronutrient intake and different metabolic parameters correlate with plasma AGRP in a cohort of obese humans. We also examined how both dietary cholesterol levels and inhibiting de novo cholesterol synthesis affect carbohydrate and fat intake in mice, and how dietary cholesterol deficiency during the postnatal period impacts macronutrient intake patterns in adulthood. ResultsIn obese human subjects, plasma levels of AGRP correlated inversely with consumption of carbohydrates over fats. Moreover, AgRP-deficient mice preferred to consume more calories from carbohydrates than fats, more so when each diet lacked cholesterol. Intriguingly, inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis (simvastatin) promoted carbohydrate intake at the expense of fat without altering total caloric consumption, an effect that was remarkably absent in AgRP-deficient mice. Finally, feeding lactating C57BL/6 dams and pups a cholesterol-free diet prior to weaning led the offspring to prefer fats over carbohydrates as adults, indicating that altered cholesterol metabolism early in life programs adaptive changes to macronutrient intake. ConclusionsTogether, our study illustrates a specific gene–diet interaction in modulating food choice.

Using Dietary Macronutrient Patterns to Predict Sarcopenic Obesity in Older Adults: A Representative Korean Nationwide Population-Based Study.

Older adults with sarcopenic obesity (SO) are at increased risk of adverse health outcomes. It has not been identified which pattern of macronutrient intake is appropriate in relation to SO. We aimed to compare the patterns of macronutrient intake for predicting SO in older adults. Data from a total of 3828 older adults who participated in the 2008–2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. The one-day 24 h dietary recall method was used to assess macronutrient intake. SO was defined by a combination of body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2 and BMI adjusted-appendicular skeletal muscle mass <0.789 for men and <0.512 for women. Weighted logistic regression analysis revealed the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for SO of total calorie intake per 100 increments and carbohydrate (CHO) intake (g/kg/day) per 1 increment to be 0.95 (0.91–0.99) and 0.83 (0.74–0.94), respectively, after adjusting for confounding variables in women. The predictive power for SO of CHO intake (g/kg/day) was higher compared with the other patterns of macronutrient intake both in men and women. In conclusion, total calorie intake and CHO intake (g/kg/day) are inversely related to SO in women. CHO intake (g/kg/day) could be the best index for determining SO.

Association between Macronutrient Intake Pattern, Glycemic Status and Use of Antidiabetic Drugs among Type 2 Diabetes Patients

The study was aimed to assess the macronutrient intake pattern and its association to glycemic status and drug intake pattern of type 2 diabetes patients. Forty five subjects (25 males and 20 females) aged between 30 and 60 years, diagnosed with diabetes for less than 3 years were enrolled into the study. Based on Oral Anti-Diabetic drugs (OAD) treatment, they were grouped as those on mono-therapy (GpI, n=21) and dual therapy (GpII, n=25). Information about drugs profile, macronutrient intake (3 days diet recall reported as % equivalent of energy) and serum glucose profile were obtained at baseline and a 6th month follow up. Mean CHO, protein and fat intakes were 65.4±4.84, 12.6±1.26 and 22.0±4.7 % of total energy at baseline and remained essentially similar at 6&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; month. Patients who had controlled glycemic status (HbA&lt;sub&gt;1C &lt;/sub&gt;≤ 7 %) consumed 63.4±2.70 % CHO which was significantly (P&amp;lt;0.05) lower than those with not&lt;strong&gt;-&lt;/strong&gt;controlled glycemic status (HbA&lt;sub&gt;1C &lt;/sub&gt;&amp;gt;7 %) during both the assessment periods. Also, mean protein intake was higher and fat intake was lower among patients with good glycemic control. Significantly a higher proportion of (P&amp;lt;0.05) patients consuming CHO &amp;gt; 65 % were on dual therapy. A diet with lower carbohydrates and fat but high protein exerted good glycemic control. Number of OADs and their dosages were significantly associated to CHO intakes. Since Indian diets are predominantly carbohydrate rich, it calls for a careful management of diet among Type 2 diabetes patients

Local foods can meet micronutrient needs for women in urban Burkina Faso, but only if rarely consumed micronutrient-dense foods are included in daily diets: A linear programming exercise.

