Maceration Method Research Articles

GC-MS ANALYSIS OF ETHYL ACETATE FRACTIONS OF QUST AL HINDI (Saussurea lappa) ROOT

Background: Qutsh al Hindi (Saussurea lappa), commonly known as Indian wood, is a traditional medicine that had been used empirically as anti-inflammatory and pneumonia. Its potential as anti-inflammatory activity is proven by many researches in vitro and in vivo. Aim and objective: This study aims to identifying active compounds from the ethyl acetate fraction of Qutsh al Hindi (S. lappa) using GC-MS. Method: The extract was obtained by powder of S. lappa roots using maceration method and evaporated to obtained thick extract. Then, the isolate of extract would be fractionated using n-hexane and ethyl acetate. The compounds that carried out by fractionation would be identified using GC-MS. Result: Based on this research, the analysis of S. lappa ethyl acetate fraction showed 119 compounds using GC-MS. Other supporting factors using Mass Chromatography. The result was one of target compound identified, i.e. β-cyclocostunolide, a derivate compound from costunolide that has an anti-inflammatory activity. Conclusion: It can be concluded that a fraction of S. lappa roots ethyl acetate contain β-cyclocostunolide as anti-inflammatory compounds. Peer Review History: Received 11 September 2024; Reviewed 12 November; Accepted 25 December; Available online 15 January 2025 Academic Editor: Dr. Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Indonesia, ahmad.najib@umi.ac.id Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10

Chlorophyll and Magnesium Content of Papaya Leaves Extract (<em>Carica Papaya</em> L.) at Various Extraction Times

Purpose: This research is to determine the suitable extraction time required to obtain extracts with the highest contents of chlorophyll and magnesium.Research Method: Papaya leaves extracted by maceration method with acetone as a solvent, 4 groups with 6 levels of extraction time treatment. Chlorophyll contents were analyzed using the Arnon equation, magnesium contents were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES), and the energy gap was analyzed for the highest chlorophyll contents by touch plot method.Findings: 48 hours extraction treatment showed the highest chlorophyll and magnesium content, resulting in an average content of 13.272 mg/L for total chlorophyll, 11.380 mg/L for chlorophyll a, 1.881 mg/L for chlorophyll b and 934.771 mg/kg of magnesium content. The direct energy gap and indirect energy gap of the highest extract are respectively obtained at 2.428 eV and 2.442 eV.Originality/Value: Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that papaya leaf extraction for 48 hours produced the highest chlorophyll and magnesium contents, which can be used as a natural dye sensitizer for renewable energy Dye-Sensitized Solar cells

Investigation of the Anticarcinogenic Effects of Hypericum perforatum Extract on Human Thyroid Cancer

Introduction/Objective: Plants and their bioactive compounds play a crucial role in the pharmaceutical industry for treating cancer. To date, the cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects of Hypericum perforatum methanol extract on human thyroid cancer cell lines have not been thoroughly explored. The present study aimed to assess the potential anti-cancer effects of HPME on human thyroid cancer and investigate its potential therapeutic benefits. Methods: HPME was prepared using the maceration method, and its antioxidant activity was examined. Cytotoxicity studies were then carried out, followed by an investigation of the possible effects of HPME on metastasis and colony-forming capacities of human thyroid cancer cells. Afterward, qRT-PCR, western blotting, and apoptosis assays were performed. Results: Cytotoxicity studies revealed notable cytotoxicity of HPME against the TT cell line. Moreover, HPME significantly curtailed metastasis and invasion of TT cells in an in vitro wound healing assay. Analyses of gene expressions demonstrated an elevation in caspase-12, caspase-3, and Bax, coupled with a reduction in BcL-2, APOE, and CLU expression. Following HPME treatment, there was an increase in the protein expression levels of Bax and Caspase-12, while a decrease in the BcL-2, APOE, and CLU protein expression. Furthermore, apoptotic studies indicated an increase in early apoptosis. Conclusion: Overall results revealed that HPME demonstrates a notable antioxidant capacity in human thyroid cancer. It exerts an influence on crucial biological processes associated with cancer, indicating its potential to hinder the proliferation of human thyroid cancer cells by enhancing apoptosis through the upregulation of gene and protein expression, particularly involving caspases.

