Machakos County Research Articles

Bullying and Risk Factors of Involvement in Public Secondary Schools. A Case of Selected Schools in Machakos County, Kenya.

Bullying and Risk Factors of Involvement in Public Secondary Schools. A Case of Selected Schools in Machakos County, Kenya.

Determination of the Precision of Quantitative Measurement Methods at Machakos County, Kenya.

Introduction: Measurement precision is the consistency of indications obtained as a result of repeat measurements on similar or the same objects, it gives information related to the method’s reproducibility. Precision is a crucial aspect of the method verification process. The study aimed to determine the precision of the quantitative measurement methods in the Clinical Chemistry laboratory through a systematic review and meta-analysis at Machakos County, Kenya. Methods: Internal quality control material (IQC) and pooled patientserum samples were used to measure precision. The IQC material and pooled serum samples both met the criteria for pathological and normal values.A purposive sampling technique was used, where Roche Cobas® Integra 400 Clinical Chemistry analyser was used to perform a comparative descriptive analysis, following guidance by the Clinical Laboratory Improvements Amendment 1988 (CLIA) and the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Data analysis was carried out using Excel Windows 10 MS Office 2021.The coefficient of Variation (CV) % was calculated from the obtained results mean and standard deviation and compared to manufacturers’ CV % and published CV %. Results: Short-term precision -All analytes’ control levels except Chloride (PCC1) met CLIA target coefficient of variation (CV) %. Fifteen (15)analyte levels met the manufacturer’srecommended CV %, and eleven (11) failed. Long-term precision – Ten (10) analytes for both control levels passed the target CLIA CV %. Three analytes (Chloride, Potassium and Urea)both control levels failed to achieve the target CV%. All thirteen analytes control levels (PCC1 & PCC2) failed to achieve the manufacturer’s recommended CV %. Discussion: The failure in achieving the target coefficient of variation (CV) for some analytes is attributed to instrument inaccurate calibration, variation or performance, sample handling/ processing, analytical techniques, environmental factors, reagent stability, interfering substances, quality control measures, and matrix effect. Address these factors through proper training of personnel, regular maintenance and calibration of instruments, stringent adherence to standard operating procedures, evaluation of reagent quality and robust quality control measures can help mitigate variability and improve the precision and repeatability of assay results. Conclusions: The performance of precision studies was average(i) Short-term precision – All analytes except one met CLIA target CV% and most met manufacturers set CV%. (ii) Long-term precision –Twenty out of twenty-six analytes’ levels met CLIA target CV% and all analytes failed to meet manufacturers target CV%.

Standardized precipitation index analysis and drought frequency tendencies in lower eastern counties of Kenya

The standardized precipitation index (SPI) is a fundamental indicator of meteorological, hydrological, and agricultural droughts in the world. This study aims to evaluate different timescales, 3 months (SPI-3), 6 months (SPI-6), 9 months (SPI-9), and 12 months (SPI-12) indices from meteorological data in quantifying drought characterization in lower eastern counties of Kenya from 1990 to 2018 for observed data and from 1986 to 2018 for Climatic Research Unit Time Series (CRU) data. Precipitation in-situ data (annual) and high-resolution (0.5 × 0.5 degree grid) monthly-scale precipitation data were sought from Kenya Meteorological Department and CRU TS, respectively. Z-Score (SPI) was computed for each year (in-situ data) and month (CRU TS data) using the SPI algorithm, expressed as the departure from the mean in standard deviation units. Quality control of CRU TS data was done by checking outlier values and comparing the data with precipitation data obtained from the meteorological department as well as ERA5 reanalysis data. Results showed that extreme to mild drought was experienced across the Kenyan counties for both annual in-situ and monthly gridded data. Machakos county experienced a year of extreme drought, while Makueni and Taita-Taveta have had 2 and 4 years of severe droughts, respectively. The monthly SPI indices of 3, 6, 9, and 12 months showed a remarkably consistent behavioral pattern detecting extreme droughts across the counties. Considering the uncertainties, unpredictability, and shifting of the long and short rainy seasons in Kenya, results were obtained related to dry and wet episodes and to their relationship with agricultural production as well as water availability and environmental management.

