Macro-and Micro Research Articles

An analysis of the slow city movement in the context of landscape indicators: A new criteria proposal

The research aims to identify new landscape indicators assessing the physical characteristics and structure of the ?slow cities? identified by the Slow City (Cittaslow) Movement. The movement currently includes about 300 (297 in 2023) cities from all around the world, and agrees to work on a set of goals/criteria. Although these criteria mostly highlight the unique values of the cities, they are not enough to provide an accurate evaluation of the space/land. This situation puts slow cities, once they receive the designation, in a redundant position to compete with large cities in terms of their recognition, and tourism potential, and as a result of this it poses a threat to the cities? original values. The paper proposes new criteria based on landscape indicators (critical parameters to evaluate the physical conditions of the landscape) to assess the spatial characteristics of nominated cities in Turkey, using comprehensive surveys. The surveys were conducted both in Turkey and the US states of Washington and Oregon, with samples of expert studies in the spatial planning area. According to the surveys? strengths in the statistical power test, the index value of landscape indicators was determined, when the relevant landscape indicators were reviewed. As a result, new criteria at two different scales (macro and micro) were proposed to be included in the assessment system of the Cittaslow Movement.

Large-scale application of named entity recognition to biomedicine and epidemiology.

Despite significant advancements in biomedical named entity recognition methods, the clinical application of these systems continues to face many challenges: (1) most of the methods are trained on a limited set of clinical entities; (2) these methods are heavily reliant on a large amount of data for both pre-training and prediction, making their use in production impractical; (3) they do not consider non-clinical entities, which are also related to patient's health, such as social, economic or demographic factors. In this paper, we develop Bio-Epidemiology-NER (https://pypi.org/project/Bio-Epidemiology-NER/) an open-source Python package for detecting biomedical named entities from the text. This approach is based on a Transformer-based system and trained on a dataset that is annotated with many named entities (medical, clinical, biomedical, and epidemiological). This approach improves on previous efforts in three ways: (1) it recognizes many clinical entity types, such as medical risk factors, vital signs, drugs, and biological functions; (2) it is easily configurable, reusable, and can scale up for training and inference; (3) it also considers non-clinical factors (age and gender, race and social history and so) that influence health outcomes. At a high level, it consists of the phases: pre-processing, data parsing, named entity recognition, and named entity enhancement. Experimental results show that our pipeline outperforms other methods on three benchmark datasets with macro-and micro average F1 scores around 90 percent and above. This package is made publicly available for researchers, doctors, clinicians, and anyone to extract biomedical named entities from unstructured biomedical texts.

Development of spectrophotometry methods for the determination of copper (II) Ions by new azo reagent based on Pyridine

The determination of macro-and micro quantities of metal ions by reagents, in manufactured chemical products, food and medicinal products, alloys, waste water and air is one of the most important problems facing the analytical services in their day-to-day work. Especially important is problem of determination of trace amounts of metals, ions, which have a number of unique properties and are increasingly used in various fields of science, technology, medicine and agriculture. The aim of the work was the elaboration of a new photometric method for determining copper (II) in the compositions of artificial mixtures, industrial alloys, natural waters and other objects. Photometric, spectrophometric, Asmus straight line method equilibrium shift and spectrophometric titration, Tolmachev method, Babko dilution method, additives method; the influence of number of factors on complex formation have been studied and optimal conditions for spectrophotometric determination of Cu(II) were found. The sensitivity of the new method has been determined (sCuR2= 20000). The selectivity of the method was determined and the influence of outride ions was investigated. The developed spectrophotometry method was used to analysis of standard industrial samples (A-203-1, A-203-5, andM 123-1, M 99-5) and natural water ("Omonxona bulog'i") and obtained results were evaluated metrologically. In all cases relative standard deviation (Sr) doesn 't exceed 0.043.