Study on Antibacterial Activities of Croton macrostachyus and Pycnostachys abyssinica Leaf Extracts Against Some Human Pathogens

The present study was aimed to verify the medicinal value of Croton macrostachyus and Pycnostachys abyssinica traditionally used to treat human and animal ailments in Ethiopia. Fresh leaves of these species were collected, dried under shade, and ground into fine powder. The extraction was carried out by the maceration method using methanol as a solvent. The compounds in the crude extract were further profiled by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The antibacterial activity of the compounds was evaluated using the agar well diffusion method. C. macrostachyus had a higher percentage extract yield (22.5%) than P. abyssinica (13.7%). The phytochemical screening showed more abundant phenolic compounds and tannins in the extract of C. macrostachyus and alkaloid, flavonoid, phenolic compounds, and tannins in the extract of P. abyssinica. Overall, C. macrostachyus produced twofold higher growth inhibition zone (24.0 ± 0.5–43.0 ± 1.0 mm) against the tested pathogens than P. abyssinica (7.0 ± 0.5–24.0 ± 0.3 mm). Among the bacteria, Klebsiella pneumoniae was found to be the most sensitive to compounds of C. macrostachyus. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values (25 mg/mL) were obtained from compounds 1 and 3 of C. macrostachyus leaf extract against Escherichia coli and K. pneumoniae and compounds 2 and 3 of the same against S. aureus. Similarly, compound 1 of P. abyssinica leaf extract produced the lowest MIC (25 mg/mL) against K. pneumoniae and Staphylococcus epidermidis and compound 3 of the same species against E. coli and K. pneumoniae. All the profiled compounds of the two species had both bactericidal and bacteriostatic properties against the tested pathogens. The results of the present study revealed that the compounds of C. macrostachyus had strong antibacterial activity against all the tested pathogens, indicating the high potential of the compounds. However, further characterization and identification of the specific compounds for the development of biocide formulations are suggested.

Maceration and fractionation technologies in a demonstration-scale green biorefinery: Proteins, sugars, and lipids extraction and energy efficiency

Different configurations of maceration and wet fractionation of green biomasses were assessed at a demonstration scale intending to extend the extraction of leaf protein concentrate. Two maceration methods, one-stage and a multistage maceration, were investigated on six distinct green forage types. The study aimed to enhance the extraction of leaf protein concentrate for use as a soybean replacement in monogastric feed, while also extracting simple sugars and lipids for potential further value creation. The use of multistage maceration scenarios promoted a more robust mechanical disintegration of the plant biomass, leading to higher extraction of the soluble compounds. The highest crude protein extraction efficiencies were seen in red clover (29 %) and festulolium (28 %). While grass fiber had higher lignocellulosic content than legume fiber, additional maceration and fractionation did not further break down cellulose, which remained predominantly in the fiber fraction across all biomasses. The higher energy requirements associated with more advanced processes are offset by the significant increase in protein yields.

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Suaeda maritima from Karangantu Waters, Serang-Indonesia

Suaeda maritima or locally called Alur in Indonesia is a water-based plant that has high nutritional content and commonly consumed as fresh vegetables or urap. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the content of phytochemicals, antioxidants and antibacterial activities in Suaeda maritima extracts. Fresh Suaeda maritima was analyzed for its proximate content then it was dried by hot air dryer at 40°C until the moisture content reached ≤10%. The dried Suaeda maritima was extracted by maceration and ultrasonication method using three different solvents, namely methanol, ethanol, acetone. The extracts then were analyzed for the phytochemical compounds, total phenolics content, antioxidant activity (FRAP methods), and antibacterial activity. The results showed that fresh Suaeda maritima comprised of moisture 86.74±0.58%; ash 2.76±0.17%; protein 1.08±0.33%, lipid 0.47±0.11%; and carbohydrate 8.94±0.82%. It was also revealed that overall extracts, both in maceration and ultrasonication methods, comprised of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, steroids, tannins, and saponins. The ethanol extract by the maceration methods had the highest total phenolic contents among the other extracts, which was 6.20±0.27 mg GAE g-1 (P0.05). The highest antioxidant activity was 85.04±4.01 mM FeSO4/g also found in ethanol extract by maceration method. It was proven that there was high relationship between the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity, which the R2 was 0.9242. However, the antibacterial activity for inhibiting Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus on Suaeda maritima was categorized as weak due to its clear zone was 5 mm. In conclusion, Suaeda maritima extract would be potential as natural source of antioxidant.