Social-Cultural Factors and Performance of Roads Construction Projects in Nairobi City County, Kenya

The Kenyan Government is on the spot over stalled and poorly done roads construction projects especially in the Nairobi City County. Successful road construction is an impetus to economic development for Kenya as enumerated in the Kenya Vision 2030. However, there has been need for these road construction projects to update their systems due to the ever changing environment factors. Thisstudy therefore sought to determine the relationship between social-cultural factors and the performance of roads construction projectsin Nairobi City County, Kenya. The underpinning theory was the open system theory. Thisstudy used a positivist research philosophy. This study used the descriptive and explanatory research design. In this study, Nairobi City County refers to the five counties in the Nairobi Metropolitan Area namely, Nairobi County, Kiambu County, Kajiado County, Machakos County and Murang'a County. The target population of this research was the 176 completed roads construction projects in Nairobi City County by Kenya Rural Roads Authority (KERRA). The unit of observation was the road engineers, project planners and directors (KERRA), road supervisors, road inspectors, road surveyors, contractors, and project implementation teams’ members (KERRA). The unit of analysis wasthe completed roads construction projectsinNairobi City County. Proportional stratified sampling was used to derive a sample size of 253 respondents. A structured questionnaire was used to collect primary data. Data that was collected from the field was filtered, sorted and cleaned in line with research objectives. This study adopted both descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statisticsincluding frequencies, percentages, mean scores, and standard deviation was produced for all the quantitative data. The results were presented using tables. Inferential statistics were done using the multiple linear regression. The study established a positive significant relationship between socio-cultural factors (t=2.417, p < 0.05) and project performance. The study concludes that human relationship influences project performance since projects operate within the society. Project culture is developed by communicating priority, status, and the alignment of official and operational rules. The study recommends that project leaders should be sensitive and aware of multicultural preferences guided by individual identity and role within the project versus family of origin and community, verbal and emotional expressiveness, relationship expectations, style of communication, language, personal priorities, values, and beliefs and time orientation.

Perception of Adaptation Strategies to Climate Variability in Machakos County, Kenya

The study was designed to assess climate variability trends on rainfall and temperature data between 1990 and 2020, analyse community perception to climate variability, evaluate adaptation strategies and their effectiveness and examined the challenges of adaptation to climate variability. Farmers were randomly selected and questionnaires administered, while focused group discussions were conducted to obtain farmer’s perceptions of climate variability. Rainfall and temperature data was statistically analysed using Mann Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator (p<0.05. The study found out there was a significant variation in the amount of annual rainfall received of (p< 0.004) (S= -53) which showed a decreasing trend, while temperature showed a warming trend of (p>0.099) (S=29). Also, farmers perceived that climate variability events were real with (71.1%) and (68.0%) noticing a change in rainfall and temperature respectively over the same period. The study established that community perceptions on rainfall and temperature trends agreed with meteorological data on observed climatic trends. Planting of drought resistant crops was most popular with (89.8%) (n=255) agreeing, while (79.2%) said it was the most effective strategy. The study found that although some farmers have adopted some adaptation strategies, they were constrained with (82.4%) agreeing that age was a great challenge to adaptation and had a moderate negative correlation with adaptation of (0.097) with labour and (25.5%) saying it was not a challenge. The study recommends farmers use the study findings on rainfall and temperature trends and data recordings on local agricultural performances to enhance their ability to adapt. To researchers and academic community the study recommends the intensification of research on ecosystem-based adaptation and the use of the results in mainstreaming policy making, planning and implementation of climate related decisions. The results reveal important knowledge that if effectively applied will inform the county government in climate management decisions and reduce farmer’s vulnerability.

Level of Awareness towards Covid-19 Recurrence among Adults COVID-19 Patients in Machakos Country in Kenya