To the question on consequences of staging political reality on the Internet

The subject of this research is the sociopolitical consequences of staging reality on the Internet. The object of this research is the coverage of the international political agenda by modern online media. Methodological frameworks for this study is comprised of polyparadigmatic approach that allows juxtaposing macro-and micro- approaches towards examination of reality staging and its consequences. The term “staging of reality” reflects the process of creating a certain image, situation, or genuine semantic link by analogy with the hyperbolized fictional reality “presented” on stage. Despite the fact that this phenomenon exist for a long time, transformation of the character of communication processes, as a result of advancement of information technologies, led to acquisition of enormous influence by online media upon the political processes in society, as well as creation of worldview by a modern person. The article describes the consequences and risks caused by staging political reality on the Internet on several levels. Analysis is conducted on correlation of this phenomenon with the formation of political identity, institutionalization, political communication, and staging political risks of local and global scale. The conclusion is made that negative effect from staging political reality exceeds the boundaries of just the news field, and manifests as a problem that requires comprehensive and cross-disciplinary approach. Attention is given to such consequence of staging political reality as the reconstruction of staged risks in mass media, as it plays one of the determinant roles in the process of devaluation of democratic principles. Along with creation of the distorted worldview due to escalation of uncertainty, loss of confidence in political sources, political anomia and, altered understanding of the freedom of speech and criteria for appropriate information, the staging of risks sidetracks an individual from the ideals of lawful society.

A Taxonomic Study of Macro-and Micro Morphological Features of Fruits and Seeds Cultivars of the Species Belonging to the Genus Morus L. (Moraceae) Cultivated in the North of Iraq

The present work deal with the morphological characters of the fruits and seed of the cultivars belonging to the species Morus alba L. Namely ("Beautiful Day", "Big White", "Rease", "Greece", "Pearl", "Border Sweet", "Pendula"); Morus latifolia Poir ("Kokuse Korean"); Morus rubra L. ("Amarah"); Morus nigra ("Shami"); Morus macroura Miq ("King White"); "Dwarf" and Morus hybrid ("Tice", "Wellington") Which cultirated in North of Iraq. The study includes the characters of the fruits (Shape, Color, Dimension, Size, Number of the fruitlet in the fruit) and the characters of the seeds (Shape, Color, Dimension, Number of the seeds in the fruit, and surface ornamentation). The results of some morphological characteristic of the fruits and seeds examined by light microscope (L.M), in addition to the surface ornamentation of the seeds examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Showed five type of the surface ornamentation (Reticulate, Muricate, Foreate undulate, Polygonal, and Ruminate) for cultivars species studied, showed that importance value in the separation between the cultivars of the species studied belonging to the genus Morus L.

Influence of some etiological factors on development of gynecological patholo-gy and infertility of cats

The article provides an overview of professional literature on reproductive studies of cats, the definition of the main factors influencing the development of infertility in cats: hormonal changes, lack of sufficient stimulus during pairing, leading to ovulation, inability to fuse, ovarian cyst, chronic inflammatory processes in reproductive organs systems, infections, some parasites or the simplest, hereditary problems, including chromosomal abnormalities (genetic or congenital defects such as pseudoharmophioditis, true hermaphroditism, mosaicism, infantilism, freemantry) described congenital aplasia of the ovaries, trauma affecting the reproductive organs. The conditions of detention that considerably affect the reproductive system are considered. It has been established that insufficient stimulation is one of the most common causes of infertility, which is relevant for cats because they are characterized by induced ovulation. Most animals with an abnormal set of sex chromosomes are infertile, treatment methods have not been developed. Inadequate feeding is perhaps the most important cause of infertility in cats. The connection between lack and (or) excess in the diet of Calcium, Phosphorus, Iodine, Cobalt, Cuprum, Manganese, other macro-and micro elements, and inability to reproduce is established. The role of microorganisms in the emergence of infertility of cats of infectious diseases (leukemia, infectious peritonitis, panleukopenia, chlamydia, toxoplasmosis) is considered. Extension of the intraperitoneal period arises from the stage of the anestrus. Such clinical picture is observed in cats older than 8 years with hypothyroidism and hyperadrenocorticism, obesity and cachexia, the appointment of drugs with antinuclear activity. Among gynecological diseases in cats, the most common diseases are pyometra, endometritis and vaginitis. It has been established that the most frequently diagnosed diseases of the uterus of female dogs and cats are cystular hyperplasia of the endometrium in combination with the pythometer, data on the etiopathogenesis of these diseases is given. The scientific data on the application of ultrasound diagnostics, hormonal level studies, vaginal cytology, the use of hysterosalpingography, x-ray for more accurate diagnostics of causes of infertility of cats are given.

