Macromineral Concentrations Research Articles

Salicylic Acid Improves Growth and Physiological Attributes and Salt Tolerance Differentially in Two Bread Wheat Cultivars.

Abiotic constraints such as salinity stress reduce cereal production. Salicylic acid is an elicitor of abiotic stress tolerance in plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of salicylic acid on two bread wheat cultivars (SST806 and PAN3497) grown under salt stress (100 and 200 mM NaCl) in the presence and absence of 0.5 mM salicylic acid. The highest salt concentration (200 mM), in both PAN3497 and SST806, increased the days to germination and reduced the coleoptile and radicle dry weights. The shoot dry weight was reduced by 75 and 39%, root dry weight by 73 and 37%, spike number of both by 50%, spike weight by 73 and 54%, grain number by 62 and 15%, grain weight per spike by 80 and 45%, and 1000 grain weight by 9 and 29% for 200 and 100 mM NaCl, respectively. Salicylic acid in combination with 100 mM and 200 mM NaCl increased the shoot, root, and yield attributes. Salicylic acid increased the grain protein content, especially at 200 mM NaCl, and the increase was higher in SST806 than PAN3497. The macro-mineral concentration was markedly increased by an increase of NaCl. This was further increased by salicylic acid treatment for both SST806 and PAN3497. Regarding micro-minerals, Na was increased more than the other minerals in both cultivars. Mn, Zn, Fe, and Cu were increased under 100 mM and 200 Mm of salt, and salicylic acid application increased these elements further in both cultivars. These results suggested that salicylic acid application improved the salt tolerance of these two bread wheat cultivars.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LIME (Citrus aurantifolia) SOLUTION ON QUALITY OF Pterygoplichthys pardalis FLESH FROM CILIWUNG RIVER, JAKARTA, INDONESIA

Rivers play an important role in life, but they are highly polluted by increased activities in the surrounding. For example, Ciliwung River is experiencing heavy metal pollution which has affected aquatic organisms including the pleco fish widely used by local communities as food ingredients such as dumplings, dimsum, and otak-otak. This element’s content rises in pleco fish flesh yearly and the accumulation after entering the human body interferes with health. Even though the usage of citric acid-containing lime reduces heavy metals, currently, no information explains the fruit’s effectiveness on metal content in pleco fish. Therefore, this research aims to prove the effectiveness of lime solution on pleco fish flesh quality. It was conducted by soaking the fish flesh with control and the lime solution at different concentrations, namely 0, 50, 75, and 100% for 10 and 30 minutes. Proximate analysis was performed followed by metal and mineral content testing through the XRF method. Based on the results, soaking the sample object with a higher concentration of lime and at a longer time caused a decrease in ash content, while water, protein, and fat increased. After soaking, Pb and Hg content had chelation in each treatment but still exceeded the SNI threshold value, while Sn was in accordance with the SNI. The content of macrominerals (K, Cl, Mg, and P) and microminerals (Cu, Zn, and Se) became different.

BLOOD MINERAL PROFILE IN NEWBORN CALVES WITH INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION

Widespread intrauterine growth retardation of embryo and fetal (IUGR) in cattle and its negative effects on postnatal growth and offspring health threaten the economic sustainability of livestock production. IUGR calves often exhibit birth weight deficits, early death, metabolic abnormalities, low growth rate, and poor feed utilization. Effective correction of these disorders is impossible without a detailed study of the causes, mechanisms of development and consequences of IUGR. In the present work, a comparative analysis of the content of macrominerals and trace elements in the blood of newborn Simmental calves with IUGR (Group I, n = 20) and the physiological course of pregnancy in their mothers (Group II, n = 20) was carried out. Blood for studies in calves was obtained at 1 day of age, before the 4th feeding of colostrum. The content of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium in blood serum samples and the content of iron, copper, zinc, manganese, cobalt and selenium in whole blood samples were studied by atomic absorption spectrometry (AA6300, Shimadzu, Japan). Group I calves had increased serum potassium (by 6.7%, P = 0.022) and magnesium (by 6.3%, P = 0.004) and decreased sodium (by 4.3%, P = 0. 005), reduced whole blood selenium (by 41.0%, P = 0.0001), copper (by 23.6%, P = 0.0001), and manganese (by 23.4%, P = 0.005) compared with Group II animals. The blood content of the other minerals studied did not differ significantly between the groups. The possible causes and consequences of the identified disorders of the mineral blood profile in newborn calves with IUGR were analyzed.

