M3 Of Waste Research Articles

Techno-economic analysis to adopt a biogas plant for processing agricultural waste: a case study

ABSTRACT The rising population has increased the demand for food, thus increasing the production of agricultural waste. However, the use of biogas offers clean energy through proper agricultural waste management. This study aimed to develop a sustainable framework for biogas production using agricultural waste in northern Iraq. The farmers’ willingness to participate in supplying agricultural waste to the biogas plant was assessed. In addition, suitable locations were identified for waste collection to set up biogas facilities using a general model. The established biogas plant with 71,790 m3 digester volume could treat 327,500 m3 of waste every yr and generate 17,960,000 m3/yr of biogas. Finally, a net present value of 7,603,000 USD was obtained, resulting in a 26.11% internal rate of return with a payback period of less than 4 yrs, with an estimated biogas production value of 0.0689 USD/m3, and the levelized cost of energy value of 0.0796 USD/kWh. These findings offer valuable insights for policymakers, farmers, and stakeholders in the biogas industry, facilitating the adoption of sustainable and renewable energy solutions in countries with similar conditions.

PERENCANAAN TEMPAT PEMROSESAN AKHIR (TPA) SAMPAH KABUPATEN BARITO KUALA DENGAN SISITEM ANAEROBIC BIOREACTOR LANDFILL (ABL)

The rapid population and economic growth, along with ongoing development, have both positive and negativeimpacts on society, including environmental damage due to waste. TPA Tabing Rimbah is nearing capacity, requiring expansion or a new landfill. The objective is to determine the waste weight in TPA Tabing Rimbah and plan an Anaerobic Bioreactor Landfill (ABL) system. Over a 10-year period (2022-2031), an estimated 954,677.49 m3 of waste will accumulate. The planned blocks consist of 2 landfill blocks at 12 meters height. After recirculation,block 1 has 468.17 m3/day, and block 2 has 886.99 m3/day, treated using biological methods in a leachate treatment facility(IPL). Landfill gas reaches 0.846 m3/day, which, if utilized for electricity, generates 4.016 MW power.

Waste Bank Policy as Social Engineering Based on the Green Economy Concept in the Malang City, Indonesia

Abstract On average, each person in Indonesia generates 0.45 kg of waste a day. The country is home to 231.8 million people, so the average daily waste generated is approximately 104.31 million kg. Malang, one of the biggest cities in East Java Province, generated 1,790.5 m3 of waste in 2001. Bank Sampah Malang (BSM), a waste bank program, has been established as a social engineering project to socialize and educate waste management in the community. The Malang Waste Bank (BSM) management policy was made as social engineering, providing socialization and education to the community to manage waste. This study aims to analyze the BSM policy by using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Information from informants about policy evaluation shows that AHP consists of criteria, sub-criteria, and policy determination based on a green economy concept. The green economy includes economic, social, and environmental/ecological aspects. To sum up, BSM policy as the priority of social engineering requires institutional and environmental support as well as information availability.

Kinerja Pengelolaan Sampah Perkotaan di Kota Kecamatan Gresik

Garbage is a problem that needs more attention. Increasing population density and limited land to accommodate leftover consumption are one of the factors causing the volume of waste to continue to mount. This study aims to determine the performance of urban waste management in the city of Gresik sub-district. The analysis technique used in this study is a qualitative and quantitative descriptive analysis technique. The technique used to select respondents is Stratified Random Sampling technique. The data used uses primary and secondary data.
 The results showed that there was 281.61 m3 of waste per day, with 5.1 m3 per day coming from the non-residential sector and 21 villages/kelurahan in Gresik District. The value of the performance level of waste management in Gresik District is 56% of the average yield for each waste management variable, so that the performance level of waste management in Gresik District is quite good. Performance results are influenced by technical, institutional, financing, community and private aspects as well as laws and regulations. Factors affecting the performance of waste management include transportation operations that are not optimal as a whole, the number of personnel and infrastructure is still limited, the community does not fully support waste management and there is still a lack of enforcement against violations of waste regulations.