Reflections on researching transnational migrants and the fieldwork challenges of studying co-nationals abroad

This article offers reflections on the process of researchingtransnational migration, and particularly the fieldworkchallenges and difficulties that can emerge when studyingco-nationals abroad. Based on two distinct research projectson transnational migration (one on Brazilians in Londonand the other on Britons in Beijing), which used similarmethodological tools and faced similar challenges, we arguethatcombining a mobile ethnographic methodologicaltool (documenting journeys) with in-depth biographicalinterviews and historical and contextual analyses, makes ourdata open to analyse migration as a translocal process at thesame time that provides a connection between both macroand micro scales of analysis. Our methodological tools allowedus to understand how people speak of, engage with andnegotiate mobile experiences in their everyday lives, in themacro political and social structures organising immigrationand emigration.We conclude by reflecting on the challengesof researching co-nationals abroad,our own positionalityin relation to our fieldwork and the multi-layered powerrelations involved in our respective research process.

Az EU tagállamok innovációs és versenyképességi klaszteresedése 2013-ban

In the era of the innovation economy it is natural that innovation is one of the key definitions, because of its literature is excessively far-reaching: global, micro and macro level, in connection ofthe business and non-business sector, it’s also defined in social context. The literary backgroundof this essay shows a historical overview of the development that occurred in the definition ofinnovation and its different interpretations. After exploring the literary background a quantitative, descriptive and explanatory statisticanalysis will be written in a monothetic and deductive approach. In this phase of my researchI will make macro level international comparative analyzes with the help of the EU and theWEF (World Economic Forum) data base (Innovation Union Scoreboard, illetve Global Competitiveness Index), and the SPSS software. This essay’s goal is to determine whether there is aconnection between innovation processes and the forming of competitiveness on a macro leveland if there is how it can be interpreted. Later with a similar goal and methodology I would liketo make international micro level comparative analyzes and then by combining the macro andmicro level results, I will determine how the macro level innovation policy influences the microlevel innovativeness and competitiveness. Using all of these results I would like to determine thespecial features of the national innovation policy and the chances for optimalization.

Do citizens of the former Soviet Union trust state institutions and why: The case of Azerbaijan

This study examines the trust in political institutions in Azerbaijan using the data from the survey Caucasus Barometer (CB) conducted by the Caucasus Research Resource Center (CRRC) in 2012–2013. Two hypotheses – cultural and institutional – were tested. The study partially confirms the previous findings that national culture, as well as individual socialization (macro and micro-cultural theories) are the main determinants of trust in Azerbaijan. Meanwhile, government performance and individual evaluation (macro-and micro institutional theories) did not affect much on the trust level in the country.

Bio-stimulatory effects of bull urine (BU), PRID and GnRH on hormonal profile and association with blood minerals in pubertal anestrus Sahiwal heifers

The present study was designed to assess the bio-stimulatory effect of bull urine (BU) exposure, administrationof progesterone impregnated intravaginal device (PRID) in combination with PGF2α and gonadotropin releasinghormone (PRID-PG-GnRH), and GnRH in combination with PGF2α (GnRH-PG-GnRH) on alteration of hormonalprofile in correlation with induction of estrus in pubertal anestrus Sahiwal heifers. Pubertal anestrus Sahiwal heifers(32) were randomly divided into 4 groups, viz. group 1 (8; BU), group 2 (8; PRID-PG-GnRH), group 3 (8; GnRHPG-GnRH) and group 4 (8; Control). Treatment with PRID-PG-GnRH and GnRH-PG-GnRH significantly increased the serum progesterone and estrogen concentration whereas, in BU and untreated control heifers, the progesteroneconcentration remained at the basal level during 30 days observation period. However, a meager increase of serumestrogen concentration was observed from day 9 and 11 in BU treated heifers. The association of certain macro andmicro minerals level in blood during pre and post treatment period was studied to correlate the treatment response. Significant difference was observed in mean serum calcium (mg/dl) and iron (ppm) levels in pre and post BU exposed, PRID-PG-GnRH and GnRH-PG-GnRH treated heifers compared to the control. No significant differencein mean serum phosphorus (mg/dl), copper (ppm) and cobalt (ppm) level was observed in all the groups. Significantdifference was observed in mean serum magnesium (mg/dl) and zinc levels in pre and post PRID-PG-GnRH andGnRH-PG-GnRH treated heifers as compared to BU exposed and control heifers. Thus, it can be concluded that thetreatment with PRID-PG-GnRH and GnRH-PG-GnRH had more pronounced effect on induction of estrus as reflectedby increased level of serum estradiol on day 9 and progesterone level on 10th day post AI than the bull urine treatedand control heifers and subsequent increase in serum calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc levels during post treatment period in pubertal anestrus Sahiwal heifers.

