Machine Technology Research Articles

A Comprehensive Review on Audio based Musical Instrument Recognition: Human-Machine Interaction Towards Industry 4.0

Over the last two decades, the application of machine technology has shifted from industrial to residential use. Further, advances in hardware and software sectors have led machine technology to its utmost application, the human-machine interaction, a multimodal communication. Multimodal communication refers to the integration of various modalities of information like speech, image, music, gesture, and facial expressions. Music is the non-verbal type of communication that humans often use to express their minds. Thus, Music Information Retrieval (MIR) has become a booming field of research and has gained a lot of interest from the academic community, music industry, and vast multimedia users. The problem in MIR is accessing and retrieving a specific type of music as demanded from the extensive music data. The most inherent problem in MIR is music classification. The essential MIR tasks are artist identification, genre classification, mood classification, music annotation, and instrument recognition. Among these, instrument recognition is a vital sub-task in MIR for various reasons, including retrieval of music information, sound source separation, and automatic music transcription. In recent past years, many researchers have reported different machine learning techniques for musical instrument recognition and proved some of them to be good ones. This article provides a systematic, comprehensive review of the advanced machine learning techniques used for musical instrument recognition. We have stressed on different audio feature descriptors of common choices of classifier learning used for musical instrument recognition. This review article emphasizes on the recent developments in music classification techniques and discusses a few associated future research problems.

ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ НАДЕЖНОСТИ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ ГАЗОПОРШНЕВЫХ АГРЕГАТОВ С СИНХРОННЫМИ ГЕНЕРАТОРАМИ МЕТОДОМ АНАЛИЗА ИЕРАРХИЙ

Relevance In the process of extracting hydrocarbon raw materials, associated petroleum gas (APG) is released, which in itself is a valuable fuel. Previously, associated gas released during extraction was simply burned, which was irrational and harmful to the environment. However, in modern conditions, oil companies tend to use associated gas. One of the best available technologies for the utilization of associated petroleum gas and the generation of electric energy is the use of gas piston units (GPU) at oil and gas producing enterprises, which are widely used at the present time. Progress in design methods and production technology of electric machines is expressed, among other things, in increasing their reliability, however, it is obvious that it will not be possible to completely avoid failures. The problem of solving issues of assessing and ensuring the reliability of GPU used for the utilization of associated petroleum gas at oil-producing enterprises is becoming more and more urgent every year, since serious losses of an economic and environmental nature are associated with insufficient reliability: emergency stops of GPU lead to the shutdown of funds of oil-producing wells and forced burning of APG on an open-type candle with the release of a large amount of the amount of greenhouse gases. Aim of research To study the reliability of gas piston units based on the weight indicators of their elements (functional units). Research methods The research uses the hierarchy analysis method (Saaty method) and the «weakest link» method. Results The article uses a methodology for evaluating equipment reliability indicators based on the weight indicators of functional units, taking into account the importance of reliability criteria. The node weight is calculated using the hierarchy analysis method (Saaty method). In accordance with the proposed methodology, the probability of trouble-free operation of the considered machines for the period of normal operation is calculated. Conclusions are drawn about the prioritization of technical impact on functional elements.

Evaluation of energy-economic parameters of tractor with electrically driven power unit

The development of agro-industrial complex in modern conditionsneeds a large share of low traction class tractors. Manufacturers in their turn strive to fill the market with tractors with good consumer properties. The use of electric drive on tractors is a relatively new trend with many unresolved issues in various areasof this subject. In this paper the questions on prospects of using electric motors as a drive of tractor power unit are touched upon. Energy equipment and general preparedness for transition of tractors to such systems are considered. The question of comparison of basic parameters of electric and diesel engines, consisting in one power category, is considered. The methodology of estimation of energy-economic characteristics of a tractor with electric drive power unit in relation to a conventional tractor with dieselengine and argumentation of the given parameters are given. The usefulnessof the introduced index is shown, as well as the necessity of its use in order to evaluate the efficiency of engines of different types in a comparative analysis. This paper will be useful in the engineering and design field of knowledge related to the design and development of electric drive technologies for mobile machines.

Review of Flux-Weakening Algorithms to Extend the Speed Range in Electric Vehicle Applications With Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines

This article reviews Flux-Weakening (FW) algorithms for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines (PMSMs), focusing on the automotive sector, especially in electric and hybrid electric vehicles. In the past few years, the spread of Electric Vehicles (EVs) has improved the technology of electric machines and their control to achieve more compact and competitive solutions. PMSMs are the most widespread electric machines used in EVs thanks to their high-power density and potential operation at constant power range during high speed. Such high speed implies a high electromotive force. An FW technique is mandatory to reduce the electromagnetic flux generated by the electric machine due to the voltage limits of the traction inverter and the energy source. This article classifies and analyses the state-of-the-art FW control strategies by comparing their main advantages and drawbacks. The Vector Current Control (VCC) method that regulates the modulus of the applied voltage is the most common one in the literature thanks to i) its robustness to parameter modification and model unsureness, ii) low computational complexity, and iii) high dynamic response and control stability.