Formulasi dan Karakterisasi Nanopartikel Ekstrak Biji Carica (Carica pubescens) dengan Variasi Konsentrasi Kitosan menggunakan Metode Gelasi Ionik

Carica seeds (Carica pubescens) contain alkaloid, saponin, and flavonoid compounds, which have pharmacological activities such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antihyperlipidemic properties, but their bioavailability is low. Nanotechnology has significantly advanced in drug delivery systems because it can enhance absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, allowing entry into the bloodstream. This study aims to create and evaluate the characteristics of carica seed extract nanoparticles with varying concentrations of chitosan. The carica seed extract was obtained using the maceration method with 70% ethanol as the solvent. The Carica seed extract was then formulated into nanoparticles using the ionic gelation method with varying concentrations of chitosan: NaTPP, specifically formulas FA (0.3:1), FB (0.2:1), and FC (0.1:1). The resulting nanoparticle colloids were characterized for particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), percent transmittance (%T), and specific functional groups. The results showed that the particle sizes for formulas FA, FB, and FC were 243.7 nm, 47.96 nm, and 116.6 nm, respectively. The PDI values for formulas FA, FB, and FC were 0.378, 0.357, and 0.52, respectively. The percent transmittance for all three formulas ranged from 99.5% to 99.6%. The characterization of functional groups indicated interactions between the carica seed extract, chitosan, and NaTPP, with the presence of OH, N-H, aliphatic CH, P=O, and PO3 groups. These interactions were observed based on the shift in wavenumbers in the FTIR results for each sample. All carica seed nanoparticle formulas showed particle sizes within the nanometer range (<1000 nm), polydispersity indices less than 1, percent transmittance close to 100%, and specific functional groups indicating interactions between the extract and the coating polymer. Formula FB was the optimal formula, with the smallest nanoparticle size (<100 nm), a PDI value of <0.5, and a percent transmittance of >99%.

Phytochemical Screening and Anti-hyperglycemic Effect Test of Ethanol Extract of Waru Leaf (Hibiscus tiliaceus) on Glucose-loaded Mice

Background: The treatment of diabetes mellitus relies on synthetic drugs with various side effects. Therefore, it is necessary to explore alternative treatments with herbal therapies, such as Hibiscus tiliaceus leaves. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the anti-hyperglycemic effect of an ethanol extract from Hibiscus tiliaceus leaves in glucose-loaded mice. Methods: The initial stage of dried leaf characterization was to ensure the identity, quality, purity, and safety to be used, and then extracted using the maceration method with 70% ethanol solvent. The next step was phytochemical screening to identify secondary metabolite content. The anti-hyperglycemic effect was evaluated using the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) on 25 male mice divided into five treatment groups. The negative control group was given Na CMC 0.5% w/v Na CMC, and the positive control group was administered glibenclamide. The ethanol extract of Hibiscus tiliaceus leaves was administered at doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg. Approximately 200 µL of blood was collected and analyzed for glucose levels. The data were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with SPSS ver. 25 program. Results: Hibiscus tiliaceus leaves contain alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. The highest decrease in blood glucose levels was observed in the ethanol extract group at a dose of 400 mg/kg BW, with a decrease of 78.52%, followed by a dose of 200 mg/kg BW of 76.63%, a dose group of 800 mg/kg BW of 73.48%, and a positive control group (glibenclamide) of 34.68%, which was significantly different from the negative control group (Na CMC 0.5%) (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The ethanol extract of H. tiliaceus has anti-hyperglycemic effects.

