Seaweed Research Articles

Isolation and characterization of alginate producing Azotobacter sp, isolated from rhizospheric soil of Oryza sativa (L.) and Triticum aestivum (L.)

Alginate as biopolymer consisting of β-D Mannuronic acid and α-L Guluronic acid monomer residues linked by (1-4) glycosidic bond. Brown seaweeds mostly Laminaria sp, Ascophyllum nodosum, Eclonia maxima, Sargassum sp. and Macrocystis pyrifera were earlier used for commercial alginate production. Major drawback of using sea weeds for alginate production were high production cost, impurity issue and safety concerns includes the reasons behind discovery of novel bacterial sources to make an efficient alginate production system. Later two bacterial genera Pseudomonas and Azotobacter were reported for alginate production. However, due to pathogenicity, and quality issue associated with some Pseudomonas strains, Azotobacter sp. was found to be most reliable and prioritized bacterial sources for alginate production with appreciable qualities which will be ready to be used for industrial applications. Therefore, current research aims to isolate and characterize a new strain of Azotobacter sp. with alginate-producing ability. Two different soil samples were collected from two places Deokali and Parsurampur, Jaunpur district in the spring (06 August 2022) and winter (06 February, 2023) seasons from Oryza sativa and Triticum aestivum rhizospheric region respectively. Azotobacter sp. was isolated by using Nitrogen Free Burk’s medium and alginate production was confirmed by gel formation assay method in the presence of CuSO4 and CaCl2 solutions. The carbohydrate qualitative test was done by using Molisch’s Test. Two novel strains Azotobacter chroococcum PU-RSD01 and Azotobacter chroococcum PU-RSD02 were isolated on the basis of high alginate producing ability. Morphological, biochemical and molecular techniques further characterized the isolates.

Combined applications and Multi-Faceted evaluations of humic acid, seaweed, and vermicompost with chemical and organo-mineral fertilizers on corn, part I: chlorophyll concentration

This study investigated the effects of various fertilizers on the leaf chlorophyll content of the Simpatico (FAO300) silage corn variety under field conditions. Different application combinations were tested, including treatments with and without foliar fertilizers. The foliar fertilizers used were seaweed (SW), humic acid (HA), and vermicompost (VC), combined with granular fertilizers DAP, UREA, OMB, and OMT. Granular fertilizers were applied to the soil, while foliar fertilizers were applied at four different stages: the 4-6 leaf period, 11-13 leaf period, 14-16 leaf period, and at corn tassel. Chlorophyll content in plant leaves was measured using a SPAD-502 device during these periods. The highest SPAD chlorophyll ratios were recorded with OMB-OMT (42.583) and DAP-OMT (42.150) treatments, which did not include foliar fertilizers. Conversely, the lowest SPAD chlorophyll ratio, 28.983, was observed in the DAP-UREA treatment. Treatments with foliar fertilizers resulted in an increase in SPAD chlorophyll by 11.3% to 15.7%, with the greatest improvements observed with vermicompost and humic acid, compared to treatments without foliar fertilizers. Additionally, analysis of periodic effects showed that the highest SPAD chlorophyll ratios were found during the third and second measurement periods, while the lowest ratios were observed in the first measurement period. The use of organo-mineral fertilizers and foliar applications of vermicompost and humic acid were found to enhance the leaf chlorophyll content of corn.

Fabricating coconut palm-based rigid polyurethane foam with enhanced compressive strength using biomass waste

The continued depletion of fossil fuels compels the exploitation of biomass as alternative. Herein, coconut palm, as a common tropical biomass, was first used to prepare polyether polyols via liquefaction method. The obtained polyether polyols were employed to fabricate rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF), which is widely applied in the industry. Moreover, the prepared RPUF was further modified by biomass waste including coconut shell (CS), coconut palm (CP), and seaweed (SE), with the contents of 5–15 wt%. The results showed that the addition of fillers can decrease the apparent densities and increase the compressive strength of the foams. The foam modified with 15 wt% CS exhibits the highest compressive strength with a value of 355 kPa and normalized value of 290 kPa among the prepared RPUF. In addition, an appropriate content of fillers can slightly increase the thermal stability of RPUF. The combustion performance test indicates that the introduction of fillers slightly increases the oxygen index value of coconut-based polyurethane, which produces less smoke than unmodified foam. Compared with the HRR of unmodified foam, the HRR of RPUF modified with CP are higher while those modified with SE are smaller. The foams modified with SE exhibit the optimal flame-retardant property. This work provides a novel and sustainable route to prepare and modify bio-based RPUF, which can furnish a clue to prepare bio-based RPUF with desirable performance.