Risk-oriented approach to organization of international trade and intellectual resources of production: high technology and intelligent machines against products with reduced risk and digital personnel

Risk-oriented approach to organization of international trade and intellectual resources of production: high technology and intelligent machines against products with reduced risk and digital personnel

Risk-oriented approach to organisation of international trade and intellectual resources of production: high technology and intelligent machines against products with reduced risk and digital personnel

Risk-oriented approach to organisation of international trade and intellectual resources of production: high technology and intelligent machines against products with reduced risk and digital personnel

BreedingEIS: An Efficient Evaluation Information System for Crop Breeding

Crop breeding programs generate large datasets. Thus, it is difficult to ensure the accuracy and integrity of all the collected data in the breeding process. To improve breeding efficiency, we established an open source and free breeding evaluation information system (BreedingEIS). The full system is composed of a web client and a mobile client. The web client is used to name the individual breeding offspring plants and analyze data. The mobile client is based on the technology of widely used smartphones and is suitable for Android and iOS systems. Its functions focus on field evaluation, including quick response code recognition, evaluation data entry, and real-time viewing. In addition, near-field communication technology and portable label machines are introduced to enable breeders to quickly locate each individual plant and accurately label any samples collected from it. Generally, BreedingEIS enables users to accurately and conveniently register phenotypic data and quickly lock target individual plants from large volumes of data. The system provides a low-cost and highly efficient solution for crop information evaluation and enables breeders to better collect, manage, and use breeding data for decision making, which is a valuable resource for crop breeding.

APPLICATION OF THE KUBEFLOW TOOL FOR THE INTEGRATION OF MACHINE LEARNING AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE

At the current stage of information technology development, machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) are becoming one of the main tools for solving complex applied problems in various fields of activity. Various processes and technologies are used for develop, test, and maintain the infrastructure of the data system. The application of tools for the integration of ML and AI in the management of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is especially relevant today. An overview of the ML concept and processes (Machine Learning and Operation, MLOps) was made, which is a set of techniques for implementation and automatic continuous integration, as well as delivery to the product environment and model learning. The concept of MLOps is considered in terms of Kubeflow tools, which work on the Kubernetes platform. The possibilities of using modern MLOps solutions to improve the development processes of ML information systems have investigated. An AI-based information system with the possibility of continuous learning has designed. The concept of using the MLOps pipeline to solve the applied problem of classifying objects from the video of reconnaissance UAVs was presented. The results of the operation of the model in the Kubeflow arsenal have been checked using such improvement factors as: speed of development, implementation of changes, reduction of time to search for problems, recovery after global interruptions, reduction of the number of errors in the model. A publicly available model was deployed in a Kubeflow cluster using the Seldon Core Serving application manifest for practical analysis. The conducted research showed that Kubeflow consists of a set of various open source components that have a high level of integration with each other through the Kubernetes platform. At the same time, Kubeflow uses the Kubernetes pattern of operators for ML objects extremely efficiently. It has shown that writing model code is a small part of ML tasks, which affects the need for automation. The concept of a full-fledged information solution based on the continuous integration pipeline, which is the foundation of the implementation of the concept of continuous learning, has formed. Representing abstractions in the form of separate platform resources allows you to reduce the entry threshold for the end user.

Data-driven system prognostics and diagnostics for SMT component placement machines

Prognostic-based maintenance analyses past events and predicts the future state of a machine based on the understanding of the degradation function of the machine’s components. Diagnostics-based maintenance tests equipment according to a fixed routine for a machine’s proper functioning and reliability. Current Surface-mount Technology (SMT) machines are not equipped with self-prognostic and diagnostic functions. In this paper, a system prognostic and diagnostic method is proposed, implemented in software, for estimating a machine’s health condition and faulty components of a SMT component placement machine outfitted with machine logs that consist of take-up count, miss count and time information. At each execution period the method processes features extracted from the machine logs to obtain a set of parity parameters, which are further used to analyse the machine. The prognostic algorithm computes the health status indicator of the component placement machine. The computed final status indicator is compared to a threshold value to check the system’s health condition. The diagnostic algorithm predicts and identifies the faulty pick-up nozzles and faulty input trays. The proposed algorithms minimise the effects of faulty components on production lines and assist to produce optimal maintenance decisions and reliability functions for equipment.