FORMULASI DAN EVALUASI FISIK SEDIAAN MASKER CLAY KOMBINASI EKTRAK ETANOL DAUN BAWANG DAYAK DAN KULIT JERUK SIAM

Clay masks are a popular cosmetic due to their ability to rejuvenate the skin and detoxify the face. Clay masks can be made by adding dayak onion leaves and Siamese banjar orange peel, known to be rich in natural antioxidants containing various complex secondary metabolites. The aim of this research is to formulate and evaluate a clay mask preparation made from a combination of ethanol extracts of dayak onion leaves and Siamese banjar orange peel. The samples were extracted using the maceration method with 70% ethanol as a solvent. The ethanol extracts were then formulated into clay masks using kaolin as the base material, with ratios of 1:1, 2:1, and 1:2. The organoleptic evaluation showed no changes in color, odor, or texture of the masks during storage. All formulations were homogeneous with an average pH ranging from 5.19 to 5.97. The viscosity test results ranged from 29.14 to 37.05 Pa’s, the average spreadability was 27.12-38.90 mm, and the drying time ranged from 15.21 to 17.58 minutes. It can be concluded that the ethanol extract combination of dayak onion leaves and Siamese banjar orange peel can be formulated into a stable clay mask and all formulations meet the required physical evaluation.

Anti-dermatophytic activities and time-kill kinetics of the methanol extracts of Napoleona imperialis

Background: Dermatophytosis is one of the most common cutaneous infections in the world. This is a superficial fungal infection that pose public health challenges to man and animals. The objective of this study is to evaluate the anti-dermatophytic activities of the different parts of Napoleona imperialis extract against selected clinical dermatophytes isolated from school children in Anambra State, Nigeria.Methodology: The pulverized materials of the authenticated plant parts were extracted using cold maceration method for 48 hours in methanol. Stock solutions of the extracts were prepared by dissolving 1000mg of the extract in 2ml of dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) to obtain a final concentration of 500mg/ml, that was used to primarily screen the plant extracts for their anti-dermatophytic activities on the selected dermatophytes by the agar well diffusion method. For determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), stock solution of the plant extracts was prepared by dissolving 10000mg of the extract in 2 ml of DMSO to attain a final concentration of 5,000 mg/ml, which was used to prepare different concentrations of the extract by 2-fold serial dilution. The extracts were then tested on selected dermatophytes consisting of two isolates of Trichophyton mentagrophytes, one isolate of Microsporum audouinii, one isolate of Microsporum canis, and two isolates of Microsporum ferrugineum. The time kill kinetics was also performed using standard method.Results: The mean (±SD) inhibition zone diameter produced by the stem bark extract against the different dermatophytes at concentration of 500mg/ml was significantly higher than all other plant extracts used (p<0.05) with M. ferrugineum as the most susceptible. The MICs and MFCs were the same for the leaf, root, stem bark and seed extracts of the plant, which ranged from 31.25-250 mg/ml for M. audouinii; 62.5-250 mg/ml for M. canis, and 0.978-62.5 mg/ml for M. ferrugineum 2. Similarly, the MICs and MFCs were the same for the root extract of the plant against T. mentagrophyte 2 (62.5 mg/ml), stem bark extract against T. mentagrophyte 1 (3.912 mg/ml) and against T. mentagrophyte 2 (1.956 mg/ml). The seed extract against T. mentagrophyte 1 and against M. ferrugineum 1 also had the same MIC and MFC (15.625 mg/ml). In the time -kill assay, there was drastic reduction in the number of viable cells count within 0-1 hour, and at 8-hour time period, there were no viable cells.Conclusion: Crude methanol extracts of N. imperialis stem bark exhibited higher fungicidal effect when compared to the other plant parts. This extract can be a complementary source of novel antifungal agents. The study provides evidence for the use of this plant in traditional settings for the treatment of dermatophytosis.