Introduction: Cases of Covid-19 recurrence have become prevalent. This study seeks to establish the level of awareness towards Covid-19 recurrence among adults in Machakos County in Kenya. The study was guided by the health belief model and socio-ecological model.
 Methods: The study design was a cross-sectional study. The study adopted a quantitative approach. The target population in this study was 7, 428 Covid-19 patients in Machakos County. The sample size for the study was 418 respondents. Purposive sampling was used in selecting the respondents for the study. Data was collected through a questionnaire.
 Data Analysis: Data was analyzed through descriptive statistics comprising of frequencies and percentages. Chi-Square test was used in determining the association between the independent and dependent variables of the study.
 Results: From the findings, the overall Covid-19 recurrence was 11.1%. Overall knowledge, attitude and practice levels towards Covid-19 management and control were high. The study found that gender, level of education, engaging in any form of drugs/substance use and abuse and practices towards Covid-19 management and control were the significant host status determinants of Covid-19 recurrence. The study also found that staff shortages, proximity challenges and contaminated hospital environment were the significant facility determinants of Covid-19 recurrence. Further, it was evident from the study that the significant clinical determinants of Covid-19 recurrence included oxygen treatment for Covid-19, and longer duration in hospital during the first Covid-19 infection.
 Conclusions and Recommendation: The study recommends that the government should invest more in health facilities in terms of human resource for health personnel and equipment for treatment. The study recommends that future studies should be experimental so as to detect the actual biochemical concentrations for Covid-19 patients and recurrence rates among patients.

Examining the Impact of Resource Mobilization on the Performance of NHIF in Machakos County Kenya

Health insurance programs are frequently regarded as noteworthy social advances and significant avenues for industrial expansion. Nevertheless, the task of improving NHIF coverage and performance continues to present challenges, despite the existence of several motivating considerations. Presently, the NHIF provides coverage to around 15.8% of the population in Kenya; or almost 80% of individuals who own some type of health insurance. The performance of the NHIF has been a subject of criticism, despite its extensive coverage. The1main objective1of this1paper is1to1 examine the effects of resource mobilization on the functioning of the NHIF in Machakos County. The study used a descriptive design. The target population consisted of 93 staff of the NHIF from two of its branches and three satellite offices located in Machakos County. The researchers employed the random stratified sampling procedure to acquire a sample size of 76 participants. Primary data was gathered through the utilization of questionaries. A preliminary investigation was undertaken to evaluate the dependability and accuracy of the research tool. This pilot study involved the participation of nine employees from Machakos County. Moreover, the application of descriptive statistics was employed to calculate the mean deviation. The findings of the assessment were systematically arranged, succinctly précised, effectively offered, and comprehensively comprehended through the utilization of tables that distinctly illustrate the percentages and frequency. The study established that financing of NHIF in Kenya was majorly based on premium collection, Government budget allocation, tax financing, employer contributions, public-private partnerships, donor funding, and the development of an efficient administration framework. The study concludes that resource mobilization has a positive significant impact on the performance of the NHIF in Machakos County. NHIF should develop a long-term resource mobilization strategy that aligns with the NHIF's strategic goals and objectives.

Pollinator Diversity and Floral Calendar of Forage Resources for Pumpkin, Machakos County, Kenya

The abundance and diversity of bees correlate with the abundance and diversity of forage resources. Pollinator reservoirs in croplands can augment pollination of flowering crops by increasing pollinator diversity and abundance. Therefore, this study provides empirical evidence on the diversity and abundance of alternative forage resources in two landscape classes with pumpkin fields. The study was undertaken in 32 pumpkin farms; 16 for each natural difference vegetation index (NDVI classes). Flowering plants were identified and counted within and around farms at 2 m × 2 m quadrat and 4 m × 50 m belt transect from the middle of the farm towards the exit. Approximately 142 plant species were recorded and their abundance varied between NDVI classes and across months. In the 2 m × 2 m quadrat 6,765 plants were observed in May in low NDVI and 4,399 in medium NDVI were recorded in May. Abundance, diversity and annual floral resource structure for honeybees in low and medium Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) classes in Machakos County were determined. The 4 m × 50 m belt transect had the highest numbers of plants (1,434-20,825) and plant species across the months and between NDVI classes. At least 35% of plants remained actively flowering during the sampling period, therefore, can serve as alternative forage sources for pollinators. Our inventory of plants can be used to develop a floral calendar for adoption by farmers for on-farm management of pollinators. The floral calendars will be predictive tools used to detect a correlation between flowering plants, seasons and pollinators.