Introducing a model for improving the quality of developmental care in the neonatal intensive care unit in Iran

Background and AimDevelopmental care along with medical care controls premature infant's potential stress. Improving thequality of developmental care as well as other healthcare services is very important. In this paper, theexisting quality care improvement models have been reviewed and followed by analysis of their applicationsto the Iranian NICU. Consequently, an appropriate model is proposed.Materials and MethodsIn this review article, Iran Medex، Science direct، Google Scholar، SID, PubMed, Scopus, and EBSCOCINAHLdatabases have been searched by keywords including quality improvement, quality, developmentalcare, health care, NICU, premature infants. The content of articles were analyzed and compared.ResultsThe review of the literature indicates that there are many health care improvement models. Some of macroand micro related models are applicable in NICUs. However, there are some limitations in this regards. Withconsidering the characteristics of developmental care and the attributes of an ideal health care improvementmodel a number of models chose to promote developmental care in Iranian's NICU. The models are "QualityImprovement Collaborative", Clinical Pathways, Plan- DO- Study- Act Cycle, Six Sigma, EFQM and ISO.KeywordsDevelopmental care; Neonatal Intensive Care Units; Healthcare; Quality Improvement

Indirect Additive Manufacturing (AM) of Apatite-Wollastonite (A-W) Glass-Ceramic for Medical Implants

Bone replacements for congenital defects, cancer resections, and traumas are typically performed using bone grafting. However, due to scarcity of the source material, synthetic materials for bone replacements are sometimes used instead. Unfortunately, the ability to engineer anatomically correct pieces of viable and functional human bone are difficult and time-consuming through conventional manufacturing methods. This paper proposes an alternative route which incorporates the use of AM technology for fabricating patient-specific implants. The implants were computer-aided design (CAD) from a stereolithography (STL) file of a mandible. AM method was combined with lost wax casting (LWC) technology to produce the customised A-W glass-ceramic implants. An initial study of sintered A-W was performed on cylindrical samples show on average 19.8% porous with on average 75% of the porosity being open and an average flexural strength of 82.6 MPa. The A-W scaffolds display a degree of macro-and micro porosity. The geometrical shape of the A-W implants shows a close resemblance to the required implant. Additive manufacturing assisted fabrication of A-W glass-ceramic provides a promising method for manufacturing customised medical implants.

Universal Banking Service in Russia

The tendency of banking universalization, which has been predominant over the past decades, is determined by three important processes in the world: financial globalization of the world economy, reduced agency business of banks, and increase in competition among banks, non-bank financial institutions, and non-financial institutions. In this regard, it is of particular importance to define the concept, role and place of universal and specialized banks in banking system. The purpose of the study is to develop the scientifically based development model of a commercial banks as a universal one upon the footing of detailing the essence, place and role of universal banks in banking system, with due account for the modern processes of universalization and specialization of credit institutions, development of competitive strategy types, which is of great importance for improving the quality of bank management at macro-and micro levels, ensuring sustainable development of credit institutions and their increasing role in Russian economy. The study is based on the dialectic method of knowledge as a means to identify trends, patterns and contradictions in banking system development. Systematic, expert and analytical, comparative, institutional, evolutionary and methodological approaches were used in the course of the study, as well as a wide range of economic and statistical methods, such as functional analysis, sample survey, expert evaluations, generalization and statistical groups. According to the study, the concepts of “universal commercial bank” and “specialized commercial bank” have been clarified based on the study and systematization of theoretical and practical approaches to the definitions. The place and the types of universal and specialized commercial banks in Russian banking system have been identified. The role of universal banks in Russian economy has been substantiated, with due account for development trends: a) global and national banking systems; b) the practice of forming the strategy of universal banks abroad. The approaches to specialized banks risk management have been suggested.

Proximate Composition, Nutritive Value and Antioxidant Activity of a Wild Fruit,Flacourtia montanaJ. Graham. (Salicaceae)

Many wild, unutilized and minor fruits belonging to different families are found in the Western Ghats of Karnataka in India. Flacourtia montana, an underexploited fruit endemic to the Western Ghats is a red globose berry. Standard analytical procedures were employed for proxi-mate and nutritive analysis. The ascorbic acid, total soluble solids, total acidity, total phenols, flavonoids and protein contents of the fruit was found to be 23.3 mg/100g, 21.2°Brix, 0.251%, 1.625%, 0.655% and 5.110% respectively, whereas the pH of the fruit juice was acidic (3.34). Also the whole fruit was assessed for its antioxidant potential by various established in vitro assays such as free radical-, nitric oxide-, superoxide radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant capacity. The methanolic fruit extract exhibited its radical scavenging ability in dose dependent manner and the effect was compara-ble with that of standard antioxidant agents such as BHA and ascorbic acid. Highest antioxi-dant and radical scavenging activity was ob-served at 200 μg/mL concentration. Present study reveals that F. montana fruits are good source of proteins, antioxidants and macro-and micro nutrients. These fruits could be a natural source of food and nutritional supplement to human beings. Moreover, the present study en-dorses the use of these fruits for further investi-gation to determine their potential neutraceuti-cal properties and application in the food indus-try.