Evaluating the Impact of Combined Application of Seed Dressing and Foliar Application of Sea Weed Extracts on Growth Attributes of Black Gram (Vigna mungo)

Evaluating the Impact of Combined Application of Seed Dressing and Foliar Application of Sea Weed Extracts on Growth Attributes of Black Gram (Vigna mungo)

Assessing the potential for seaweed cultivation in EU seas through an integrated modelling approach

The potential of large-scale seaweed cultivation to contribute to achieving ambitious EU-wide objectives, such as food security, energy independence, carbon neutrality and ecosystems restoration, is widely recognized. However, there is a lack of information on the suitability of EU marine regions for the installation of floating macro-algae cultivation infrastructures. In this study, we utilize the World Offshore Macro Algae Production Potential (WOMAPP) model in conjunction with state-of-the-art coupled hydrodynamic-biogeochemical models, to assess the environmental suitability of EU marine regions for seaweed cultivation. Our analysis reveals that the EU Atlantic regions are the most suitable areas for seaweed cultivation, particularly for cold-water and intermediate-water species. The potential cultivation area is extensive, spanning over 1 million km2, and even taking a precautionary approach by occupying only 1% of that area could yield a yearly production of over 30 million tonnes dry weight. Adding logistical constraints (water depth and distance to coast) further limit the potential production to 5 million tonnes per year, only considering EU member states' waters. Furthermore, we discuss the opportunity to use integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA), to increase the potential for seaweed cultivation.

Evaluation the Antibacterial Activity of some Macro Algae Isolated from Baghdad-Iraq

Evaluation the Antibacterial Activity of some Macro Algae Isolated from Baghdad-Iraq

Designing network structure hydrogels derived from carrageenan- phosphated polymers by covalent and supramolecular interactions for potential biomedical applications

Recently, various efforts have been made to explore the potential of natural polysaccharides derived from sea weeds to promote sustainable development. Herein, carrageenan (CG), a polysaccharide extracted from red sea algae, was utilized to design network structures as hydrogels, aimed at significant applications in drug delivery (DD) systems. Hydrogels were designed by graft copolymerization reaction of poly(bis [2-methacryloyloxy] ethyl phosphate [poly(BMEP)] and poly(acrylic acid) [poly(AAc)] onto CG in the presence of a crosslinking agent. Hydrogels were developed by covalent linkage by graft copolymerization and supramolecular interactions, existing in the copolymers. Copolymers were characterized by Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) instrumentations. The drug diffusion exhibited a sustained pattern due to polymer-drug interactions. The drug release followed non-Fickian diffusion mechanism and the release profile was most accurately depicted by first order kinetic model. The biocompatible nature of the copolymer was demonstrated from the hemolytic index value signifying minimal adverse interactions with blood component upon exposure. A protein adsorption test was performed using bovine serum albumin (BSA), exhibiting 8.15 ± 0.26 % albumin adsorption. Polymers exhibited mucoadhesive character, evidenced by their requirement of a detachment force measuring 195 ± 4.72 mN for separation from the membrane during interactions with the mucosal surface. The hydrogels exhibited antioxidant properties, evidenced by 2, 2′-Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, revealing copolymer capable of scavenging 58.21 ± 2.26 % of free radical. The hydrogel revealed antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus bacteria, a property further enhanced in hydrogels with the drug doxycycline. These findings suggest suitability of these hydrogels for biomedical applications, with a significant emphasis on drug delivery.