Optimizing environmental and economic aspects of collaborative transportation and logistics related to infrastructure projects – A case study from Norway

The main challenge addressed in this paper is how to handle and recycle the large amount of C&D waste that is generated from infrastructure projects. The study is motivated by Bærum Ressursbank in Norway and their aim of finding logistical solutions to an expected surplus of 15 million m3 of waste from infrastructure projects in the next decade. We identify the key decisions as the design of the distribution network for both surplus waste materials and new construction materials and the investments in processing machinery at each recycling facility, and we call the problem representing this situation the Infrastructure Waste Management Problem (IWMP). The methodologies used are mathematical programming and operations research. We formulate the IWMP as a mixed integer linear program and identify two objectives; to minimize transportation costs and to minimize the environmental impact of the operations. The description of the problem, assumptions, and data are based on cases that represent the situation of Bærum Ressursbank. A special emphasis in the analysis is to quantify the gains from collaboration. Comparing individual planning of each project with an ideal situation of complete collaboration gives a cost reduction of more than 29% and a reduction in emissions of more than 14%. The study supports the conjecture by Bærum Ressursbank that large cost savings and considerable reductions in environmental impact are possible through collaboration.

THE POTENCY OF BURANGKENG LANDFILL AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY

Burangkeng landfill has one active zone D that is usually used to accommodate waste. The capacity of Burangkeng landfill is able to accommodate 168,000 m3 of waste, but the waste volume reaches 940 m3 per day with 82.41% of that is an organic waste. From the population in Bekasi Regency in 2018 it can be estimated the amount of produced waste was 0.8 kg of waste/person/day. By calculating the rate of population growth in Bekasi Regency and the estimated population until 2025, volume of waste in Bekasi Regency was estimated around 964 tons per day. The purpose of this study was to determine the potency of generated energy from the organic waste in order to reduce the waste volume entering the landfill and to maintain the sustainability of the landfill. The calculation in this study was conducted using direct measurement and  literature methods. It was found that the potential percentage of methane gas in zone D reach 60.7%. Zone D as the only active zone used for waste gathering has the potency of total volume of methane gas per year approximately 1,614,774 tons and it is able to produce the electricity power of 651 kWh. Keywords:  Burangkeng landfill,electricity, organic waste, methane gas, waste

Quantifying odour impacts from aged organic waste to be considered as a priority constraint in route optimization for waste collection trucks.

Route optimization has been used for years to plan the routes for municipal solid waste (MSW) collection trucks to achieve cost reductions. Historically, optimized routes had overlooked a number of aspects and parameters in their design. This study aims to consider MSW odour detection as a performance indicator and a priority constraint in the optimization process by quantifying the impact of objectionable odours from uncollected aged MSW that contains a high percentage of food waste (typically called wet garbage). Odours from 48 aged food waste samples were rated on a scale from 0 to 3 to mark the beginning of the critical time of objectionable odour detection. The critical time was found to take place approximately at the hour 13.6, which was then used, along with the estimated food waste weight in the bin, to define the beginning of a time window that puts the bin on a high priority status for collection over the other, less odoriferous bins. Three optimization scenarios for collection of 100 MSW bins in the city of Madaba, Jordan, were conducted under different constraints: least travelled distance, maximum collected volume and least odour impact. Without the application of the odour consideration, a total travelled distance of 143 km was the shortest travelled distance achieved, with 53 bins emitting odours and leaving 81 m3 of uncollected waste. However, when odour impact was the main routing constraint, a total travelled distance of 161 km was needed and 13 m3 of waste was left uncollected.

Elementary School Students' Waste Management Behavior Determinant in Kerinci Regency in 2021

The existence of waste at this time was still a problem that hit almost all regions in Indonesia. Keliling Danau Districts in 2019 has produces 33,311 m3 of waste per year with a population of 22,207 people. The purpose of this study was to determine the determinants behavior of waste management in elementary school students at Kerinci Regency, 2021. This study aims to determine the relationship between knowledge, attitudes, and Availability of Facilities with Waste Management in State Elementary School 52 of Koto Dian students, Kerinci Regency. This research is quantitative with a cross sectional research design. Sampling using random sampling technique with a total sample of 44 students consisted of class III, IV, V to class VI. Data was collected by distributed of questionnaires. Analysis used chi-square test. The results of this study indicate that 18 of 44 (40.9%) respondents with poor behavior of waste management and 26 (59.1%) respondents with good behavior waste management. From the results of the bivariate test, it was found that Knowledge has a PR value = 3.33 CI = 1.73-6.39 and a p-value of 0.001 indicates that there is a relationship between knowledge and behavior of waste management. Attitude has a value of PR = 3.75 CI = 1.62-8.68 and a p-value of 0.001 indicates that there was a relationship between attitude and behavior of waste management and there was not relationship between availability of facilities and behavior of waste management with a p-value of 0.222. The conclusion of this study is that there is a relationship between knowledge and attitudes with behavior waste management. And the availability of facilities has no relationship between behavior of waste management in elementary school students.

