Machinery Unit Research Articles

Determination of optimal values for the technical characteristics of construction machinery unit with application of fractional linear programming

Paper covers issues connected to the determination of the technical characteristics of construction machinery unit performing a certain category of work. On the basis of the results of the review and analysis of scientific works concerning the problem under consideration the key disadvantages have been identified for the existing techniques. Optimization model for determination of the technical characteristics of construction machinery unit has been created. Initial form of the model is not linear toward unknown variables but it can be transformed to the linear form that allows application of simplex method for efficient solution of the problem. The created model has been implemented on a practical case – the obtained results indicated the adequacy of the developed tool.

Pulmonary surfactant in COVID-19; A role in etiology and treatment

Introduction: Today, SARS-COV-2 infection represents a global threat. Dealing with this viral infection necessitates a comprehensive understanding of pathophysiology of the disease to reach to the suitable treatment. Treatment of this disease should not be restricted to the usual antiviral treatments, which suffered from several limitations including low effectiveness, development of virus-resistant mutations and the unwanted side effects.Knowing that SARS-CoV-2 attack the machinery unit of production of surfactant in the lung, the alveolar type II cells, manifested the importance of this review article on the role of pulmonary surfactant in this disease and the possible role of pulmonary surfactant that can play in treating of COVID-19 patients.Objective: This work tried to clarify the important role of pulmonary surfactant in lung physiology and possible immune-modulatory effect. In addition, the constituents of pulmonary surfactant and their roles against COVID-19 complications is highlighted. This article suggested that surfactant therapy may have a role in COVID-19 therapy and this can be in a form of exogenous (synthetic) surfactant administrated through endotracheal tube or through aerosolization. The pros and cons of these methods of administration have been discussed. Moreover, a possible way of stimulation of endogenous surfactant by administrating a drug that stimulates the synthesis of surfactant has been suggested.

Studying the Influence of the Technical Performance Complexity and the Nomenclature and Quantitative Composition of Agricultural Machinery on Its Recyclability Rate

Introduction. Rational recycling of agricultural machinery, which has reached the end of its service life, is an urgent problem of the modern agro-industrial complex. In this regard, using the physical model for recycling agricultural machinery, reached its service life, is a solution to the problem of resource recycling. Materials and Methods. The paired linear regression analysis method was used to conduct statistical research of experimental data and develop a regression model. The authors calculated the recyclability rate values for the entire agricultural machinery nomenclature and its average value through using regression equation. Results. Based on the analysis of indicators for technical condition of being recycled products, it was established that for developing a conceptual model of agricultural machinery recycling, it is preferable to use four main groups of indicators: technical condition, material capacity, manufacturability, and safety of components. The proposed group of indicators determines the possibility of recycling the machinery units. The results of researching the influence of indicators of design complexity, technical performance, condition, nomenclature and quantitative composition of agricultural machinery on the recyclability are presented. Discussion and Conclusion. According to the research results, a conceptual physical model for recyclability of agricultural machinery was developed that allows planning more effectively measures for recycling various types of agricultural machinery when conducting a comparative analysis of the entire nomenclature composition. The adopted restrictions allow estimating the technical condition and recyclability of agricultural machinery using the conceptual physical model of recyclability. The relationships between the storage time, complexity of technical performance, material capacity, quantitative composition (volume of recycling) and recyclability rate of agricultural machinery are revealed.