Enhancing Various Variety of Strawberry (Fragaria X ananassa) Yield with Seaweed Extract and Biochar under Prayagraj Agro Climatic Conditions

The present investigation was carried out during 2021-22 and 2022-23 at Central Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, NAI, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Naini, Prayagraj was carried out with two factors having four of each in FRBD. The factors are Varieties (V1 - Winter Dawn, V2 - winter star, V3 - Sweet Charlie, V4 – Chandler) Organic Manures (M0 - No manures, M1 - Biochar 100 %, M2 - Seaweed extract 100%, M3 - Biochar + seaweed extract 50:50 %) which in combination makes 16 treatments. Among the treatments applied the combination of V1M3 (Winter Dawn + Biochar + Sea weed extract 50:50) was found to be best during 2021-22, 2022-23 and pooled data in terms of fruit set % with (8.17, 66.46 and 67.32 %), Number of fruit/plant (35.33, 32.40 and 33.87), Weight of fruit (36.36, 34.90 and 35.63 kg, Yield/plant (812.49, 791.14 and 801.81kg, Yield/plot (9.75, 9.49 and 9.62) kg, and yield/hectare (22.13, 21.51 and 21.82) ton.

A sensitive method for the determination of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in food and food contact material using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry

Dietary intake is the major pathway of human exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Due to their generally very low concentrations in food, especially for foods of plant origin, and their toxicological relevance, demand is growing for improved selective and sensitive analytical methods for the determination of PFAS in the lower ng/kg range. The relevance is pointed out due to the fact that the European Commission has published limits of quantification (LOQs) in the lower ng/kg range for different food matrices in Recommendation (EU) 2022/1431 on the monitoring of perfluoroalkyl substances in food. For example, LOQs of 2 ng/kg for perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), 1 ng/kg for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), 1 ng/kg for perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and 4 ng/kg for perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) in fruit, vegetables and baby foods are required. A new, very sensitive method is presented here for the determination of 22 PFAS in food and food contact materials. The method is based on liquid-solid extraction and automated clean-up using two solid phase extraction techniques. The analytes are separated and detected by HPLC-MS/MS. A limit of detection (LOD) of 0.33 ng/kg and an LOQ of 1.0 ng/kg are attained for plant foods such as fruits and vegetables as well as for milk and baby food. For foods of animal origin such as egg, meat, fish and paper-based food contact materials an LOD of 1.6 ng/kg as well as an LOQ of 5.0 ng/kg are attained. PFOS and PFOA were the most abundant compounds in the food samples with concentration as high as 1,051 ng/kg of PFOA in sea weed samples and 772 ng/kg of PFOS in eggs samples. In food contact material samples, higher levels were found with a maximum of 310,000 ng/kg PFHxA. In sum the presented method firstly allows determination of PFAS in a wide variety of foodstuffs and paper-based food contact materials at EU-required concentration ranges.

Pyrolysis of coffee residues, tobacco, and algae biomasses as a source of nitrogen-containing compounds

Agro-industrial residues hold immense potential as sustainable energy and bioproduct sources. Thermoconversion through pyrolysis, which generates bio-oil, is a promising approach that simultaneously reduces environmental impact and adds value to biomass. Notably, biomasses with high nitrogen content yield bio-oils rich in diverse, industrially valuable nitrogen-containing compounds (N-compounds). This study investigates the rapid pyrolysis of five such biomasses: spent coffee grounds (SCG), silverskin (SVK), microalgae (MIA), macroalgae (MAA), and tobacco (TBC). A pretreatment step was employed to reduce fat content and enhance bio-oil quality. Gas chromatography analysis subsequently identified the generated N-compounds. The bio-oils revealed a significant presence of oxygenated compounds and hydrocarbons beside N-compounds. The use of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) effectively allowed to group the samples based on their bio-oil compositions, highlighting microalgae as the richest source of N-compounds, particularly after fat pre-extraction.