Management of increasing economic value of organic waste with Maggot cultivation

Organic waste can have economic value, such as used for animal feed, fish, and fertilizer. Organic waste from human activities needs to be deciphered before it becomes an economically valuable product. Maggots (BSF flies) are larvae that can convert organic material into biomass and potentially break down organic waste. Garbage has become a problem in Jambi due to population growth, changes in consumption patterns, and people’s lifestyles, producing 1,600 m3 of waste per day. By utilizing maggot cultivation (BSF), community services activities can enhance the economic value of organic waste in Purwodadi Village, Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency, Jambi. This article aims to study organic waste management using maggot cultivation. The result is that this method can be an alternative for organic waste management. This method embarks a sustainable environment and increases resources which can be traded or utilized. Maggot bioconversion technology can deal with three main problems, namely: the generation of organic waste, high prices of protein sources, and increasing demand for animal feed. In conclusion, organic waste management using maggot cultivation brings a sustainable environment and enhances organic waste’s economic value. Therefore, it can be a useful alternative for waste management.

Development of a method for calculating a anaerobic digester with bubbling mixing

Currently, there is a development of biogas technologies designed to obtain an alternative source of biogas energy and utilize organic waste. When developing and designing biogas plants, an important task is to determine the design and technological parameters of the anaerobic digester in order to obtain the maximum biogas yield. For the research, an anaerobic digester equipped with a bubbling mixing system was used. The bubble tube is made in the form of a spiral and forms a cone with the base downward. A calculation method has been developed that makes it possible to determine the physical and chemical properties of the biomass, the geometric parameters of the digester, the specific and total volume of biogas produced, the design parameters of the digester heating system, the design and technological parameters of the bubbling-type mixing system. With the help of the developed methodology, the design and technological parameters of the anaerobic digester of the biogas station for the disposal of organic waste from a pig breeding enterprise and a meat processing plant were determined. As a result of calculations, it was established that the station contains 3 anaerobic digester tanks with a volume of 200 m3 each, utilizes 40 m3 of waste per day and produces 1600 m3 of biogas per day.

Maximizing avertable doses with a minimum amount of waste for remediation of land areas around typical single family houses after radioactive fallout based on Monte Carlo simulations

The uncontrolled release of long-lived radioactive substances from nuclear accidents can contaminate inhabited land areas. The removal of topsoil is an important method for reducing future radiation exposure but can also generate a large amount of waste that needs safe disposal. To the best of our knowledge, previous studies have determined the optimal depth of topsoil removal but not the size of the area designated for this measure. For this purpose, this study performed Monte Carlo simulations of hypothetical 137Cs surface contamination on various ground areas in a typical northern European suburban area. The goal was to study the size of the areas needed and amount of waste generated to achieve a certain relative and absolute dose reduction. The results showed that removing the topsoil from areas larger than 3000 m2 around the houses in the study neighbourhood results in only marginal reduction in radiation exposure. If, on average, 5 cm of topsoil is removed over 3000 m2, then 150 m3 of waste would be generated. However, in this scenario adjacent properties benefit from each other’s decontamination, leading to a smaller amount of waste for a given reduction in future radiation exposure per inhabitant of these dwellings. Additionally, it was shown that topsoil removal over limited areas has a higher impact on the absolute dose reduction at an observation point inside or outside the houses with higher initial dose.

Ecological and radiation safety of Central Asia

Previous calculations showed that in the Kyrgyz Republic 7.2% of the total population are exposed to the “radiation risk”, in the Republic of Kazakhstan - about 3%, in the Republic of Tajikistan - 1.7% and in the Republic of Uzbekistan - 0.3%. The number of radiation-contaminated territories in the Republics of Central Asia is equal: the Kyrgyz Republic contains about 132 million m3 of waste, the Republic of Tajikistan contains about 180 million m3 of waste, the Republic of Uzbekistan contains 640 million m3 of waste, and the Republic of Kazakhstan contains approximately 10,000 million m3 of waste. Total: in the four Republics of Central Asia, the total amount of radioactive waste is 10952 million m3. Taking as a basis the limited liability company “Vismut GmbH” from Germany, which carried out the reclamation of uranium tailings with a volume of 160 million m3 of tailings at a cost of about 8 billion euros for about 37 years. Using a thermodynamic approach, it is shown that the costs of reclamation of uranium tailings for the four Central Asian Republics will be 548 billion euros, and the duration will be about 40 years.