بررسی تاثیر رقم ، تراکم بوته و محلول پاشی عناصر غذایی بر خصوصیات کمی و کیفی گل ، پیاز و عمر پس از برداشت گل شاخه بریده لیلیوم

In order the study the effects of cultivar, foliar fertilization and plant density on quantitative and qualitative traits and vase life of cut lilium a split plot factorial experiment with three replications was carried out. Foliar fertilization as the first factor included different concentrations of a complete fertilizer (Foster fertilization + Ammonium nitrate) and had four levels (0, 2000, 4000 and 6000pm) and was located in main plots. Cultivar and plant density each had two levels and factorial combinations of them were located in sub–plots. Cultivars used in this study were Arcolano and Coca and were planted with densities of (20×15 and 30×25 cm). At the end of growth period, traits such as bulb weight, plant height, chlorophyll content of leaf, vase life of cut flower, number of flower per plant and Macro-and micro nutrients contents of leaf were measured. The result of analysis of variance showed that the effects of foliar fertilization were significant on plant height, vase life of cut flower and N, P and K contents of leaf. Foliar fertilization lilium with concentration of 4000 ppm created the height vase life of cut flower. The effects of cultivar were significant an all measured traits except on vase life of cut flower and P and Zn contents of leaf. The Arcolano cultivar was superior to Conca cultivar in respects to the measured traits. The effects of plant density were significant only on K and Fe contents of leaf. But plant density of 30× 25 had higher bulb and flower yield and quality. The results of this study indicate that for increasing yield and quality of cut lilium planting of Arcolano cultivar, with density of 30×25 cm and foliar fertilization of lilium plant with a complete fertilizer (Foster fertilizer + Ammonium nitrate) with concentration of 4000 ppm is recommended.

Cambios en las propiedades fisicoquímicas y microbiológicas del suelo generados por la producción de carbón vegetal en el bosque templado de (quercus spp.) En Santa Rosa, Gto. México

El bosque templado de Quercus spp. en Santa Rosa constituye uno de los bosques más extensos del centro de México. En este bosque, se produce carbón vegetal de manera tradicional, por las comunidades rurales. En este trabajo se evaluó el impacto de la actividad de producción de carbón vegetal en tres sitios de muestreo del bosque, en suelo del sitio de impacto, suelo adyacente al sitio de producción de carbón vegetal y suelo control sin actividad de producción de carbón, sobre las propiedades fisicoquímicas y microbiológicas. Se determinó pH, concentración de macro- y micro- elementos, se realizó cuenta microbiana en placa calculando las unidades formadoras de colonias (UFC) de bacterias, hongos, actinomicetos y rizobacterias promotoras de crecimiento de plantas (RPCP). Por último se determinó la biomasa microbiana por el método de fumigación-incubación. En el suelo de producción de carbón se obtuvo un aumento en el pH, en la concentración de cationes formadores de bases (Ca2+ y K+ ) y una elevada cuenta microbiana de hongos, bacterias y actinomicetos, pero la biomasa microbiana y el contenido de materia orgánica fue mayor en el suelo no control, en cuanto a las RPCP sólo se aislaron en los suelos adyacentes a sitio de producción de carbón y en el suelo no control. Los cambios fisicoquímicos generados por el efecto del calentamiento del suelo afectaron de manera importante a la comunidad microbiana favoreciendo la reducción o eliminación de grupos dominantes sensibles a altas temperaturas que participan activamente en la dinámica de los procesos del suelo.