Haliotis tuberculata coccinea grow-out performances according to diet and production systems

ABSTRACT Haliotis tuberculata coccinea is a candidate of growing interest to diversify aquaculture in the Canary Islands, principally based on fish production, to improve aquaculture development opportunities. The economic viability of commercial abalone farming depends largely on the rearing system employed and the feeding sources employed during the grow-out culture period. We studied the effects of two land-based culture systems on the growth performance of abalone and the nutritional quality of their tissues, in a crossed design. Recirculated (RAS) and open flow (FLOW) culture systems were compared. Fresh macro algae (FMA) (Gracilaria cornea and Ulva rigida) were compared to manufactured compound feed (CF) and a mixture of both (MIX). Survival rates were high (97–100%) regardless the treatments tested. MIX and FMA diets produced the best results for Shell Growth Rate, Specific growth rates for shell growth (SGRsl) and weight (SGRw) as well as Food Conversion Ratio (FCR). The highest value for feed intake was recorded for the MIX diet. A positive relationship has been observed between the amounts of protein and lipids in diets and the disposition of these in the viscera of animals fed such diets. The rearing system used had no significant effect on growth and nutritional parameters.

Antioxidant potential of three different Sea weeds from Visakhapatnam Coast, India

In the present study the antioxidant potential of three seaweeds Gracileria corticata (red algae), Ulva lactuca (green algae) and Sargassum ilicifolum (brown algae) were reported. SDS-PAGE analysis reveals that total of 23 different protein bands were observed of this 16, 14 and 17 bands in U. lactuca, S. ilicifolium and G. Corticata respectively. The chloroform, acetone and methanolic extracts of three algae showed the concentration dependent DPPH, FRAP, reducing power, H2O2 radical scavenging and metal chelating activities. The methanolic extracts of G. corticata have high levels of antioxidants with high DPPH, FRAP, reducing power activities and S. ilicifolum have high H2O2 radical scavenging, and metal chelating activities.G. corticata showed IC50 value for 902.09µg/ml for DPPH activity, 2274µg/ml for FRAP activity, 1082.11µg/ml for H2O2 radical scavenging. Among the three solvents tested, Methanol was found to be the most suitable solvent for the extraction of compounds.

An insight into the weeds of dark waters for animal health and wealth

Today’s world be it man or animal, there is scarcity of good food and nutrition with many health issues. The animal world especially is not fodder secure with over 500 million animals to feed in our country alone. The process of deforestation and concretisation of the land, reduced farming land, low farming affinity, crop losses and low harvests due to demineralisation of the land can be attributed as the cause for this. At this juncture the search for alternate fodder sources have led our way to the “SEA VEGGIES” MISNOMERED as Sea weeds. These form nearly 70% of the earth’s plant treasure wherein only 1 % of it has been utilised as of now. Seaweeds have nearly 63 minerals, protein to a max. Of 60%, apart from all vitamins (except vit-D), Omega 3 fatty acids, flavinoidds and caretonoids. Apart from being good sources of food, they have industrial usage in the form of Algin, Alginic acid and Carragenan. Used as fertilizers and soil binders, in waste water treatment, in cosmetics and medicines. Our ancient wisdom has given an insight into the usage of seaweeds to feed and treat the animals. Our work embarks upon the prospect of the use of seaweeds in the health and nutrition of animals and found to be the best alternative yet to be tapped.

Identifikasi Keanekaragaman Makroalga Yang Tersebar di Perairan Pulau Jawa

Algae, also known as Sea weeds, has the scientific name algae or grass. Seaweed is a type of algae that contains chlorophyll. To date, there are about 9,600 species of macroalgae recorded worldwide. Regarding the purpose of recording this article is to identify the diversity of macroalgae spread in the waters of Java Island. The research used the literature review method by analyzing several macroalgae articles located on the island of Java with a span of 2018 to 2023. Steps in identifying 20 articles: 1) conduct a literature search for articles and journals on macroalgae diversity in the waters of Java island, 2) identify macroalgae diversity contained in the results of 20 literature articles. Based on the results of the review that has been carried out, it can be summarized that are very many species of macroalgae, especially algae or seaweed spread on the island of Java. There are several algae that are used as medicinal ingredients and functional foods.

Fermented Rapeseed and Soybean Alone and in Combination with Macro Algae Inhibit Human and Pig Pathogenic Bacteria In Vitro.