Formulation of Face Serum Combining Pedada Leaf Extract (Sonneratia caseolaris L.) and Kencur Rhizome Extract (Kaempferia galanga L.) As an Antioxidant Cosmetic Preparation

Plants containing natural bioactive compounds with antioxidant activity have the potential to be utilized and formulated into cosmetic products. Pedada (Sonneratia caseolaris L.) leaves, a type of mangrove plant and aromatic ginger (Kaempferia galanga L.) rhizomes are two plants known for their high antioxidant activity. This study aimed to formulate facial serum using a combination of pedada leaves and aromatic ginger rhizome extracts and to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the formulations. The extraction of pedada leaves and aromatic ginger rhizomes was performed using the maceration method with 96% ethanol. Antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH method. The facial serum was formulated with combinations of pedada leaves and aromatic ginger rhizomes in ratios of 1:1 (F1), 2:1 (F2), and 3:1 (F3). The serum formulations were evaluated for organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, spreadability, stability, and irritation potential. The results indicated that the IC50 values of pedada leaves and aromatic ginger rhizome extracts were 10.78 ppm and 634.41 ppm, respectively. The best combination was a 3:1 ratio, which yielded an IC50 value of 15.74 ppm. The most effective serum formulation was F2, with an IC50 value of 394.98 ppm. The pH values of serums F0, F2, and F3 were 6.23, 5.72, and 5.43, respectively, and the stability test at 5°C, 28°C, and 40°C for three months showed pH values ranging from 4.5 to 6.5. The viscosity values of serums F0, F2, and F3 were 655, 1810, and 2776 cps, respectively. Acute dermal irritation tests on rabbits indicated that serum formulations F2 and F3 showed no adverse responses

Optimization of Andrografolid Extraction from the Herb Sambiloto (Andrographis Paniculata (Burm.F.) Nees) Using a Combined Maceration and Refluction Method

Optimization of Andrografolid Extraction from the Herb Sambiloto (Andrographis Paniculata (Burm.F.) Nees) Using a Combined Maceration and Refluction Method

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF ETHANOL EXTRACT Areca catechu L. Stalk USING THE DPPH METHOD

A monocotyledonous plant from the wild palm group, the areca nut (Areca actechu L.), has numerous health advantages. Most people in Sorong City empirically cure illnesses with areca nut medication. Using the DPPH (2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) technique, the secondary metabolite chemicals and antioxidant activity were determined. The areca palm stalks were extracted using a maceration method with a 96% ethanol filter. The IC50 value was used to test for antioxidants using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Phytochemical analysis revealed that the areca stem extract contained tannins, alkaloids, steroids, and flavonoids.The results of the antioxidant activity test of areca nut stalk extract showed that the IC50 value in replication 1 was 32.66µg/mL, replication 2 was 32.88µg/mL, and replication 3 was 32.84 µg/mL. Conclusion: Ethanol extract of areca stalk (Areca catechu L.) has secondary metabolite compounds and antioxidant activity with an average IC50 value of mean ± SD = 32,79 ± 0,114. Keywords: antioxidants, dpph method, Areca catechu L.

Effects of Globularia cordifolia on colon cancer cells: antioxidant activity, inflammatory cytokine analysis and molecular docking studies.

The present study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties of Globularia cordifolia L. The plant material was collected and extracted using the maceration method. Antioxidant activities were assessed through DPPH (i.e. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and iron chelation assays, whereas phenolic and flavonoid contents were measured using spectrophotometric methods. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was performed to identify biologically active compounds. The cytotoxic effect on colon cancer cells was evaluated using MTT [i.e. 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide] assays, and inflammatory cytokine levels were measured through an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Molecular docking studies investigated the interactions of bioactive compounds with the 4UYA protein, and ADME (i.e. absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity) modeling predicted their toxicity. The study revealed that the extract exhibited strong antioxidant activity with a median 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 39.48 ± 2.15 μg mL-1 in the DPPH assay and an effective iron chelation capacity with an IC50 value of 4.28 ± 0.19 mg mL-1. The total phenolic content was 662.51 ± 20.95 mg gallic acid equivalents g-1, and the flavonoid content was 114.99 ± 0.51 mg quercetin equivalents g-1, demonstrating the extract's richness in phenolic and flavonoid compounds. Significant antiproliferative effects were observed in colon cancer cells at a dose of 250 μg mL-1. Inflammatory cytokine analysis indicated a reduction in pro-inflammatory responses. Molecular docking studies showed strong binding affinities between the bioactive compounds and the 4UYA protein, suggesting the mechanisms of action. The findings indicate that G. cordifolia extract exhibits strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative properties, making it a promising biomolecular agent for colon cancer therapy. The high phenolic and flavonoid contents, combined with the bioactive compounds' interactions with key molecular targets, underscore its potential therapeutic applications. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

SKRINING FITOKIMIA FRAKSI AQUA DEST EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN SALAM Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp.