Macrominerals and Trace Minerals in Commercial Infant Formulas Marketed in Brazil: Compliance With Established Minimum and Maximum Requirements, Label Statements, and Estimated Daily Intake.

Infant formulas are the main nutritional source for infants when breastfeeding is not possible or recommended. The daily need for specific nutrients, such as essential minerals, in early stages of a child's life is high because of rapid infant growth and development, which impose metabolic flux increases on these pathways to support growth, physical activity, and defense against infections. In this context, this research aimed to determine macromineral and trace mineral contents in starting (phase 1) and follow-up (phase 2) infant formulas marketed in Brazil (n = 30) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, calculate estimated daily intakes, and compare them to reference values regarding adequate intake and tolerable upper intake levels. The highest concentrations of macrominerals were observed in Ca, K, P, and Na, and trace minerals in Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu. Certain homogeneity only to trace mineral contents was observed when analyzing inter-batch values from same manufacturers. In general, all phase 1 and phase 2 infant formula brands and batches met or exceeded Fe, Zn, Cu, Mo, and Se contents when compared to maximum limits established by Codex Alimentarius. In addition, Zn contents in eight phase 1 and in four phase 2 infant formulas were above the contents established by the tolerable upper intake level for children aged 0–6 and/or 7–12 months, respectively. These findings highlight the need to expand regular infant formula inspection concerning nutritional quality, as some composition aspects of these foods must be improved to follow international guidelines, since ideal requirements for infant formula composition, quality, and safety interfere in child development and adult health.

Global survey of limestone used in poultry diets: calcium content, particle size and solubility

Limestone is used in poultry diets as a calcium (Ca) source. Feed formulation is often based on an estimate of limestone Ca content or, less frequently, wet chemistry analysis. However, limestone composition may vary, which has not previously been studied on a large scale. In this study, 641 limestone samples supplied to poultry feed mills in 40 countries across eight global regions were collected and analysed for macro- and micromineral content, particle size (geometric mean diameter, GMD), and in vitro solubility. Mean Ca content of fine limestone (GMD<1000 μm, n=566) was 37.8% (range 33.3-39.7%) and for coarse limestone (GMD>1000 μm, n=75) was 38.0% (range 34.7-40.0%). There was marked variation among and within regions in the concentration of other macro minerals and microminerals. Particle size (GMD) of fine limestone was 288 μm (range 37.7-991.9 μm) and 1,689 mm for coarse limestone (range 301.6-3,067.9 μm). In vitro solubility of fine limestone (5 min incubation, pH=3.0) was 68.4% (range 18.8 to 99.4%). Particle size only explained 52% of the variation in 5 min incubation solubility (R2=0.52). For coarse limestone, mean solubility (30 min incubation) was 65.5% (range 23.2-96%) which was not correlated (R2=0.09) with particle size. Particle size and solubility rate of limestone have been shown to alter Ca and phosphorus utilisation in broilers and laying hens. Hence, better understanding of variation in mineral analysis, particle size and solubility rate would enable more accurate feed inclusion and subsequently digestibility to support health and performance.

Effect of maturity on the phytonutrient composition of Cape gooseberry seeds (Physalis peruviana L.)

The seeds of Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) remain as a by-product from juice production, but they can also be a potential resource of valuable nutrients. The objective of this study was to analyze the phytonutrient composition of the seeds isolated from fruit at two maturity stages unsuitable for regular realization (unripe and under-ripe), with the aim of identifying the possibility for utilization of such non-standard or discarded agricultural production. The results showed about 3-time lower oil content in the unripe seeds than in the under-ripe seeds (6.60% vs. 21.75%), but no significant differences in the content of protein (18.44% and 17.83%) and cellulose (26.63% and 26.14%). The total tocopherol content slightly decreased with the progress of fruit maturity (from 8354 mg/kg to 7118 mg/kg). Significant changes in the amino acid composition were found only with regard to aspartic acid, glutamic acid, tyrosine and methionine. The content of macro and micro minerals was lower in the under-ripe seeds (about 1.5-2-time). The results from this baseline study suggested that the seeds from both unripe and under-ripe fruit could also be considered for nutritive purposes (animal feed, food products).