Higher plants produce secondary metabolites expressing antimicrobial effects as a defense mechanism against opportunistic microorganisms living in close proximity with the plant. Fermentation leads to bioconversion of plant substrates to these bioactive compounds and their subsequent release via breakdown of plant cell walls. Fermented feed products have recently started to become implemented in the pig industry to reduce overall disease pressure and have been found to reduce events such as post-weaning diarrhea. In this study, we investigate the antimicrobial potential of fermented soybean- and rapeseed-based pig feed supplements with and without added seaweed. The antimicrobial effect was tested in a plate well diffusion assay against a range of known human and livestock pathogenic bacteria. Further, we investigate the metabolite profiles based on liquid-chromatography mass-spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of the fermented products in comparison to their unfermented constituents. We observed a pronounced release of potential antimicrobial secondary metabolites such as benzoic acids when the plant material was fermented, and a significantly increased antimicrobial effect compared to the unfermented controls against several pathogenic bacteria, especially Salmonella enterica Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica, and a strain of atopic dermatitis causing Staphylococcus aureus CC1. In conclusion, fermentation significantly enhances the antimicrobial properties of rapeseed, soybean, and seaweed, offering a promising alternative to zinc oxide for controlling pathogens in piglet feed. This effect is attributed to the release of bioactive metabolites effective against pig production-relevant bacteria.

Cold Hardiness in ‘Alphonse Lavallee’ (Vitis vinifera L. cv) Grape Dormant Buds and Phloem Tissue: Seasonal Insights and Some Treatment Impacts

Grapes are highly susceptible to cold damage during critical developmental stages, impacting viticulture. Understanding the intricate dynamics of cold hardiness in grape dormant buds and phloem tissue is crucial for developing effective mitigation strategies. In this study, we investigated the LT50 values, representing the temperature at which 50% of buds are damaged, under different treatments and sampling times. In our research, we evaluated the effects of four treatments—potassium oxide (K2O), calcium chloride (CaCl2), seaweed (SW), and a control—on the cold hardiness of grapevine buds and phloem tissue. Primary bud LT50 values varied across seasons, with January at −22.46 °C, February at −22.35 °C, and March at −20.45 °C. K2O treatment showed a trend toward improvement, although the difference from the control (−21.99 °C) was not statistically significant. Regarding LT50 values, CaCl2 and SW applications did not significantly differ from the control. Tertiary buds, however, exhibited a substantial enhancement in cold hardiness with K2O application, displaying significantly lower LT50 values compared to the control (−23.55 °C). Phloem tissue LT50 values did not significantly differ among treatments, showing less variability. Bud water content significantly increased with K2O application in all sampling periods (January: 35.41% vs. 35.61%; February: 34.03% vs. 39.16%; March: 42.40% vs. 37.82%), while shoot water content remained stable. In conclusion, K2O emerges as a key influencer, particularly in enhancing the cold hardiness of tertiary buds. These insights contribute to the knowledge base for targeted frost mitigation strategies in viticulture.

Biosorption of anionic and cationic azo dye onto red macro alga: Determination of the significant variables using resolution V fractional factorial design

Naturally inspired biosorbent from macro algae species are favored because of its excellent biosorptive capability and low cost. The present investigation reports the potential of red macro-alga, E. spinosum as a biosorbent to remove both anionic and cationic azo dyes, namely Acid Yellow 17 (AY17) and Methylene Blue (MB) from aqueous solution. A resolution V fractional factorial design (2v5-1) analysis was employed to study the main effects and interaction of variables on the biosorption process. Factorial matrix with five variables; pH (2–12), dosage (0.4–2 g/L), initial concentration (50–200 mg/L), contact time (5–120 min) and temperature (30-50 °C) at two levels were conducted in batch study. Pareto charts and ANOVA (within 95% confidence level) were applied to examine the relationship and significance between independent variables and their interactions. A regression model with R2AY17 = 0.9998 and R2MB = 0.9995 was implemented to fit the experimental data. The results obtained indicated that the most significant variables that affected biosorption process were initial concentration and the dosage of the dyes. Experimental screenings are crucial in optimization studies. The remarkable performance of E. spinosum as biosorbent to absorb both dyes shows a great potential to be implemented for local marine macro alga as an alternative. Resource for biosorption process.