Determination of the Accuracy of Quantitative Measurement Methods in the Clinical Chemistry Laboratory at Machakos Level V Hospital, Kenya

Accuracy is the extent to which measurements are closely related to the actual values of the analyte. Accuracy is one of the key requirements in Laboratory method verification. Verification is a method of ensuring that tests are carried out per the manufacturer's specifications when tested by laboratory staff and patients at the facility. Other elements of verification include precision, linearity verified with reportable range, uncertainty of measurement, carry-over studies, reference ranges and limit of detection. This study aims to determine the accuracy of the quantitative measurement methods in the Clinical Chemistry laboratory in the month of January 2023. It also provides an alternative method for meeting accreditation requirements on accuracy by medical laboratories seeking accreditation in far-stretched laboratories where interlaboratory comparison may not be feasible. A systematic review and meta-analysis at Machakos County, Kenya. The procedure involved analysing commercially available internal quality control material five (5) times a day for eight (8) days bearing the same lot number. Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany supplied all the reagents, internal quality control materials and calibrators. Accuracy was determined using Roche Cobas® Intergra 400 Clinical Chemistry analyser to perform a comparative descriptive analysis of albumin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (Alk Phos), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), chloride, creatinine, Direct Bilirubin (D. Bil), Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), potassium, sodium, total bilirubin, total protein, and urea. The study followed guidelines issued by the Clinical Laboratory Improvements Amendment 1988 (CLIA) and Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (2014). Data analysis was carried out using Excel Windows 10 MS Office 2021. Mean, standard deviation (SD), Z-score, bias %, coefficient of variation (CV) %, and total error allowable (Tea) were calculated from the results of measurement of the analytes. All the analytes achieved a mean which fell within the manufacturer verification interval and hence passed. The bias % score for the analytes was as follows 5 analytes level (19.2%) scored 0 - ±1, 10 analytes level (38.5%) scored ±1.1 - ±2, 7 analytes level (26.9%) ±2.1 - ±3 and 4 analytes level (15.4%) scored above ±3. All analytes were found to have an excellent Z-score performance between 0 to ± 1.96. The total error allowable was found to fall within CLIA and CLSI specifications limits except for chloride PCC1/ Normal control which failed at 5.82% (CLIA target being ± 5%). Analytes' mean was expected to fall within the given manufacturer's mean. The bias % for the analytes which was at zero or near ± zero was considered an excellent score the further away the score was, the poorer the performance. The Z-score was also calculated to establish how far the observed mean fell from the target mean. All analytes were found to have an excellent Z-score performance between 0 to ± 1.96. A Z-score of ± 1.96 to ± 2.57 indicates good performance while a Z-score of over ± 2.58 indicates failed performance. These good results are attributable to the fact that analysis was carried out within a very short duration by the same person, on the state-of-the-art instrument, in a well-controlled environment hence no room for analytical variation. Chloride being an electrolyte failed since it is physiologically controlled in a strict and narrow range.

Intention to adopt improved indigenous chicken breeds among smallholder farmers in Machakos county, Kenya. Do socio-psychological factors matter?

Consumption of poultry meat, eggs, and other animal-sourced commodities has dramatically risen by almost 86 %, with the demand of indigenous chicken products almost doubling over the past few decades. In Kenya, poultry farmers prefer indigenous chicken (IC) due to their resilience to harsh climatic conditions, high feed conversion rates, delicious end products, ability to scavenge and potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions among other factors. Despite the high demand for poultry and its products, the gap between demand and production remains high. Poultry farmers try to keep pace with the demand by integrating the recommended improved IC breeds into their production system. Although there exists some understanding on the determinants of the farmers to adopt improved IC, still there is scanty information on how socio-psychological factors influence the intention to adoption improved IC among the farmers in Kenya. Thus, this study sought to investigate the determinants of intention to adopt improved IC while specially focusing on the role of socio-psychological factors. A total of 374 IC farmers in Machakos county were selected using a multistage sampling technique. Partial Least Square - Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) was employed to analyze the data. Results from descriptive statistics showed that approximately 90 % of IC farmers in the study area were aware of the improved indigenous chicken breeds. However, the adoption of the improved IC was below average (44.9 %). The path analysis results revealed that Subjective Norm (SN) was the main determinant of farmer's intention to adopt improved IC breeds, followed by Attitude (ATT) and Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC). The study recommends more emphasis to be given to psycho-social issues through well designed public and private interventions that will promote adoption of improved breeds among IC farmers.