Определение показателей уровня техногенного воздействия технологического комплекса машин на уборке овощных культур

Reducing anthropogenic impact on the soil is becoming increasingly important. A comprehensive assessment of the level of impact of machine technology in vegetable crops harvesting will help to reduce the negative impact on the environment. The article presents analytical studies to determine the indicators of the level of man-made impact of the technological set of machines used for harvesting vegetable crop. The authors have developed an environmental friendliness criterion, which takes into account the amount of the component in liquid, gaseous, and solid waste; the value of soil density when harvesting root crops; the amount of erosion-threatening particles; environmental pollution with pesticides and mineral fertilizers; the average value of the removal of the fertile soil layer during harvesting; and air pollution by toxic components of the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines. They have determined and justifi ed the criteria for mechanical and technological prerequisites for harvesting vegetable crops, which determine the level of man-made impact of the technological set of machines used for harvesting vegetable crops: environmental friendliness criterion, energy intensity criterion, material consumption criterion, information support cost criterion, overall dimensions criterion, and ergonomics criterion. It has been stated that to assess the level of impact of technological sets of machines used for harvesting vegetable crops, it is necessary to be guided by the distribution ranges of the environmental friendliness criterion, which indicates the adjustments of technological sets of machines used for harvesting vegetable crops in the required range of acceptable values to maintain or improve the quality of harvesting.

Digitization of the economy of the agricultural complex: problems and prospects

This study allows us to conclude that digital expansion in the agricultural and processing sectors of the economy is most effective when using models: «pure producer», business model «from the field to the counter», «agro-industrial ecosystem». The main directions of digital transformation in the sphere of agro-industrial complexes are: precision farming, smart farms, smart greenhouse systems (complexes), the program of technological cooperation between agro-industrial complexes and IT- sphere «Industrial FoodNet». The fundamental problems and barriers to the digitalization of the agro-industrial economy are: misunderstanding of the importance of this activity on the part of many agricultural producers; lack of incentives and benefits for agro-industrial organizations and IT companies involved in cross-industry cooperation and import substitution; poor awareness of advanced automated innovation machine technologies and technical means due to digital transformations and artificial intelligence; negative impacts of the reduction of international exchanges and the application of sanctions to Russian manufacturers. In the process of searching for effective directions of digital transformation in the country’s industry under study, the author prepared scenarios based on the Foresight «4 Worlds» method, each of which describes the likely trajectory of the industry development, taking into account the dominant internal and external factors and prerequisites.

On the issue of substantiation of the mathematical model of the process of preparation of mixtures of protein-vitamin-mineral feed additives

The process of preparing feed mixtures using additives is a biotechnical system with deterministic relationships with technological and technical and economic characteristics, and a group of input, disturbing, control and output factors, taking into account which it is necessary to determine the rational machine technology, the structure of operations and the corresponding technical solutions that are embedded in the design of the unit. To describe the processes of mixing compound feeds, the main attention is paid to the analysis of energy parameters, the establishment by experimental means of rational parameters and modes of operation of mixers of different types, the determination of the speed of the product movement in the mixer, its performance and evaluation of the quality of mixing. The development of a general theory of the choice of rational modes and design features of mixers is carried out by compiling a system of equations that describes the functional behavior of individual elements, as well as the influence of connections with external factors imposed on their functioning.

CHEMIZATION OF AGRICULTURE AS A CONCEPT IN RUSSIAN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, ITS GENESIS AND DEVELOPMENT

The chemicalization of agriculture is a necessary condition for the intensification of production, despite the long history of the development of agrochemical knowledge, in our country it had to go through a long path of recognition among practitioners and in the scientific community. Organized efforts for the systematic use of a variety of chemical products for a number of reasons began only in the XX century, before that it remained the work of enthusiasts. Over time, the very understanding of chemicalization as a direction and principle of agricultural development has changed. (Research purpose) The research purpose is analyzing the development of the concept of «chemicalization of agriculture» in the context of the history of science and technology. (Materials and methods) Studied monographs, regulatory legal acts, collected works of outstanding scientists using chronological, genetic and biographical methods. (Results and discussion) It was shown that the chemicalization of agriculture in Russia by the time this concept appeared was a long-overdue need, but in the pre-revolutionary period it did not receive full support and was of a debatable nature. It was noted that the chemicalization of agriculture corresponded to the interests of the Soviet government, thanks to which it acquired the status of a nationwide campaign. Over time, it has grown from a slogan into an established scientific principle. (Conclusions) Over the century in scientific circulation, the concept of «chemicalization of agriculture» has changed (with minor variations) in the direction from the simple use of a limited assortment to an integrated system combining a wide range of agrochemicals with machine technologies of their application. Changes in the meaning of the concept reflect the evolution of views in agricultural science and practice, the social situation, the state of infrastructure and the achieved level of scientific and technical potential of the country and its agro-industrial complex.