Diabetes, hypertension, diarrhea, gastritis, and cholesterol can be reduced by Bay Leaves or Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp because of its properties. Knowing the Rf value (aquadest fraction of bay leaf ethanol extract) and secondary metabolite compounds (aquadest fraction) is the research's purpose. Extraction using 96% ethanol solvent with the maceration method, which will be evaporated using a rotary evaporator. Furthermore, the extract obtained will be fractionated using the liquid-liquid fractionation method. The level of polarity obtained will determine the fractionation treatment, the solvent used is aquadest. After that, the aquadest fraction screening will be carried out, and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) will later be used for confirmation testing. In this study, several experiments have been carried out on the aquadest fraction of the ethanol extract of bay leaves. The results obtained from the aquadest fraction screening are flavonoid, tannin, and saponin compounds. For the Rf value of the aquadest fraction of flavonoid compounds, the Rf value of the aquadest fraction of tannin compounds was 0.78 and the Rf value of the aquadest fraction of saponin compounds was 0.88.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GREEN SEAWEED (Ulva reticulate) ANTIBACTERIAL COMPOUND EXTRACT ON THE BACTERIA Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Green seaweed (Ulva reticulata) is found in many parts of Indonesia. The potential of green seaweed is not widely known to the public, even though it is considered a parasite on other types of seaweed. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial compounds contained in green seaweed and their effectiveness against Vibrio parahaemolyticus bacteria. Green seaweed was extracted by maceration method and then qualitative and quantitative tests were carried out. After that, the minimum inhibitory concentration test was carried out and continued with the minimum bactericidal concentration test and the inhibition test with 5 treatments and 3 replications. The data from the qualitative and quantitative test of seaweed, the minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum bactericidal were analyzed descriptively, while the data from the inhibition zone test was analyzed statistically by ANOVA. The results of qualitative and quantitative tests showed that green seaweed contained flavonoids (6.4909 mg/g), tannins (70.7500 mg/g) and saponins (443.7286 mg/g). The results of the minimum inhibitory concentration test showed that the concentration of 3.125% was the minimum concentration to inhibit bacterial growth. In the inhibition test, it can be seen that P4 (6%) is the best treatment. The results of statistical analysis show that the treatments given are significantly different, except that P4 (6%) and P5 (7,5%) are not significantly different. From this study it can be concluded that green seaweed extract is effective in inhibiting the growth of Vibrio parahaemolyticus bacteria.

Aktivitas Antidiabetes Ekstrak Etanol Daun Bidara Pada Tikus Dengan Induksi Streptozotocin

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a global health problem that continues to increase, requiring safer and more effective alternative therapies. Bidara leaves have been known to have bioactive compounds that are useful as antioxidants, antimicrobials, and antidiabetics. This study aims to determine the potential of bidara leaf extract in lowering blood sugar in diabetic rats. This study is an experimental research with four treatments. This study includes the manufacture of bidara leaf extract through the maceration method, phytochemical screening, and testing of antidiabetic activity in STZ-induced animal models. Blood sugar levels were measured before and after the intervention. The results showed that (1) bidara leaf extract contains flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, and quinones; (2) Giving extracts with various concentrations for 42 days can reduce blood glucose levels in rats; (3) Bidara leaf extract at a dose of 400 mg/ml showed higher activity than other doses. Thus, it can be concluded that 70% ethanol extract of bidara leaves can be used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Colour Extraction from Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus spp.) Peel