Women of reproductive age are at nutritional risk due to their need for nutrient-dense diets. Risk is further elevated in resource-poor environments. In one such environment, we evaluated feasibility of meeting micronutrient needs of women of reproductive age using local foods alone or using local foods and supplements, while minimizing cost. Based on dietary recall data from Ouagadougou, we used linear programming to identify the lowest cost options for meeting 10 micronutrient intake recommendations, while also meeting energy needs and following an acceptable macronutrient intake pattern. We modeled scenarios with maximum intake per food item constrained at the 75th percentile of reported intake and also with more liberal maxima based on recommended portions per day, with and without the addition of supplements. Some scenarios allowed only commonly consumed foods (reported on at least 10% of recall days). We modeled separately for pregnant, lactating, and nonpregnant, nonlactating women. With maxima constrained to the 75th percentile, all micronutrient needs could be met with local foods but only when several nutrient-dense but rarely consumed items were included in daily diets. When only commonly consumed foods were allowed, micronutrient needs could not be met without supplements. When larger amounts of common animal-source foods were allowed, all needs could be met for nonpregnant, nonlactating women but not for pregnant or lactating women, without supplements. We conclude that locally available foods could meet micronutrient needs but that to achieve this, strategies would be needed to increase consistent availability in markets, consistent economic access, and demand.

Associations between FTO genotype and total energy and macronutrient intake in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Risk variants of fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene have been associated with increased obesity. However, the evidence for associations between FTO genotype and macronutrient intake has not been reviewed systematically. Our aim was to evaluate the potential associations between FTO genotype and intakes of total energy, fat, carbohydrate and protein. We undertook a systematic literature search in OVID MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE and Cochrane of associations between macronutrient intake and FTO genotype in adults. Beta coefficients and confidence intervals (CIs) were used for per allele comparisons. Random-effect models assessed the pooled effect sizes. We identified 56 eligible studies reporting on 213,173 adults. For each copy of the FTO risk allele, individuals reported 6.46 kcal day(-1) (95% CI: 10.76, 2.16) lower total energy intake (P = 0.003). Total fat (P = 0.028) and protein (P = 0.006), but not carbohydrate intakes, were higher in those carrying the FTO risk allele. After adjustment for body weight, total energy intakes remained significantly lower in individuals with the FTO risk genotype (P = 0.028). The FTO risk allele is associated with a lower reported total energy intake and with altered patterns of macronutrient intake. Although significant, these differences are small and further research is needed to determine whether the associations are independent of dietary misreporting.

High-Fat Diet Is Associated with Obesity-Mediated Insulin Resistance and β-Cell Dysfunction in Mexican Americans

Consumption of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods has contributed to the rising incidence of obesity and may underlie insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction. Macronutrient intake patterns were examined in relation to anthropometric and metabolic traits in participants of BetaGene, a family-based study of obesity, insulin resistance, and β-cell dysfunction in Mexican Americans. Dietary intake, body composition, insulin sensitivity (SI), and β-cell function [Disposition Index (DI)] were assessed by food-frequency questionnaires, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and intravenous glucose-tolerance tests, respectively. Patterns of macronutrient intake were identified by using a K-means model based on the proportion of total energy intake per day attributable to carbohydrate, fat, and protein and were tested for association with anthropometric and metabolic traits. Among 1150 subjects aged 18–65 y (73% female), tertiles of fat intake were associated with greater adiposity and lower SI, after adjustment for age, sex, and daily energy intake. Moreover, 3 distinct dietary patterns were identified: “high fat” (35% fat, 44% carbohydrate, 21% protein; n = 238), “moderate fat” (28% fat, 54% carbohydrate, 18% protein; n = 520), and “low fat” (20% fat, 65% carbohydrate, 15% protein; n = 392). Compared with the low-fat group, the high-fat group had higher age- and sex-adjusted mean body mass index, body fat percentage, and trunk fat and lower SI and DI. Further adjustment for daily energy intake by matching individuals across dietary pattern groups yielded similar results. None of the observed associations were altered after adjustment for physical activity; however, associations with SI and DI were attenuated after adjustment for adiposity. These findings suggest that high-fat diets may contribute to increased adiposity and concomitant insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction in Mexican Americans.