Performance Evaluation of Sand Screening Machine: Effect of Sieve Size and Moisture Content

In construction industry, sand is a major raw material besides water, cement, gravel and steel. The quality of sand is vital in development of firm structures in construction. Thus, for construction industry to remain competitive, it is critical to develop efficient sand screening technologies that produce high quality sand while reducing labour cost. Therefore, the main objective of this research paper was to assess sand sieving technologies used in construction industry in Kenya and to design and evaluate performance operation of the sand screening machine that would help improve the efficiency and quality of sand while lowering the overall construction cost. The specific objectives were to design sand screening machine and to investigate the effect of moisture and sieve sizes on screening time. Experiments were conducted on semi-automatic machine driven by motor to determine fine sand produced at different moisture levels and time consumed. The machine designed consist a motor, sieve, shaft, steel hollow tubes, flat steel bars, sheet metal plates, hinges, eccentric sheaves, and angle bars. The study found that screening raw sand of 10 kg using a designed semi-automatic machine with a sieve of 3mm x 3mm and densities 1442 kg/m3, 1602 kg/m3, 1682 kg/m3, 1922 kg/m3 and 2082 kg/m3 were found to produce 8.1kg, 6.8kg, 6.1kg, 4.1kg and 2.8kg respectively with sieving time of 24s, 26s, 27s, 30s and 32s respectively. Designed semi-automatic sand sieving machine displayed a labour reduction cost of 66% leading to savings of Ksh. 39,600 per month. In addition, the output of the machine screening dry sand (1442 kg/m3) 8 hours per day was found to be 9,720 kg. In conclusion, low density sand and optimal sieve size results to high efficiency and significant labour cost savings. The study recommends the use of sand with low density (dry) and adoption of semi-automatic screening machine technologies in construction industry in order to attain Kenya’s affordable housing programme

Analysis of Different Machine Learning Techniques with PCA in the Diagnosis of Breast Cancer

In recent years, different types of cancer cases are common. Increasing cancer cases, A rapidly increasing health for countries and humanity becomes a problem. In addition to being the most common cancer among women today, breast cancer has surpassed lung cancer as the most common cancer type in the world since 2021. Early diagnosis greatly reduces the risk of death in breast cancer, and benign tumors are correctly diagnosed, allows the classification of this field to be a new research topic. New developments in the field of Medicine and Technology Machine learning, classification algorithms and computerized diagnosis are used in the correct classification of tumors. increased its use. These systems are extremely important in terms of being an assistant to the expert opinion. In this study, in the Wisconsin Breast Cancer dataset, it is aimed to accelerate the diagnosis of the disease and to reduce the tumors, different machine learning to minimize treatment processes by providing accurate classification techniques were used. In this study, we reduced our dataset to 171 data using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to accelerate disease diagnosis on the Wisconsin Breast Cancer dataset and 2 different classification processes were performed using 5 different machine learning. The success rate of each algorithm was compared, and it was revealed that Logistic Regression was the most successful method with an accuracy rate of 98.8% after PCA.

Neuron. Molecular supercomputer.

The article discusses the prospects for the development of intelligent computing systems. It is determined that at present the most promising direction in this area is based on the idea obtained as a result of biological research on the development of biocomputers, special types of molecular microcomputers using the concept of nerve cell DNA as the basis for calculations. In this regard, the structure and functioning of the nerve cell is considered in detail. Based on the consideration and analysis of the works of physiologists on the structure and functions of a biological neuron, it was found that the information perceived by a person is stored in the neurons of the brain at the molecular level, it also suggested that the nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum are elements of processing, transformation and storage of temporary memory. In addition, it was assumed that the nerve cell of the brain is a molecular, analog supercomputer that performs the analysis, synthesis, processing and storage of information. Huge volumes of information perceived by a person from the moment of his birth and throughout his life are stored in a nerve cell. There are about 100 billion neurons in the human brain, with each neuron containing millions of membrane-bound ribosomes. A detailed consideration of the functioning of a biological neuron from the position of a cybernetic system approach led to the understanding that the structure and functions of the ribosomes of a nerve cell almost completely coincide with the structure and functions of a Turing machine. It is shown that, in fact, a Turing machine is a processor consisting of a logical device and external and internal memory. A neuron can be considered as a molecular multiprocessor supercomputer, since in a neuron, an analog of the logical structure of the ribosome, and external and internal memory are transfer RNA and informational RNA. An example of the implementation of the simplest version of the Turing machine is given. In conditions of successful development of this direction, the possibilities of computers of the future are enormous. A brief description of the neuron-like element and the neural-like growing network is given. Their application in the technology of molecular machines will lead to the creation of a machine brain similar to the human brain.