Investment support for effective development of agro-industrial enterprises of Lviv region

Investing in agro-industrial enterprises ensures the competitiveness of agro-industrial formations through the use of innovations to improve their positions in both domestic and foreign markets; achieving economic and food security; improving the social infrastructure of the village translator. Investment activity is a determining factor in the effectiveness of the formation and use of investment potential of agricultural enterprises. The analysis of statistical data on the volume of investments in agricultural enterprises of Lviv region at the expense of district budgets in 2019–2020 indicates an increase in investment resources invested in Horodok, Zolochiv and Stryj districts. However, the total approved amount of investments in the region in 2020 (1913.0 thousand UAH) decreased by 2.3 times compared to the funded volume in 2019 (4394.9 thousand UAH), which indicates the unstable rate of investment activity of investments in agro-industrial enterprises in terms of districts of Lviv region. During 2016–2020, there is a positive trend to increase the share of investments in the agro-industrial complex of Lviv region from the budgets of all levels, which, given the leading role of the national agricultural sector, is quite natural. This figure will reach its maximum value in 2020, which is 15.3 more than in 2016, at the expense of the state budget and 1.6 times more – at the expense of the regional budget. During 2019 (52 enterprises) 2.5 times compared to 2016 (22 enterprises) increased the number of agricultural enterprises in Lviv region, which used the program of interest compensation on loans in the amount of 68.4 million UAH. at the expense of the regional budget, which is 3.1 times more than in 2016 (UAH 22.0 million). The program of compensation of interest on loans from the state budget in 2019 was used by 41 enterprises of the agro-industrial complex of Lviv region, which is 3.2 shirts more than in 2016. However, funding decreased from UAH 334.1 million. in 2016 to UAH 173.8 million. in 2019. In 2019, UAH 11.5 million was financed for the implementation of business plans at the expense of soft loans of Lviv region. at the expense of the state budget and UAH 6.8 million. at the expense of the local budget. This allowed 34 businesses to purchase 14 units of agricultural machinery, plant 18.7 hectares of orchards and berries, purchase 24 heads of breeding animals, 21 formations to modernize technological processes and create an additional 30 jobs. Investments are an important guarantee of effective economic development of any enterprise, region, country. At the present stage, the main task is to take all possible measures to create an attractive investment climate and intensify investment processes at both the regional and national levels.

Моделювання ресурсу молотильного барабана зернозбирального комбайна

Abstract. A significant part of agricultural machinery has a seasonal nature of operation, when sudden failures are extremely undesirable. Proceeding from this, modeling the real operating conditions of bearings in design calculations is relevant, and the novelty of solving the problem lies in the use of modern target computer-aided design programs for this. Research goal. Theoretical determination of the service life of agricultural machinery bearings using targeted computer software, taking into account the real conditions of their operation. Making recommendations of a structural nature to eliminate factors that accelerate bearing wear and increase reliability. Methods. Mathematical modeling of the operating conditions of the bearings of the threshing drum of a combine harvester using the target software. Results. The article presents the main reasons for the premature failure of the bearing units of agricultural machinery, considers the types of methods used to calculate and simulate the operating conditions of rolling bearings, taking into account the specifics of machines and mechanisms in which they are used. On the example of the threshing apparatus of a combine harvester, an evaluation characteristic of the adaptation of the existing computer software applications for the calculation of bearings to the operating conditions of agricultural machinery has been carried out. The most reliable software application was selected, which takes into account the maximum number of factors influencing the service life of the bearing assemblies. The reason for the discrepancy between the values of the calculated and actual service life of the bearing assemblies of the threshing drum of a grain harvester is determined, which is due to the still unaccounted temperature deformation factor (drum shaft elongation), which leads to the disappearance of the thermal gap between the rings and rolling elements of the bearings decrease in the efficiency of the nodal seals. Conclusions. 1. The established dependence of the influence of the change and the difference in temperature of the constituent elements of the threshing apparatus unit on the durability of the bearings. It was found that when the difference between the temperatures of the bearing housings and the threshing drum shaft is more than 20 ° C, the thermal gap between its rings and the rolling elements disappears due to the thermal elongation of the drum shaft, which leads to the opening of the seal joints, and therefore to a decrease bearing life. A structural solution is proposed for the modernization of bearing assemblies, which achieves the leveling of the negative impact of thermal elongation of the shaft with minimized interventions in the base structure and associated material costs. A similar solution can be used in most agricultural machinery mechanisms, where, due to low rigidity or for other reasons, it is impossible to have a stable mutual arrangement of components rotating on bearings.