Background: The peels of dragon fruits, usually discarded as waste after fruit processing, contains betacyanin, a red-purple pigment that can be utilised to replace synthetic colours in food industry. This can be an efficient waste management system and can provide additional income to the farmers. Methods: Colour extracts were prepared from peels of both white and purple type dragon fruits by different maceration techniques viz., hydromaceration, maceration in ethyl alcohol, hydromaceration of freeze-dried peel, low temperature hydromaceration and low temperature ethyl alcohol maceration for 24 hours adopting 1:2 peel to solvent ratio. Extracts prepared by the two best extraction methods were subjected to ambient and low temperature (4 to 7°C) storage for three months for analyzing storage stability. Result: Hydromaceration of purple dragon fruit peel produced extracts with the highest betacyanin content. Highest total antioxidant activity was found in extracts prepared by low temperature hydromaceration of purple dragon fruit peel. Hydromaceration of purple- fleshed dragon fruit peels for 24 hours using 1:2 peel solvent ratio and storage at low temperature of 4 to 7°C can be recommended as the best maceration method for betacyanin pigment extraction.

The Phytochemical and Biological Activities of Two <i>Phyllanthus </i>Species: Insights into Metabolit, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity

Phylanthus species, including P. niruri and P. urinaria have pharmacological potential due to their rich phytochemical composition. People usually used this plant for medicinal treatments. This study aimed to compare the phytochemical and antioxidant and antibacterial activities of two Phyllanthus species. The whole of plants was extracted using maceration method with ethanol as solvent. Phytochemical content analyzed using spectrophotometer. The reagent used for each compounds that were Folin-ciocalteu for phenolics, AlCl3 for flavonoid, dimethyl sulfoxide for chlorophyll and carotenoid. Bioactivity analysis using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl method for antioxidant activity and Kirby-Bauer method for antibacterial activity. The highest flavonoid content (12.22 mg QE/gram extract) and total chlorophyll (43.2 µg/ml extract) in P. niruri while phenolic content (80.8 mg GAE/gram extract) in P. urinaria. The carotene of both Phyllanthus were similar (11.9 µg/ml extract. The IC50 values of P. urinaria (6.16 ± 0.42 μg/ml) and P. niruri (17.72 ± 0.80 μg/ml), which indicated very strong antioxidant activity. P. urinaria leaf extract had stronger inhibition against Escherichia coli than Staphylococcus aureus (>20 mm) and P. niruri leaf extract could inhibit E. coli and S. aureus bacteria at all concentrations (11-20 mm). This study found that phenolic compounds strongly influenced the antioxidant and antibacterial abilities of Phyllanthus, while chlorophyll and carotenoids had only a slight influence. These findings open up opportunities to utilize P. niruri and P. urinaria as antioxidant and antibacterial agents.

Anti-leishmanial activity of Hypericum Scabrum extract against Leishmania major

Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease and one of the most significant neglected tropical diseases. Current anti-leishmanial treatments are often ineffective over extended periods and are associated with toxic side effects, highlighting the urgent need for new, effective, and safe alternative treatments for this infectious disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-leishmanial effects of a hydroalcoholic extract of Hypericum scabrum (H. scabrum), comparing its efficacy to that of the control drug glucantime against the standard strain of Leishmania major. The H. scabrum plants were collected from the western regions of Iran. A hydroalcoholic extract was prepared from the flower and stem of the plant using a maceration method. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis was conducted to identify the chemical compounds present in the extract. Promastigotes of L. major were cultured, and the anti-leishmanial activity of the extracts was assessed at concentrations ranging from 12.5 to 800 µg/ml using the MTT [3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide] assay. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for the H. scabrum plant extract at 24, 48, and 72 h were 245.47, 141.25 and 85.11 μg/ml, respectively. The IC50 values for glucantime (the control drug) at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h were 30.19, 21.37, and 12.58 μg/ml, respectively. While the H. scabrum extract exhibited a lower effect compared to the control drug, it still demonstrated a significant inhibitory effect on the promastigote form of L. major. Given that the plant extract of H. scabrum has demonstrated promising anti-leishmanial effects against L. major promastigotes, further studies are warranted to evaluate the efficacy of these extracts in animal models of leishmaniasis.