Concentration and distribution of macrominerals in tissues of Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis exposed to Cd and Cd-mixtures

Marine ecosystems are under great pressure due to heavy metals pollution, and mussels remain an important knowledge source in this regard. In this study, Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were exposed for 7 days to Cd and three Cd-mixtures (Cd+Pb, Cd+Cu and Cd+Pb+Cu). The accumulation and tissue distribution of inorganic elements (Ca, K, Mg, Na, P and S, macrominerals) that are usually not taken into consideration in field studies on in bioassays were evaluated. Regarding concentration, the element which differed the most with respect to the control group was K, while Mg was the only one which showed no significant statistical difference with the control group. The group exposed to ternary mixture was the one in which there were more alterations in concentration and distribution of these macrominerals with respect to control, whereas in the group exposed to single Cd no significant differences in the concentration of these inorganic elements were found. The concentration and distribution of macrominerals in the compartments studied (digestive gland, gill and remaining soft tissues) is susceptible to the presence of Cd and heavy metal Cd-mixtures, with percentages of changes until 28.7%. Study results suggest that macrominerals composition in mussel tissues could be useful in studies of heavy metal contamination in marine ecosystems.

Proximate and Mineral Nutrition of Common Bean Genotypes as Influenced by Harvesting Time

Common bean is the most consumed legume by humans and hence significant for global food security and nutritive value mainly iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn). The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of harvesting time and genotypes on proximate and mineral composition of common bean. Two field experiments were carried out in Sebele (24o33′S, 25o54′E, 994 m above sea level) horticultural fields during summer 2018/2019. Treatments included two common bean genotypes DAB 564 (white) or 520 (red) and three harvesting stages as the early, mid and late season harvest. In both seasons, genotype and harvesting time significantly (P < 0.05) influenced proximate, macro and micro mineral composition of common bean seeds. Generally genotypes studied had a sufficient amount of proximate and mineral content with crude protein, iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) content as the most abundant minerals at a range between 20-22%, 33-101 mg g-1 and 41-45 mg g-1, respectively across harvesting times. Genotype DAB 564 (white coloured) significantly (P < 0.05) produced seeds with the highest concentration of proximate and mineral contents especially zinc (45 mg g-1) and iron (70 mg g-1) content irrespective of season. Harvesting common bean seed early or mid-stage produced high seed concentration of proximate, micro and macro mineral content across genotype or season.

Latitude and Skimming Process Effect on Cow’s Milk Content in Essential Inorganic Elements

The objective of this study was to determine the mineral variation of cow’s milk as affected by latitude (north or south Europe; reflecting different feeding practices, i.e. grazing or not), and manufacturing process (different fat content). The mineral content of milk is particularly important to the infant food formula industry, whilst milk products cover a significant proportion of adult requirements in inorganic elements. Milk samples of pasteurized full fat milk were taken according to the origin of milk; southern Europe or north Europe during autumn; reflecting different feeding practices. Additionally, milk samples with different fat content 0, 1.5 and 3.5% were taken during the year, from manufacturing milk supplies. The elements determined were Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn, Cu, Fe by the use of atomic absorption spectroscopy, and P was determined through UV-VIS spectrophotometer. Milk fat removal significantly increased the macro mineral content Ca, P, and Mg. Manufacturing process did not affect micro element content. Latitude did not have significant impact on the content of macro minerals, but significant effect on Cu and Mn content. Higher Cu content in milk of south origin was probably related to higher concentrate to forage ratio fed. Higher Mn content in milk of north origin could be attributed to hay or/and drinking water of high industrialized countries. The elements Zn and Fe were not affected by manufacturing process neither by latitude. It was concluded that only Cu can be substantially manipulated through animal nutrition. Food composition tables should be updated as macro inorganic element content of milk is reduced gradually corresponding to higher yielding cows, whilst trace element content tend to increase as a result of higher proportion of concentrates fed.

Nutraceutical and preservative potential of Acacia mearnsii and Acacia dealbata leaves for ruminant production and product quality enhancement

AbstractSeasonality and species are key aspects of the abiotic and biotic environment, respectively, that influence nutrient, phytochemical and antioxidant profiles of invasive alien plants leaf-meals. The current study investigated the effects of season on nutrient, amino acid, fatty acid, mineral, bioactive polyphenolic composition and antioxidant activity of Acacia mearnsii and A. dealbata leaf-meals. Overall, A. mearnsii leaf-meal harvested in the hot-dry-season had greater crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent soluble fibre, 24 and 48 h in vitro neutral detergent fibre digestibility, macro-mineral contents, individual polyphenols, C18:1n9 and C18:2n6 compared to other leaf-meals. Regardless of the season, A. mearnsii leaf-meals had greater amino acid concentrations than A. dealbata leaf-meals. Hot-dry-season leaf-meals had a greater concentration of total flavonoids than the leaf-meals in the cool-wet-season irrespective of species. Antioxidant potency composite of the Acacia leaf-meals was in the order of A. dealbata × hot-dry-season > A. mearnsii × hot-dry-season > A. mearnsii × cool-wet-season > A. dealbata × cool-wet-season. The findings suggested that A. mearnsii leaf-meal harvested in the hot-dry-season has superior nutritional and polyphenolic profiles, which could support its use as a nutraceutical and preservative for the enhancement of ruminant production and product quality compared to other leaf meals.