The Extraction Method of Gearbox Compound Fault Features Based on EEMD and Cloud Model

When a compound fault occurs, the randomness and ambiguity of the gearbox will cause uncertainty in the collected signal and reduce the accuracy of signal feature extraction. To improve accuracy, this research proposes a gearbox compound fault feature extraction method, which uses the inverse cloud model to obtain the signal feature value. First, EEMD is used to decompose the collected vibration signals of gearbox faults in normal and fault states. Then, the mutual information method is used to select the sensitive eigenmode function that can reflect the characteristics of the signal. Subsequently, the inverse cloud generator is used to extract cloud digital features and construct sample feature sets. On this basis, the concept of synthetic cloud is introduced, and the cloud-based distance measurement principle is used to synthesize new clouds, reduce the feature dimension, and extract relevant features. Finally, a simulation experiment on a rotating machinery unit with a certain type of equipment verifies that the proposed method can effectively extract the feature of gearbox multiple faults with less feature dimension. And comparing with the feature set extracted by the single cloud model, the results show that the method can better represent the fault characteristic information of the signal.

Обоснование расходных характеристик рекуператора для тепловой подготовки агрегатов машин и оборудования

Introduction. Machines and equipment in its composition may contain hydraulic systems to ensure the functioning of the main and auxiliary systems. It is known that a common disadvantage of hydraulic systems and drives is the dependence of the viscosity of the applied fluids on temperature. A noticeable part of technological machines and equipment is located in unheated or poorly heated industrial premises and a change in the viscosity of working fluids with a decrease in the ambient temperature can significantly affect the parameters of technological processes. An important factor in ensuring the stability of the technological processes parameters is the degree of preparation of machines and equipment for operation at low temperatures or in conditions of fluctuating temperature conditions. In this regard, the question arises of ensuring the required temperature of technical fluids before turning on machines and equipment, and maintaining the required thermal regime during the operation of its units and assemblies. One way to solve this problem is to use external heat sources. Various heat exchange devices can serve as such sources. In the heat exchange device, the heat carrier is heated, which is then fed into the heat exchange jacket of the machinery and equipment units. Both liquid and gaseous media are used to heat the coolant in the heat exchanger. In the latter case, the heat exchanger is called a recuperator. The efficiency of the recuperator is determined by its design and flow characteristics. There are methods for the analytical determination of both the design and flow characteristics of the recuperator, but these methods are quite laborious. The use of computer simulation of thermal processes makes it possible to successfully solve the calculation problem, and also significantly reduces the design time of heat exchangers. The aim of the work is to substantiate the flow characteristics of the recuperator for maintaining the thermal regime through computer simulation. The research method is computer simulation of thermal processes, which is implemented using the SolidWorks software package from Dassault Systems and its Flow Simulation application for simulating thermal processes in scientific research and engineering. Results and discussion. Simulation carried out in stationary and non-stationary modes made it possible to determine the effect of pump performance on the temperature of the coolant at the outlet of the recuperator. It is found that when the heat carrier flow rate is more than 20 l/h, its temperature does not reach the required values, despite the fact that the gases leaving the recuperator have a significant residual temperature. The efficiency of the recuperator is assessed by determining the exergy efficiency. Based on the data obtained, the most preferable are the pump productivity values lying in the range from 4 to 20 l/h.

МЕТОДИКА И РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ МИКРОМЕТРАЖНЫХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ УПЛОТНИТЕЛЬНЫХ УЗЛОВ АГРЕГАТОВ ГИДРОСИСТЕМ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОЙ ТЕХНИКИ