Alcohol and macronutrient intake patterns are related to general and central adiposity

Alcohol and dietary fat have high energy densities and may therefore be related to body weight and fat deposition. We studied associations between alcohol and macronutrient intake patterns and general and central adiposity. A population-based cross-sectional study of 524 men and 611 women. The participants answered a dietary questionnaire describing habitual food consumption including intake of alcoholic beverages. Macronutrient intake was analysed in relation to anthropometric measures and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry determined body fat. In women, total alcohol intake was negatively associated with body fat percentage (β:-0.67, P<0.01). In men, total alcohol intake was positively associated with sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD) (β: 0.28, P=0.01). In addition, positive associations were found between intake of alcohol from spirits and body fat percentage (β: 1.17, P<0.05), SAD (β: 0.52, P<0.05) and waist circumference (β: 2.29, P=0.01). In men, protein intake was positively associated with body mass index (BMI) (β: 0.03, P=0.001), body fat percentage (β: 0.04, P<0.05), SAD (β: 0.02, P=0.01) and waist circumference (β: 0.09, P<0.01). Also in men only, negative associations between fat intake and BMI (β: -0.03, P<0.01), SAD (β: -0.02, P<0.05) and waist circumference (β: -0.05, P<0.05) were found. Alcohol intake was inversely associated to relative body fat in women whereas spirits consumption was positively related to central and general obesity in men. Macronutrient intakes, particularly protein and fat, were differently associated with obesity indicators in men versus women. This may reflect a differential effect by gender, or differential obesity related reporting errors in men and women.

Dietary Characteristics of Macronutrient Intake and the Status of Metabolic Syndrome among Koreans

Metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is heavily dependent on dietary and lifestyle practices, is prevalent in Korean adults. Because dietary practices are unique for each race, nationality, and culture, it is important to identify Korean adult dietary practices that are associated with MetS. Macronutrient intake patterns were analyzed and compared across health status using the 2007-2008 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (8,143 adults who had dietary data and biomarkers related to MetS). Although intake levels were different by age, gender, and health status, carbohydrate intake was high and fat intake was low among Korean adults. The carbohydrate energy ratio was higher and the fat energy ratio was lower for subjects > 60 years old who were diagnosed with diabetes, hypertension, or MetS than those in other age groups. The main source of fat from food differed depending on the group. These results demonstrated that macronutrient intake patterns were different between age, gender, and health status subgroups. Hence, it is recommended that nutritional policy and practices aimed at controlling MetS should be based on the dietary characteristics of the target group. (Korean J Nutr 2011; 44 (2): 119 ~ 130)

Association of macronutrient intake patterns with being overweight in a population-based random sample of men in France

Aim Diet is considered an important modifiable factor in the overweight. The role of macronutrients in obesity has been examined in general in selected populations, but the results of these studies are mixed, depending on the potential confounders and adjustments for other macronutrients. For this reason, we examined the association between macronutrient intake patterns and being overweight in a population-based representative sample of middle-aged (55.1 ± 6.1 years) men ( n = 966), using various adjustment modalities. Methods The study subjects kept 3-day food-intake records, and the standard cardiovascular risk factors were assessed. Weight, height and waist circumference (WC) were also measured. Results Carbohydrate intake was negatively associated and fat intake was positively associated with body mass index (BMI) and WC in regression models adjusted for energy intake and other factors, including age, smoking and physical activity. However, with mutual adjustments for other energy-yielding nutrients, the negative association of carbohydrate intake with WC remained significant, whereas the associations between fat intake and measures of obesity did not. Adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) comparing the highest and lowest quartiles of carbohydrate intake were 0.50 (0.25–0.97) for obesity (BMI > 29.9) and 0.41 (0.23–0.73) for abdominal obesity (WC > 101.9 cm). Conclusion Consistent negative associations between carbohydrate intake and BMI and WC were seen in this random representative sample of the general male population. The associations between fat intake and these measures of being overweight were attenuated on adjusting for carbohydrate intake. Thus, the balance of carbohydrate-to-fat intake is an important element in obesity in a general male population, and should be highlighted in dietary guidelines.