Bioavailability of Ca, K, Mg and Na in Arabian Yellow Finned Sea Bream (Acanthopagrus arabicus) with Estimated Daily Intake for Human Consumption

Yellow finned sea bream (Acanthopagrus arabicus) is a commercially important fish of coastal water of Pakistan. It is widely consumed by the people within and outside the country. Therefore, the paper investigates the concentration of macro-minerals (Ca, K, Mg and Na) in its meat and gills. The concentrations of different elements demonstrated statistically significant difference (P < 0.01) between meat and gills of the fish. Significantly higher concentrations of calcium and lower concentrations of potassium and sodium were recorded in gills compared to those in meat. In meat, mean concentrations were found in the order Na (5.41%) > K (3.44%) > Ca (2.16%) > Mg (0.24%), while in gills, the mean concentrations were Ca (57.72%) > Na (3.43%) > K (1.19%) > Mg (0.31%). Statistically significant correlations (P < 0.05) were noted between the body weight and the concentrations of calcium and magnesium in the meat of fish. The results are also compared with estimated daily intake and dietary reference intake values. The present study suggests that Acanthopagrus arabicus is an important source of macro-minerals for human consumption.

Proximate Composition, Macro-Mineral Concentration and Phytochemical Screening of Seeds of Citrullus Lonatus

The research was aimed at determining the nutritional value and accessing the nutraceutical potential of locally processed tropical seed of Citrillus lonatus .Proximate composition, macro-mineral concentrations and phytochemical screening of seeds of Citrullus lonatus were conducted on dry weight basis using standard methods. Phytochemical screening revealed that tannin had the highest value (6.45±0.006 ) followed by flavonoid (3.37±0.047 ) . Alkaloid was appreciable in value (1.35±0.006) while HCN and phytate were low in value. Moisture content was 14.77±0.013% and dry matter was 85.21±0.01%. Crude fat presented the highest value, 28.48±0.013% followed by crude protein (24.78±0.006%), total carbohydrate (18.44±0.006%), crude fiber (11.27±0.01%) and ash had the lowest value of 2.24±0.021%. The calorific value was high at 429.47±0.295 Kcal/100g sample. The concentrations of the analytes from the highest value to the lowest value in the sample was in the order potassium (457.60±0.670mg/kg), Magnesium(89.45±0.006mg/kg), Calcium (42.87±0.125mg/kg) and Sodium (38.26±0.008mg/kg) respectively .The potassium to sodium ratio was 12 ( > 1) while the sodium to potassium ratio was 0.08(< 1). The results in this study showed that Citrullus lonatus seeds are rich in crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, potassium, magnesium,calcium,sodium, tannin, alkaloid and flavonoid. They may therefore serve as good sources of food nutrients and nutraceuticals to be utilized in the production of food and feed supplements.

Analysis of macro- and Microminerals Content in the Einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.) Samples Cultivated in Kastamonu, Turkey

Wheat is an important cereal product because of its nutritional value, economy, culture, and history. Einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.) assumed as the oldest wheat. Einkorn locally called “siyez” has recently become popular as a super grain with the thought of being very nutritious in Turkey. In this study, the contents of macrominerals (Na, Mg, Ca, and K) and microminerals (Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) in twenty-one einkorn samples collected from different cultivation areas in Kastamonu were determined by using an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry following microwave-assisted acid digestion. The results were compared with those analyzed in einkorn and other wheat types in the literature. Average concentrations of K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cr and Cu analyzed in einkorn samples were found as 3712, 1303, 656, 53, 167, 34, 29, 0,7 and 0,6 mg kg-1, respectively. The literature comparison revealed that the investigated einkorn samples were richer in terms of Ca and Fe contents compared to einkorn, emmer, spelt, buckwheat, and durum wheat samples grown in our country and different countries.