End-type sealing units based on round-section rubber rings are the most common types of seals for volumetric hydraulic drive units of various agricultural machinery. Its service life depends on the correspondence of the geometric dimensions of the elements that make them up, as well as on the combination of limit deviations of the specified elements. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in studying deviations and identifying statistical distribution of the cross-section diameters of new rings and the depth of grooves under them in order to determine the number of connections that meet the requirements of the standard. (Materials and methods) Author examined the sealing joints of the oil pipeline and the valve cover of the hydraulic distributor of the MTZ 80/82 tractor and new rubber rings that are part of repair kits intended for repair. Micrometric studies were performed using the GM-50 micrometer depth gauge and the TN 1060T thickness gauge. (Results and discussion) About 90 percent of the examined compounds do not meet the requirements of the standard, which explains to a large extent the low level of their reliability. At the same time, a significantly higher level of inconsistencies is in the metal parts of these connections. The vast majority of nonconforming joints have a combination of ring and groove sizes, which provides increased initial compression deformation of the ring in the groove. (Conclusions) Inconsistencies in the dimensions of the groove and the cross-section of the ring, which lead to an increase in the initial compression deformation of the seal, and thus the initial contact stresses, cause a certain increase in the theoretical life of the connection. To predict the connection reliability more accurate, it is necessary to study the influence on leaks not only of the geometric dimensions of the mating elements, but also other factors: surface roughness, as well as the actual operating temperature of the node and the aggressiveness of the hydraulic working fluid.

Classification of operational factors leading to premature failures of agricultural machinery parts

The article presents the material on the analysis of factors affecting the decrease in the functionality of agricultural machines and leading to the occurrence of failures. A classification of operational factors is presented, taking into account the influence of factors on each other. The factors considered were classified into different interaction groups and presented as a hierarchical fl owchart. The proposed classification of the considered operational factors is necessary to establish the relationship of the operational factor with the most significant group of factors and, accordingly, with the main elements determining the life of units and units of agricultural machinery.

Modelling of Harvesting Machines’ Technical Parameters and Prices

Technical and performance parameters of agricultural machines directly impact the operational efficiency and entire crop production. Sometimes, overestimation of technical and dimensional parameters of harvesting equipment is carried out with the intention of enhancing the operational efficiency, but this approach might turn out to negatively impact productivity due to unbalanced system design, and ultimately lead to financial losses. Therefore, a balanced preliminary estimation of technical parameters of equipment needs to be carried out before investment quantification, especially on the large capital-intensive machinery units, such as harvesting systems. In addition, availability of ready to use, simplified models for the price estimation from input technical parameters would reduce the complexity involved in this latter analysis. The current study is an attempt to provide tools to address these issues. A large dataset of combine and forage harvesters has been analyzed to investigate relevant parameter-to-parameter and parameter-to-price relations. The study of the available data allowed the determination of indicative models for the estimation of machine price, power, weight, tank capacity and working width. A significant correlation between power and price (R2 > 0.8) has been observed for two groups of harvesting machines. For combine harvesters, satisfactory correlations were found between power and weight, and power and tank capacity. A regression model for combine harvesters showed a satisfactory behavior at predicting the average working width that can be operated by a given power. On the other hand, for the forage harvesting group, the relation between these quantities has lower values; therefore, for better accuracy of the association, more sophisticated considerations should be incorporated, taking into account other parameters.

Kinematics and parameters for spiral-helical machinery unit used for secondary tillage

To improve the quality of pre-sowing/secondary tillage, the Kazan State Agrarian University has developed a soil-tillage machinery unit that, unlike other tools, contains a helical spiral and needle ellipsoid disks coaxially mounted on a horizontal shaft. A passive helical spiral creates a compacted seed bed at the depth of seed placement. Needle-shaped ellipsoidal disks are active and they provide mulching of the surface soil layer. The paper presents the parametric equations (derived in the analytical way) of some motion points that are placed on the cutting blade of a helical spiral. Also, we introduce the equations applied to determine the velocity of the motion points and accelerations, which together allow us to analyze how the machinery working body interacts with soil. Theoretical connections are also given to substantiate the main structural parameters of a spiral-helical machinery unit.