Bayesian Kernel Machine Analysis of Communicable Diseases Distribution in Machakos County, Kenya

Bayesian Kernel Machine Analysis of Communicable Diseases Distribution in Machakos County, Kenya

Evaluation of the Source Concentration of Particulate Matter and Gaseous Emissions from Cement Milling and Grinding Facilities in Athi River, Machakos County, Kenya

Evaluation of the Source Concentration of Particulate Matter and Gaseous Emissions from Cement Milling and Grinding Facilities in Athi River, Machakos County, Kenya

Use of Satellite-based Leaf Area Index Data for Monitoring Green Gram Crop Growth in Ikombe-Katangi Area, Machakos County, Kenya

Monitoring the conditions under which crops grow and estimating their yield is essential to the process of economic development in any nation. The traditional approaches to crop monitoring are labor- and resource-intensive, as well as limited in their ability to cover expansive geographic regions. Since remote sensing data is integrated with ground measurements, it has been used as a potentially useful tool to extract biophysical variables such as leaf area index (LAI), biomass, and phenology. Leaf Area Index (LAI) is a key variable that bridges remote sensing observations to the quantification of agroecosystem processes such as yield. The potential of satellite-based LAI for monitoring crop growth was investigated and compared to field measurements. This was the objective of his study. High resolution leaf area index was retrieved from Landsat 8 OLI imageries, and ground leaf area index measurements were taken in Ikombe-Katangi Machakos in Machakos county. An equation based on regression was developed to estimate the leaf area index using the normalized difference vegetation index that was derived from Landsat-8 OLI (NDVI). According to the findings, the derived LAI exhibited strong linear relationships with the leaf area index that was measured on the ground for green gram crops, with RMSE values being 0.09846, and R2 values of 0.9249. The overall findings shed light on the viability of using multispectral data, in estimating leaf area index in a very fragmented agricultural landscape, such as that found in the Ikombe and Katangi areas of Machakos, Kenya. Therefore, accurate crop monitoring on a large scale can be accomplished through remote sensing data in conjunction with LAI measurements taken from the ground. The implementation of the leaf area index is subject to the environmental condition which requires to be investigated as the use of remote sensing data is advocated for. The advancement in the use of satellite data for extraction LAI data is key towards transforming crop production within Kenya ad Africa at large. Scarce resources for crop growth monitoring can now be augmented with open-source satellite datasets such as Landsat 8 in LAI estimation.

Influence of Principals’ Access to Information and Communication Technology Infrastructure on Financial Management in Public Secondary Schools in Machakos County, Kenya

Many organizations have adopted ICT to perform their daily activities. In educational institutions, ICT is used to improve performance. However, this has not been the case as some of the initial problems are still experienced today. This study sought to investigate the influence of principals’ access to information and communication technology on financial management in public secondary schools in Machakos County. The study was guided by the theory of the Technological Acceptance Model. The study adopted a descriptive research design, questionnaires and interview schedules were used to collect data. The study targeted 66 respondents which constitute 33 principals and 33 bursars. A purposive sampling technique was used to select the sample. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study established that principals had access to basic ICT infrastructure and this significantly influenced their use of ICT in financial management. The study recommends that the government through MOE enhance wider access to ICT infrastructures in schools and principals to develop skills that will enable them to utilize more of the available ICT infrastructures.

Influence of Understudy Programs on Principals’ Management of Public Secondary Schools in Machakos County, Kenya

Influence of Understudy Programs on Principals’ Management of Public Secondary Schools in Machakos County, Kenya

Influence of Kemi’s Diploma Training on Principals’ Management of Public Secondary Schools in Machakos County, Kenya

Influence of Kemi’s Diploma Training on Principals’ Management of Public Secondary Schools in Machakos County, Kenya

Unveiling the Veil: The Impact of Belief in Witchcraft on Faith Values within Africa Brotherhood Church in Machakos County, Kenya