A Comparative Study: The Precision of CNC Machines Using a Sliding Mode Controller (SMC) and a Wi-Fi ESP32

Computerized numerical control (CNC) is one example of advances in automated machine technology. CNC can fulfil high precision and complex product specifications. Industrial CNC milling is still expensive regarding the hardware and software required to operate it. As a result, CNC milling machines are only used by large companies, with only a few mid-sized industries using them. It makes it impossible for medium enterprises to compete with large industries in terms of quality and output. This research aims to develop a CNC that uses an offline Wi-Fi controller based on ESP32 as an application that supports CNC machine work processes for use in small and medium enterprises. In an experiment, the precision of a CNC milling machine equipped with a sliding mode controller (SMC) controller was compared with that of a CNC machine equipped with an ESP-32 Wi-Fi controller. The CNC milling process with SMC control exceeds the tolerance limits in three dimensions based on the results of ten tests, namely length, width, and height or depth. Six values, two in each dimension of length, width, and height or depth, exceeded tolerance limits due to the CNC milling machine's ESP32 Wi-Fi control. Therefore, the CNC with SMC control is more accurate than the ESP32 Wi-Fi control because there are fewer failures with the former. This research has been carried out and provides input for the implementation of SMC, which can be considered in the CNC milling process.

Emergency recovery technology of CNC machines

The general principles of implementing the technology of emergency recovery of the operability of technological equipment with software control are shown, as well as specific recommendations are given for analyzing the type and characteristics of the computer used, the organization of permanent memory, as well as the possibility of reinstalling the software if necessary.

Ирония музыкальной событийности в «Охоте на бабочек» О. Иоселиани

Researchers often talk about the carefully composed “universe” of O. Iosseliani’s films in which they perceive “harlequinade”, “carnival”, and “burlesque” as means of opposing the director’s creative consciousness to ideological discourses and related dramatic clichés. The director’s special thinking with musical and sound forms also appears to be oriented towards the effect of travesty “reversal” of meanings. The interaction of the layers of sound culture, which forms the archetypal subject of the master’s films, makes it possible to read his films as a sound parable. The article for the first time explores the musical form of the film The Butterfly Hunt (1992), where the idea of antagonism between the elite and mass culture is embodied in the principle of sonata and realized both at the level of the plot and in the process of interaction of diegetically significant inclusions from the pre-existing music. In Iosseliani’s film, the romantic archetype of sonata form is interpreted in accordance with the author’s worldview, combining nostalgic and ironic frames of mind. Thus, the first subject group is formed by episodes which concentrate the attempts of the characters — the inhabitants of two French family estates — to cultivate the “high” values of the European musical tradition, and the second subject group — by the key elements of the soundscape of a small town, saturated with musical events of everyday life. The dramaturgy of sonata antagonism captures the extinction of the individualistic-personal basis (lyrics), which at the plot level of the film corresponds to the steady advance of new machine technologies on the space of rural idyll. At the same time, the discovery in the film of the cyclic basis of the secondary form (concentric), as well as the connection of artistic expression with the genre archetype of scherzo, makes it possible to interpret the captured “degradation” processes in the context of an ironic oscillation of meanings as a special form of semantic rebirth.

Additively Manufactured Ultralight Shaped-Profile Windings for HF Electrical Machines and Weight-Sensitive Applications

Nowadays, additive manufacturing (AM) is becoming a more feasible solution for scalable electric drives compared to traditional production systems. Also, with the significantly growing automotive sector, innovation in electric machine technology is evolving rapidly. With the unmatched freedom in geometry, AM offers a great deal of flexibility in the design of electrical machine parts. Not only the passive parts can be printed such as the frame and the shaft of the electrical machine, but also active parts, such as windings, can be printed in lightweight materials such as Al–Si–Mg-based alloy. The main focus of this article is to further utilize AM in the design of electrical machine windings, with low weight and low losses especially at high-frequency (HF) operation. Aiming at HF loss reduction, different AM coils are prototyped using different materials, and their performance is compared with traditionally manufactured coils. Moreover, a new design concept of shaped-profile conductors is presented with reduced proximity effect and less impact by the cross-slot leakage flux. This design combines high electromagnetic performance and ultralightweight merits, allowing for higher power density electrical machines.