ORGANISATION OF THE TRANSPORTATION PROCESS OF OVERSIZED CARGO BY MODES OF TRANSPORT. ROLE AND POSITION OF MARITIME TRANSPORT IN THIS PROCESS

The article deals with comparison of modes of transportation concerning oversized and heavylift cargo carriage. The peculiarities of each mode of transport directed to determine the rational spheres of its use, but at the same time the development of the geography of maritime trade and intercontinental mainline freight flows has had a significant impact on the increase in the volume of transportation of industrial cargoes, raw materials and high-tech equipment and served as an impetus for the realization of the competitive advantages of the water transport over the other modes of transportation. Assistance in the development of external economic relations and provision of international trade relations as priority components in the list of advantages of which marine transport has in the world economy. Therefore, it becomes obvious that one of the most difficult types of transportation is the carriage of oversized and heavylift cargoes. It is reasonable to note that this concept has differences depending on the type of transport used. There are also various rules of transportation by rail, sea, air and road. Advantages and disadvantages of the implementation of the transportation process of oversized cargo using a particular mode of transport are not very apparent and depend primarily on factors such as indication of dimensions, information on weight, type of cargo, route requirements and time required for transportation, volume of transportation, specific conditions and requirements for carriage. Oversized cargoes in their turn include the cargo units of construction vehicles (excavators, bulldozers, graders, trucks), drilling rigs, earthmoving machines, various machinery and mechanisms for mining industry, steel structures and bridge supports, wind generators, transformers, as well as extra-length equipment, parts and components of plants. Keywords: Oversized and heavylift cargo transportation, water transport, mode of transportation

Augmented reality technology as a new source of competitive strengths in engineering products

The article analyzes opportunities for obtaining additional competitive strengths in engineering products due to the use of augmented reality technology for interactive information provision and support in terms of assembly, operation and maintenance for the products themselves as well as machinery units and production system components employed in the processes listed. The article also provides a short overview of equipment available on the market that can be viewed as a prototype for hardware and software complexes that provide informational support for technical personnel while the latter performs its job functions. It covers prospects of implementing informational systems that provide the operator with visualized supporting content online through the use of AR technology into the life cycle stages, processes of production, maintenance and operation of products and machinery equipment, as well as specialized applications. It also analyzes the necessary functional options and scenarios of using these applications, thus explaining the point of implementing them not as separate software products oriented on separate product units and equipment, but in the context of a unified information service of support for the production process, basically allowing the formation of a new production engineering instrument that goes along with the concept of the fourth technological revolution - reference-informational AR systems, the concept of use for which is universal to all industries and the consumer sector of the national economy. It analyzes the main limitations of the wide use of informational systems based on AR technology and gives grounds for its lessening midterm influence, based on, including but not limited to, the options for implementing new architectural solutions that are supported by the developing wireless data transfer technology (5G standard) as well as video compressing and transfer standards (MPEG-I). Based on the analysis of materials provided, rationale for implementing AR technology into the stages of machinery production and equipment life cycle is given, as well as new opportunities for obtaining their additional competitive strengths and relevance of information security of the corresponding reference-informational systems based on AR technology.

The acid-base-nucleophile catalytic triad in ABH-fold enzymes is coordinated by a set of structural elements.

The alpha/beta-Hydrolases (ABH) are a structural class of proteins that are found widespread in nature and includes enzymes that can catalyze various reactions in different substrates. The catalytic versatility of the ABH fold enzymes, which has been a valuable property in protein engineering applications, is based on a similar acid-base-nucleophile catalytic mechanism. In our research, we are concerned with the structure that surrounds the key units of the catalytic machinery, and we have previously found conserved structural organizations that coordinate the catalytic acid, the catalytic nucleophile and the residues of the oxyanion hole. Here, we explore the architecture that surrounds the catalytic histidine at the active sites of enzymes from 40 ABH fold families, where we have identified six conserved interactions that coordinate the catalytic histidine next to the catalytic acid and the catalytic nucleophile. Specifically, the catalytic nucleophile is coordinated next to the catalytic histidine by two weak hydrogen bonds, while the catalytic acid is directly involved in the coordination of the catalytic histidine through by two weak hydrogen bonds. The imidazole ring of the catalytic histidine is coordinated by a CH-π contact and a hydrophobic interaction. Moreover, the catalytic triad residues are connected with a residue that is located at the core of the active site of ABH fold, which is suggested to be the fourth member of a “structural catalytic tetrad”. Besides their role in the stability of the catalytic mechanism, the conserved elements of the catalytic site are actively involved in ligand binding and affect other properties of the catalytic activity, such as substrate specificity, enantioselectivity, pH optimum and thermostability of ABH fold enzymes. These properties are regularly targeted in protein engineering applications, and thus, the identified conserved structural elements can serve as potential modification sites in order to develop ABH fold enzymes with altered activities.