Liquid organic fertilizer from seaweed (Sargassum sp.)and fish waste hydrolysate

The combination of seaweed Sargassum sp. and fish waste hydrolysate can be used as anorganic fertilizer, both in liquid or solid forms. The organic fertilizer has a complete macro andmicro nutrients. It contains growth hormone factor such as auxin, cytokinine (zeatin and kinetin)and giberelin. The function of growth hormone factor in plants is to enhance the roots, stems, andleaves expansion, as well as to increase fruit production. To produce liquid organic fertilizer,seaweed has to be hydrolyzed in alkaline condition, meanwhile solid waste of fish has to behydrolyzed in acid condition. The liquid organic fertilizer had protein value of 0.08% or equal to0.012% N, 0.13% P, 1.22% K, 0.06% Ca, 0.17% Mg, 55.04% Fe, 122.75 ppm Mn, 1.95 ppm Cu,24.59 ppm Zn, 13 ppm B, and 18% alginic acid. It had auxin (IAA) of 91.48 ppm, cytokinine of84.71 ppm kinetin and of 70.27 ppm zeatin and giberellin (GA3) of 107.72 ppm.

Soil Organic Matter Fractions and Aggregate Distribution In Response to Tall Fescue Stands

The study was conducted to evaluate the influences of tall fescue management on soil organic matter fractions and macroand microaggregate distribution. Soil samples were collected from four paired adjacent fields consisting of five years of tall fescue mono and poly stands in Western Kentucky. Soil samples from 0 to 15 em and 15 to 30 em soil depths were analyzed for soil organic C and N, particulate organic matter C (POM-C) and N (POM-N), macroand micro aggregate distribution and C-associated with macroand microaggregates. Significant effects were observed between stands for all the properties, except total C, microaggregates and C-associated with microaggregates. Sampling depth significantly influenced total C and N in both stands. Particulate organic matter C and N and C-associated with macroaggregates and the ammmt of macroaggregates were strongly affected by tall fescue management. This confinned the hypothesis that early changes in soil properties were reflected in labile C and N fractions and soil structure. Tall fescue mixture stands had 44% higher POM-C, 50% higher POM-N, 26% more macroaggregates and 33% more C-associated with macroaggregates compared to the tall fescue mono stands at the soil surface of Otol5cm.

Poultry litter: a sustainable energy and agricultural resource of Bangladesh

Poultry litter has been creating nuisance in Gazipur district of Bangladesh over the last twodecades. It could be a good source of biogas and fertilizer if managed properly. An attemptwas made for the recycling of poultry litter through this study. The 300 million poultry birdsproduce 18,000 metric tons (MT) of litter daily and if processed, it could generate I .4 millionm3 of biogas in Bangladesh. The Gazipur district produces 1,600 MT poultry litter per dayand consequently this corresponds to 0.12 million m3/d of biogasfrom which 7 MW electricity can be produced daily. This gas can be used for cooking,poultry house heating and electricity generation. On the other hand, the slurry as thebyproduct of poultry litter has a potential value to be used as fertilizer which can meet macroand micro nutrients demand of soil for crop production. The constituent of fertilizer are16.69% organic matter, 11.17% moisture, 2.73% nitrogen, 3.29% phosphorus, 0.85%potassium, 1.00% sulfur, 4.50% calcium, 2.52% magnesium, 0.21 % ferrous, 0.067%manganese, 0.041 % boron, 0.034% zinc, 0.006% copper, etc.

Biodiversity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from a survey of pito production sites in various parts of Ghana

Biodiversity among Saccharomyces cerevisiae predominating the spontaneous fermentation of Dagarti pito in Ghana was assessed. Two hundred and forty-nine isolates obtained from samples of dried yeast taken from commercial pito production sites in eight geographical regions of Ghana were characterized phenotypically by colony and cell morphology as well as carbohydrate assimilation profiling. Yeast populations ranged between 10 6 and 10 8 cfug −1. Ninety-nine percent of the isolates (247) investigated showed macro-and micro morphological characteristics typical of S. cerevisiae. Of these, 72% (179) had assimilation profiles similar to S. cerevisiae while 28% (68) had assimilation profiles atypical of S. cerevisiae or any other member of the Saccharomyces sensu stricto complex. Amplification of the region spanning the two intergenic transcribed spacers (ITS) and the 5.8S ribosomal gene (ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2), followed by restriction analysis, as well as determination of chromosome length polymorphism by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of 25 representative isolates strongly indicated that all belonged to S. cerevisiae, notwithstanding the phenotypic differences. Sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome- c oxidase II gene ( COX 2) and the actin-encoding gene ( ACT1) of four isolates, confirmed their close relatedness to S. cerevisiae, particularly to the type strain CBS1171 (98.7%), as well as other members of the Saccharomyces sensu stricto complex. Twenty isolates selected from eight geographical regions of Ghana and investigated for their technological properties, showed different patterns of growth and flocculation but otherwise similar technological characteristica. Most of the isolates produced pito having sensory attributes, which compared favourably with commercially produced pito.