Serum levels of macro minerals (trace elements) in some local fresh water fishes during breeding period

The role of macro minerals (trace mineral elements) in biological systems has been described in several animals. However, the knowledge in fish is mainly limited to iron, copper, manganese, zinc and selenium as components of body fluids, cofactors in enzymatic raactions, structural units of non- enzymatic macromolecules, etc. Investigations in fish are comparatively complicated as both dietary intake and water borne mineral uptake have to be considered in deterging the mineral budgets. The importance of trace minerals as essential ingredients in diets, although in small quantities, is also evident in fish. Serum levels of some important macro minerals such as sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca),phosphorous and magnesium (Mg) have been studied in four freshwater fishes collected from a local market as these fishes are edible fishes and are extensively purchased by the local public in the Kalaburagi city. These minerals play significant role in accumulation of nutrients, osmoregulation, homeostasis and other physiological activities of the fish particularly during breeding period. The blood serum level of these macro minerals determined in four local fresh water fishes are, Labeo rohita, Catla catla, Cirrhana mrigala and Pangusius becocurti. The results of macro mineral concentration level were compared among them and it is indicated that there is difference. The serum sodium level in all the four types of fishes is at higher level in comparison to other minerals. The variation and the order of concentration of minerals in all four types of fishes found to be as: sodium> potassium> phosphorous> calcium> magnesium. The aquatic body in which these fishes are harbored has required mineral concentration needed for various physiological activities in the process of nutritional absorption, osmoregulation and homeostatic mechanisms. Hence, the levels of blood serum macro minerals found in these fishes are though lesser during breeding period in the present study are considered to be in normal levels as reported in other fishes.

Kandungan dan Serapan Mineral Pucuk Indigofera zollingeriana dari Tanaman dengan Kerapatan Tanam Berbeda

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the mineral contents of I. zollingeriana growing with different planting densities. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with three different planting densities (8,000 plants per ha, 13,333 plants per ha, and 20,000 plants per ha) and 3 replication. Plant biomass was analyzed for macro and micro mineral contents as well as Ca:P ratio. The results showed that increased planting densities significantly increased (p&lt;0.05) P, Cu, and Cr contents, but decreased Ca and Na contents had no significant effect on Mg, K, Mn, Zn and Fe contents. Furthermore, the increased planting densities significantly decreased (p&lt;0.05) uptakes of Ca, K, Mn, and Fe by the plants, but increased (p&lt;0.05) the uptakes of Cu and Cr. Meanwhile, the uptakes of P, K, Na, and Zn were not affected by planting densities. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the planting density of I. zollingeriana should be maintained in 8,000 plants ha-1 to maintain the content and uptake of mineral in forage crops.&#x0D; Key words: defoliation periods, Indigofera zollingeriana, macrominerals, micro minerals, planting density

한국과 중국에서 생산된 표고버섯의 다량, 미량 미네랄 및 유해 중금속 함량 비교

Lentinula edodes, an edible mushroom, is mainly produced in Korea, China, and Southeast Asia. Thus, very few studies have reported the identification of the country origin of L. edodes samples. Herein, the macro mineral, trace mineral, and hazardous heavy metal contents of domestic and Chinese L. edodes samples were analyzed and their production countries were compared. The mineral contents of 13 domestic and 17 Chinese L. edodes samples were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. The Na, Mg, K, and Ca contents in domestic L. edodes were determined to be 161.33, 746.22, 17,676.84, and 50.50 mg/kg, respectively, whereas those in Chinese L. edodes were 310.69, 318.49, 11,182.01, and 33.36 mg/kg, respectively. The Cr and Cu contents in domestic and Chinese L. edodes were 2.82 and 77.13 mg/kg (Cr) and 12.955 and 101.19 mg/kg (Cu), respectively. The hazardous heavy metal contents in domestic and Chinese L. edodes were determined to be within the levels recommended by the Korean Food Code. Taken together, our results reveal significant differences between Na, Mg, and K contents (p&lt;0.001) and Cr content (p&lt;0.01) in domestic and Chinese L. edodes samples. Thus, Na, Mg, K, and Cr contents may serve as basic data to determine the origin of domestic and Chinese L. edodes samples; further studies on the Na, Mg, K, and Cr contents in domestic and Chinese L. edodes samples are needed for identifying the country origin of this mushroom.