This study examines the persistent belief in witchcraft among members of the Africa Brotherhood Church (ABC) in Machakos County, Kenya, and its profound implications for fulfilling the church's core mandates. Focusing on four key areas, namely adherence to positive cultural values, faith values, social cohesion, and church growth, the research aims to investigate the effects of belief in witchcraft on ABC membership while also exploring the moderating role of church interventions. Guided by Functionalism and Utilitarian theories, this study addresses the scarcity of research on the effects of witchcraft belief in indigenous African churches, employing an eclectic methodology that combines quantitative and qualitative approaches. The sample comprised 395 respondents drawn from seven sub-headquarters of ABC, selected through a stratified sampling procedure. Questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and focus group discussions were utilized for data collection, ensuring both construct validity and reliability of the research instruments. Descriptive statistics and inferential analysis were employed for quantitative data, while qualitative data were organized into thematic categories aligned with the research objective and presented through narratives, charts, and graphs. Findings from the exploratory analysis reveal the prevalence of belief in witchcraft within ABC, with respondents' age, education, and church roles identified as significant determinants. The confirmatory analysis supports the hypothesis, demonstrating that belief in witchcraft detrimentally affects faith values within ABC. The study recommends that ABC should reconsider its church interventions, taking into account the ontological reality of belief in witchcraft to strengthen the faith values of its members. By addressing the dualism in beliefs and fostering spiritual growth, ABC can mitigate the negative consequences of witchcraft belief, enhance social cohesion, and facilitate church growth within its congregations.

Exploring the Influence of Witchcraft Beliefs on Church Growth within Africa Brotherhood Church in Machakos County, Kenya

This study examines the impact of witchcraft beliefs within the African Brotherhood Church (ABC) in Machakos County, Kenya, on the church's growth. The research aims to fill the knowledge gap regarding the effects of witchcraft beliefs in indigenous African churches. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study explores areas of church growth influenced by belief in witchcraft. A sample of 395 respondents was selected from seven sub-headquarters of ABC using a stratified sampling method, including church leaders, pastors, and members of the governing council. Data collection involved questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussions to ensure reliable and valid results. Quantitative data were analyzed using statistical techniques, while qualitative data were thematically categorized and presented using narratives, charts, and graphs. The findings demonstrate the prevalence of witchcraft beliefs within ABC, with age, education, and church roles as significant factors. The study confirms that belief in witchcraft hinders church growth, leading members to leave or seek alternative spiritual interventions. Moreover, the study reveals the limited effectiveness of existing church interventions in addressing the relationship between witchcraft beliefs and the core objectives of ABC. Based on these findings, the study recommends that ABC redesign its church interventions to acknowledge the reality of witchcraft beliefs and promote church growth effectively. By addressing these challenges, the ABC can fulfill its mission more successfully.

Evaluation of the Downwind Dispersion of Particulate Matter from Cement Manufacturing Facilities in Athi River, Machakos County, Kenya

Evaluation of the Downwind Dispersion of Particulate Matter from Cement Manufacturing Facilities in Athi River, Machakos County, Kenya

Joint Decision-Making Influence on Implementation of Water Projects in Machakos County of Kenya

This study focused on the extent to which joint decision-making influences the implementation of water projects in Machakos County of Kenya. Accessibility to safe water has been a great challenge not only in Machakos County but to the developing world. The developed world often provides water aid to developing nations to cater to water projects. However, water projects have experienced challenges in providing affordable and sustainable water projects. Machakos County has low rainfall, it lies on the Semi-Arid Areas and multiple projects have been put in place to address water challenges. Despite the multiple water supply projects in Machakos County, problems have continuously emerged. The purpose of this study was to establish the extent to which joint decision-making influence the implementation of water projects in Machakos County of Kenya. The study was anchored on a Pragmatic paradigm and used a descriptive survey research design. The target population for this study was Machakos County water representatives, both staff and community. The research sample was Water Resources Users Association officials, Water Resource Management Authority employees, County Ministry of Water and Irrigation staff, Water Services Trust Fund staff and Tana Athi Water Services Agency Staff, giving a total target population of 572 individuals. The sample size of the study was derived from the various strata by using Krejcie and Morgan table for sample size determination which gave a sample size of 226 participants. The research instruments used included: Questionnaires, Key Informant Interviews, Focus Group discussions, Observation, Document review and Interview guides. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Quantitative data were analysed using frequencies, percentages, mean, standard deviation, composite mean and standard deviation. Qualitative data were analysed by content analysis. This study is significant to policymakers, students, water agency managers and primary stakeholders in the research region. It was concluded that the joint decision influences the implementation of water projects in Machakos County in Kenya.