Macronutrient intake patterns and overweight in a population‐based random sample in France

Macronutrient intake patterns and overweight in a population‐based random sample in France

Breakfast: A Missed Opportunity

Breakfast has earned the title as the most important meal of the day, yet it is the meal most often missed. This statement is supported by research that has shown an association between breakfast consumption and overall nutritional quality of the diets of children and adolescents (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7), and national data that document a decline in breakfast consumption by youth in the United States (8). Moreover, relative to its energy contribution, breakfast provides a higher percentage of micronutrients than other meals consumed during the day (9). In addition to being a marker for an appropriate micronutrient and macronutrient intake pattern (3), regularity in breakfast consumption has been linked with improvement in academic performance and psychosocial functioning (10) as well as cognition (11) among children. Furthermore, breakfast consumption is considered an important determinant of a healthful lifestyle (12), and its association with healthful behaviors may favorably influence body mass index (BMI) (13).

Children’s Patterns of Macronutrient Intake and Associations with Restaurant and Home Eating

Children’s Patterns of Macronutrient Intake and Associations with Restaurant and Home Eating

Nutrient and food intakes in selected subgroups of Belgian adults.

In March 1997, official dietary guidelines were for the first time published in Belgium by the National Council on Nutrition. These guidelines are entirely focussed on nutrient intake and do not translate this information into specific 'food-based' recommendations. In this paper, actual intake data for the adult Belgian population are compared to these guidelines. It is concluded that the overall macronutrient intake pattern in Belgium corresponds to the typical Western so-called affluent diet. As a next step, an attempt is made to outline a conceptual framework for developing food-based dietary guidelines on the basis of existing food consumption databases. For that purpose, nutrient and food intake profiles--percentage of consumers and mean intakes for the total population and for consumers only--are studied for subgroups of the population that do or do not comply to predefined dietary goals for total fat intake, fibre intake, and fruit and vegetable intake. Finally, it is shown with an example that these data can be used as a basis for formulating healthy food recommendations towards the general population in terms of specific foods or food groups to be avoided or to be chosen preferably. The food and nutrient intake data used in this paper are from the BIRNH study (Belgian Interuniversity Research on Nutrition and Health, 1980-1984), the only nationwide food consumption survey on an individual level ever carried out in Belgium.

Zinc status specifically changes preferences for carbohydrate and protein in rats selecting from separate carbohydrate-, protein-, and fat-containing diets.

This study examined how macronutrient intake preferences were specifically altered in the loss of appetite caused by experimentally produced zinc deficiency. Outbred female rats were allowed to freely select from simultaneously provided carbohydrate-, protein-, and fat-rich diets to provide themselves with an acceptable total diet. Rats were divided into two groups and provided the three diets containing either adequate (30 mg/kg; Zn+) or deficient (1 mg/kg; Zn-) levels of zinc (Zn). After 28 d, rats offered the Zn- diet were returned to a Zn+ diet (Zn repletion). Intakes from each of the three macronutrient diets were measured to determine macronutrient preferences of Zn-adequate, Zn-deficient, and Zn-repleted rats. In two 28-d studies involving a total of 66 rats, total metabolizable energy intake in Zn deficient rats was between 20 and 35% lower than in Zn+ rats, and carbohydrate intake accounted for essentially 100% of the lower energy intake. Fat and protein intakes were not affected by Zn deficiency. When Zn-deficient rats were repleted with Zn by providing diets containing adequate Zn, carbohydrate intake was restored to normal levels after 1 d of feeding. A transient difference in protein intake was noted during the repletion period, peaking during d 2-4 of repletion. Protein intake increased by more than 50% during this period. We hypothesize that specific changes in macronutrient intake patterns during development and recovery from Zn deficiency may be reflections, at least in part, of Zn-mediated changes in the central control of appetite.