Pawpaw enriched soymilk beverage

Effects of enriching soymilk with pawpaw puree at different ratios (10 – 40%) were evaluated for physicochemical properties, vitamin A and C, mineral contents, and sensory attributes. The results showed increase in total soluble solids (5.5 – 8.5 oBrix), total titratable acidity (0.53 – 0.87 g/kg) and viscosity (19.9 – 26.7 cp), but decreased in pH (7.4 – 6.8). Vitamin A and C contents of the soy-pawpaw beverage increased from 12.4– 20.4 μg/100 ml and 10.9 – 25.8 mg/100 ml, respectively. All the macromineral contents of the enriched soymilk beverages increased significantly except for sodium.Enrichment of soymilk with pawpaw puree improved the sensory attributes of the drink in terms of flavour, taste, mouthfeel and overall acceptance, especially at high supplementation level (40%). Soymilk with pawpaw puree resulted in products with better vitamin A and C and macro-mineral contents than plain soymilk drink, thus, the soy-pawpaw beverage will complement consumers micro and macro-nutrient intake.&#x0D; Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.56(2), 105-114, 2021

Macromineral and heavy metal profiles of selected deep-sea fish from the Kochi coast of the Arabian Sea, India

Deep-sea fish from the Arabian Sea in the south western coast of India have been gaining attention as a new edible fish source. Mineral profile of ten selected deep-sea fish from the south west coast of India were assessed for heavy metal and macro mineral content for safety and nutritional quality assessment, respectively. Heavy metal levels were below permissible limits for most of the species studied. But in some species, the levels slightly exceeded the permissible limit of 0.3 mg/kg for Pb, a major heavy metal contaminant in fish, according to the European Union and FSSAI regulations for heavy metals in food. Interestingly, significant content of macro minerals was observed in all the species studied. In conclusion, deep-sea fish were observed to be good source of minerals and were found to be safe for human consumption; except for a couple of species which possess slightly higher Pb content, which may be because of its presence in their habitat.

Effects of Ovariectomy and Exercise Training on Mineral Status in a High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity Rat Model.

Osteoporosis is a growing public health issue for an aging society. Previous studies have found both beneficial and detrimental effects of obesity on bone health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of estrogen deficiency and physical activity on bone and blood concentrations of macrominerals (Ca, P, and Mg) and microminerals (Zn, Se, Cu, and Fe) in a high-fat diet-induced obesity rat model. Forty-eight female Wistar rats were divided into six groups: sham-operated and ovariectomized rats that received a standard diet (SD), high-fat diet (HFD), or HFD accompanied by physical exercise. The effect of ovariectomy on bone minerals varied with diet. Ovariectomy significantly decreased femoral Ca and Mg in sedentary rats receiving a SD; femoral Se, Cu, Zn, and Fe in sedentary rats on HFD; and plasma Fe in both sedentary rats on SD and exercising rats on HFD. The interaction of ovariectomy and diet had the strongest impact on Mg and Se concentrations in femur. In ovariectomized rats, HFD showed to have a protective effect on bone mineralization (femoral Ca and Mg), and a negative one on antioxidant microminerals (femoral Se, Cu, and Zn). Physical activity reduced the decline of Se, Cu, Zn, and Fe in the femur of ovariectomized rats on HFD. In the current state of knowledge, it is difficult to suggest if decreased femoral levels of antioxidant microminerals may contribute to the pathophysiology of osteoporosis in obese individuals or just reflect the mineral status in the body.

Morphological characteristics and chemical composition of Cuttlebone (Sepia sp.) at Muara Angke fishing port, Jakarta Indonesia

Processing of cuttlefish in Indonesia for export or household needs only uses the body, including the meat to the head, on the other hand, the cuttlebone is categorized as a byproduct of processing waste. Therefore, estimates of cuttlebone resulting from this process are very abundant. This study aims to examine the physicochemical of cuttlebone (Sepia sp.) and their utilization. The results showed that morphologically, the cuttlebone was composed of 40% dorsal structure and 60% lamellar structure, and the dorsal structure consisted of phragmacone and proostracum. The cuttlebone is composed of a septum and pillars. Proximate content (dry basis) and heavy metal content of cuttlebone, namely 89,61% ash content, 0,35% lipid, 4,78% protein and 5,26% carbohydrates, heavy metal content of cadmium 0,6 mg/kg while lead and negative mercury. Macro mineral content (calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus) is 40,18%, micro minerals (manganese, iron, zinc, sodium) 0,73%. The absorption of cuttlebone functional groups identified elements of CaCO3 aragonite, β chitin in lamellar and a chitin in the dorsal structure.