Integral estimation of the activity of the maintenance department of the mining company

This paper demonstrates the results of study in relation to increasing the efficiency of the maintenance department of the mining company. We consider the systematic and complex approach to estimating the activities of the maintenance department, which is based on analyzing the efficiency of the arrangement for repairing and maintaining the mining machinery, evaluating the practicability of its operation according to the ratio ‘result/expenses’, studying the structure of the maintenance personnel and also evaluating the influence of operating modes and conditions on the productivity of machinery. This approach allows to find out the hidden reserves in the organizational, technical, technological and economic systems of the company. In addition, we demonstrate the results of evaluating the system ‘excavator-cut face’, which characterize the condition of an excavator and conditions (cut face, working area) of its operation, perform the analysis of the downtime of the equipment during the maintenance and when it breaks down. We consider the systematic approach to estimating the economic practicability of operating and repairing the mining machinery, which allows to make managerial decisions in relation to every unit of machinery. Also the recommendations for increasing the efficiency of the maintenance department of the company are given.

PECULIARITIES OF SELECTION OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC DISTRIBUTION MODEL RADIATION INSIDE THE ROOM

This article deals with the distribution of radio waves inside buildings and spaces to further build a system of defense of information from side-by-side electromagnetic radiation and intrusion. The presence of inside the building of walls, partions, furniture, electronic equipment, people and other objects creates a complex distribution of radio waves. Thus, the conditions for radio waves in the interior vary significantly from the distribution of radio waves in free space. The purpose of analyzing radio waves is to calculate the range of electromagnetic radiation and to determine the real characteristics of the signal. The classical approach to the settlement of the electromagnetic field is to calculate the tension of the field in a single isotropic space based on the laws of reflection, diffraction, and scattering. However, because of the special conditions in the room, the possibility of directly applying the method is excluded. Technical means of information processing, which in the process of carrying out its processing, storage and transmitting make it possible to generate electromagnetic radiation, which is by bit, or parasitic. Thus, the nonlinear processes in the equipment units of machinery are generated and emitted into the surrounding space by the side of the electromagnetic radiation and the radiation that can be sufficient for the radio to be acceptable at a certain distance from mechanical means. Therefore, it becomes urgent to determine the optimal model for the description of threats through the channel of leakage of electromagnetic radiation and intrusion, as well as the size of the controlled area, which controls the presence of unauthorized persons and unauthorized stay in the facility, and the ability to use intelligence equipment, because in this the area is likely to intercept information.

Identification of Hazards and Safety Measures in Food Processing Industry

The investigation of this study mainly target the food manufacturing machinery equipment’s by conducting the risk assessment to identify high potential risk areas . The Risk assessment was carried out by using a tool known as MACHINE SAFETY RISK ASSESSMENT (MSRA) (Machine Safety Risk Assessment) .The focus of the work is an analysis of work demands being placed on Food manufacturing industry to the Limited workers, as there is a potential problems. MACHINE SAFETY RISK ASSESSMENT (MSRA) tool helps to identify the problems in a machine by directly investigating with the workers. In this investigation some major 25 machineries are taken for the assessments purpose. With the help of this investigations the major high potential hazards and most potential machinery areas can be easily identified. The results of this machinery risk assessments should be communicated to all relevant persons or groups who were not themselves involved in completing the assessment. Depending on the nature and scope of the assessment, this could include personnel directly involved in the activities, as well as those responsible for supervising or managing the activities. Communication is typically best carried out by the individual(s) who lead the risk assessment. The assessment concludes about 54% of hazards are happened due to the packing machinery sections, 24% of accidents causes in mixing machinery units while the oven and loading area reaches 10 to 12% of the accidents in the food manufacturing plants.

METALLOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF SAMPLES MADE OF 65G STEEL SUBJECTED TO COMPLEX TREATMENT BY ELECTROSPARK AND VIBRATION ARC DISCHARGES USING CERMET POWDERS

In this paper, some physical and mechanical properties of the surface layer of widely used steel 65G in mechanical engineering and agriculture, subjected to plasma treatment. The research is aimed at increasing the service life of parts and friction units of machinery and equipment. It is shown that vibroplasma surface treatment with the use of metal-ceramic powders allows to increase the hardness of the surface layer by more than 3 times. The elemental composition and microstructure of the sample surface were studied. The microstructure of the base material of the coated samples corresponds to the structure of the reference sample. The microstructure of the reference sample corresponds to the microstructure of low-carbon (pre-eutectoid) steel after annealing. Grained ferrite-pearlite structure with a predominance of ferrite. In the process of vibro plasma treatment in the surface layer of the sample is formed of 3 zones: the zone of deposited metal-ceramic material, a hardened area of the surface layer mixed with elements of the base and filler material and heat affected zone.

Active Balancing System of Lithium Cell Batteries Used in Drive Units of Mining Machinery

The article presents the problem of active balancing of lithium cell batteries used in mining machines. The BMS, developed in ITG KOMAG, which supports high capacity lithium cells used in electric drives of mining machines were presented. The structure of the system with the description of the applied active balancing methods and algorithms of operation of individual modules, of which the system is composed, was described. The issue of balancing in case of high capacity batteries, consisting of many cells divided into packets, is presented. Experiences from the implementation of the system on the battery of 8 cells with capacity of 40Ah, as well as from the cooperation with the battery composed of 224 cells with capacity of 100Ah were also presented.

The effect of tillage and pulverization equipment on beans growth and some technical indication for machinery unit

This experiment was conducted in an agricultural field in Hindiah district in the Secret province of Karbala, in a silt loam soil during the year 2019, to study the effect of tow types of plows the sweep and chisel plow (factor1) and tow types of pulverization equipment Rotavator and spring pulverization (factor1) on Beans growth and some technical indicators for machinery unit. The effect of these tow factors and the interactions between them on Slippage percentage, practical productivity, Fuel consumption, power requirement, percentage of knot and plant production were studied. Massy Fergusson tractor of (MF650) was adopted in the experiment, and Two parameters were used, the first one is: adopting two type of plows (the sweep and chisel plow) which represented the main plots (the Rotavator and spring pulverization), which represented the secondary plots. the experiment was conducted by the split plots according to the Complete Randomized Block Design, in three replicates. The results showed (according to the experiment conditions): that the sweep plow had have the advantage in recording the least percentage of slippage of (11.64%), least fuel consumption of (13.44%), the highest average of power requirements per area unit of (kwat. hr.h−1), highest percentage of knots ratio of (13.44%) and the highest plant production of (6054kg.hr−1). whereas the Chisel plow have had the advantage in recording the highest practical productivity of (1.29 hr.h−1). the rotavater have had the advantage in recording the highest practical productivity of (1.35 hr.h−1), highest knot ratio of (13.41%) and the highest plant production of (5932.5 kg.hr−1).whereas the spring harrow recorded the least slippage percentage of (9.94%), least fuel consumption of ( 17.13 Li.hr−1) and the least requirements of power ratio per area unit of ( 66.57 kwat.h.hr−1). as for the dual interactions, it did impacted significantly in all the studied traits.