Meal patterns of macronutrient intake in rats with particular dietary preferences.

In the present study, we examined, via computer-assisted analyses, the nocturnal meal patterns of male albino Sprague-Dawley rats with clear differences in their individual preferences for the macronutrients, protein, carbohydrate, and fat. Rats exhibiting a strong preference for the carbohydrate diet over the 12-h nocturnal cycle (approximately 50% of the group) consumed fewer total calories and relatively small, more frequent meals, compared with rats that preferred protein or fat. Moreover, the first meal of the feeding cycle was identified as being most distinctive in reflecting the individual dietary preferences of these rats. This contrasts with the subsequent meals, which for all rats showed a general trend of increasing proportions of protein and fat and a decreasing concentration of carbohydrate. Only the high-fat rats (approximately 30% of the group) were further distinguished by a particularly large fat-predominant meal in the middle-dark period, which was then followed by smaller fat-rich meals in the late-dark period. These fat-preferring rats exhibited significantly greater body weight gain compared with rats preferring carbohydrate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Developmental patterns of macronutrient intake in female and male rats from weaning to maturity

Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats had available pure macronutrient diets, protein, carbohydrate and fat, from birth to day 77 of age. Analyses of their intake of these nitrients, as a function of age, demonstrate that, in both sexes, daily protein intake and preference for this nutrient relative to the other macronutrients rise steadily from weaning and peak precisely at the time of puberty (day 37–44 for females and days 42–49 for males), when there is also a peak in body weight gain. This is in contrast to daily carbohydrate intake, which peaks 2 weeks after puberty in males, and also to the female and male rats' preference for carbohydrate, which remains relatively stable from weaning to maturity. These patterns also differ from those observed for daily fat intake and fat preference for females and males, which are relatively high during the first postweaning week and then decline and remain very low until shortly after puberty (day 54), when there occurs a sharp burst in fat intake. Comparisons between the females and males reveal a significantly stronger preference for carbohydrate in the females, exhibited as early as 23 days of age; a stronger preference for protein and fat in the males, evident after day 28; and greater light-period feeding of carbohydrate and fat by females compared to males, apparent after puberty. Correlational analyses demonstrate that body weight and total kcal intake are closely related to daily protein consumption, more strongly in females compared to males; are strongly related to daily fat intake only in males; and are unrelated to intake of carbohydrate, at any age and in either sex.

Effect of hypothalamic and peripheral fluoxetine injection on natural patterns of macronutrient intake in the rat

The effect of the serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitor, fluoxetine (FLU), on nutrient intake was examined in rats given free access to three pure macronutrient diets (protein, carbohydrate and fat). Fluoxetine was administered either peripherally or directly into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) at three different times of the rats' nocturnal cycle. Using a range of doses for IP (0.6-10 mg/kg) and PVN injection (3.2-100 nmol), FLU exerted a selective, dose-dependent suppression (-20% to -60%) of carbohydrate intake only during the first hour of the dark. No change in the consumption of protein or fat was observed. This suppressive effect in the early dark period was not observed during the late dark phase, after either IP or PVN administration. In animals with brain cannulae aimed at different hypothalamic nuclei, the nutrient-suppressive effect of FLU was found to be localized to the medial hypothalamic nuclei, namely, the ventromedial, dorsomedial and suprachiasmatic nuclei, in addition to the PVN. These results, along with other published work, support a role for hypothalamic 5-HT systems in the control of nutrient intake in a circadian-related manner and in mediating the central action of the anorectic compound FLU.