Antibacterial and anticancer activity of green synthesised silver nanoparticles using polysaccharides extracted from the marine alga Portieria hornemannii

The increasing incidence of cancer cases and multi-drug-resistant bacteria, which are major threats to humankind, forces the research world to innovate new molecules to deal with them. The main aim of the present work is to prepare silver nanoparticles using macroalgal polysaccharides and to study biological activities. The silver nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared using polysaccharides extracted from the marine macro alga Portieria hornemannii by stirring them with 1 mM silver nitrate after 24 h at 90 ºC. The formed silver nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis, selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. UV-visible spectrum analysis revealed a surface plasmon peak at 380 nm, showing the development of silver nanoparticles. The nanoparticle size varied between 40 and 50 nm and the functional group was analyzed using FT-IR spectrum. The broadband was observed at 3304 cm-1 (hydroxyl and amino group) and the narrow band was observed at 2907 cm-1 (C–H stretching vibration), 1657 cm-1 (stretching of carbonyl groups), and 1001 cm-1 (C–O stretching vibration). The crystalline nature of silver NPs was confirmed by SAED. EDX analysis reveals the purity and the chemical composition of silver NPs. Nanoparticles were highly effective against Proteus mirabilis (24 mm zone of inhibition) and Bacillus substilis (24 mm zone of inhibition). The anticancer activity of the silver nanoparticles tested against colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines increased at increasing concentrations of nanoparticles.

Protein-protein Interaction Studies between TSHR Protein in Human and Photosystem II Protein D1 of Ulva fasciata using In silico Protocols

The most prevalent mutation in Hypothyroid Protein, TSHR impacts the course and prognosis of Hypothyroidism in human. We employ 3D in silico drug docking techniques to make the possible mutant TSHR interact with Photosystem II Protein D1 of Ulva fasciata. To carry out drug docking techniques, the translated amino acid sequence and three-dimensional chemical compound were obtained from the NCBI database. The use of sophisticated 3D molecular visualization tools was employed in post-docking experiments. The use of sophisticated 3D molecular visualization tools was employed in post-docking experiments. The docking study results unequivocally show that Photosystem II Protein D1 directly suppresses amino acid mutational sites. TSHR and Photosystem II Protein D1’s electrostatic force is depicted in a three-dimensional manner using notions from molecular dynamics techniques. In the end, we determined that Photosystem II Protein D1, a medicinal component of Ulva fasciata, helps in treating hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism, being one of the major Endocrinological disorders, our research work helps to prove that the sea weed, Ulva fasciata can effectively act a novel therapeutic agent for treating this disorder.

Studying the Efficacy of Some Organic Compounds as a Source of Potassium Fertilization and their Effect on the Wheat-Peanut Crop System in Sandy Soil

To encourage sustainable agriculture and increase net revenue for the agricultural community, the use of expensive chemical fertilizers should be reduced and replaced with locally produced organic byproducts. For this reason, a field experiment was conducted on sand soil at Ismailia Agric. Res. Station in Ismailia Governorate, Egypt, to evaluate the impact of various organic K rates 0, 50%, 75%, and 100% from the recommended plant dose) and three different K organic sources i.e., seaweed (SWE), yeast sludge (YS), and filter mud cake (FMC), in two successive seasons of wheat (Triticum sativac. v. Giza 168) as a winter crop and peanut (Arachis hypogaeac. v. Giza 6) as a summer crop season; to study how responsive they are to different potassium rates and sources applied to crop productivity. After both crops were harvested, the chemical features of the soil were also assessed. The current findings state that the use of varied organic K rates and sources boosted the yield components of wheat and peanut crops, as well as the nutritional total content in straw, grains, or seed of both wheat and peanut, as compared to the control treatment. Furthermore, the application of all treatments improved pH, EC, OM, and cation exchangeable capacity (CEC); the availability of P, K, and soluble K followed a similar pattern after the wheat-peanut crop was harvested. Furthermore, the highest increases resulted from 75% of the recommended K dose, and the best organic sources of K were YS and SWE for wheat and peanut, respectively. In conclusion, the use of tested organic potassium sources is a good alternative to mineral potassium fertilizers, is economical, which is reflected in crop yield, and is environmentally friendly.