Waste Management Based on <i>Banjar</i> and Customary Village in Denpasar City-Bali

Each of residents of Denpasar City produces 4 liters of waste per day. With a population of 788,589 people in 2011, the waste generated reaches 1.151.341, 40 m3 per year. While the transportation capacity of the trucks of Sanitation and Gardening Service (DKP) reachs 698,949 m3 of waste or 60.71% of the total waste, so DKP Denpasar City has not been able to reach the service target of 80% of the total waste. By Mayor Regulation No. 11 year 2016 there is change paradigm of environment-based waste management in banjar and desa adat / customary village with the aim that the waste has been managed from the source so that waste disposed to landfill (TPA) can be reduced. The methods used are normative legal research and empirical law research with legal, analytic, philosophical and customary or cultural approaches. Denpasar City Government wishes to exude local law product with custom law in waste management including its supervision and law enforcement (Top and Botton Up) model. With this model, the waste management is done in each Banjar / Neighborhoods and Desa Adat / village through the procurement of TPS (laystall)/TPST (temporary laystall). While DKP only serves the transportation from TPS (laystall) to TPA (landfill). Sanctions against violation of waste disposal shall be a maximum fine of 50 million rupiah or maximum 3 (three) months imprisonment.

Viabilidade de implantação de um biodigestor em uma granja de suínos

A produção suinícola é uma das atividades agropecuárias mais importantes da Região Sul brasileira, no entanto é responsável por gerar grande quantidade de dejetos e resíduos. Dentre as formas mais utilizadas para o tratamento destes dejetos estão os sistemas de lagoas e a biodigestão, sendo o segundo o mais rentável, pelo potencial de produção energética e qualidade do biofertilizante gerado. Considerando que o maior empecilho para implantação de sistemas de biodigestor seja os custos de instalação, este estudo objetivou caracterizar uma unidade produtora de leitões (UPL), dimensionar os parâmetros básicos de um biodigestor e extrapolar o tempo necessário para o retorno dos custos de investimento. A unidade escolhida localiza-se no Município de Vista Alegre/RS, mantém uma criação média de 9.964 suínos, o que resulta diariamente em um total de 47,76 m³ de dejetos. Com base neste volume será necessário a implantação de um biodigestor com no mínimo 1.671,6 m³ de capacidade. A estimativa de investimento inicial para a implementação do projeto é de R$ 251.761,40 reais. E a produção diária de biogás é de 11.411,7 m³, com capacidade para gerar até 18.405,96 KWh, assim estimou-se um tempo de retorno do investimento de três anos. Considerando-se portanto, viável a instalação.

The Infuence of Organic Manures and Foliar Spray of Moringa Extract on Growth, Quality and Yield of Tomato

Two field experiments were conducted during 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 growing seasons in the Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Aswan University, Egypt on a sandy textured soil, to assess tomato growth, yield and quality as affected by organic manures and foliar spray of moringa extract. The organic manures treatments were (without manure “control”, chicken manure and wastes of sugar factories), at the rate of 20 m3 per fed. into the staggered rows and buried it in the planting sides (northern side) of the rows. While the applied concentrations of moringa leaves extract were, control distilled water, 20 g/l (M1), and 40 g/l (M2). Each aqueous extract was applied twice after one month from transplanting and two weeks later. The applied experimental design was split-plot system in a randomized complete blocks design with three replicates. The obtained results revealed that all treatments were very effective in stimulating plant height, number of branches per plant, dry weight per plant, total number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, early yield, total yield, total soluble solids (TSS), ascorbic acid content, NO3 and NO2-N concentrations and chemical analyses of leaves plants (N, P and K %). The treatments combination of Chicken manure at 20 m3/fed. + 40 g/l moringa leaves extract (M2) which showed significant increases in most studied characters followed by treatment (40 g/l of moringa leaves extract + 20 m3 of wastes of sugar factories/fed.) in both seasons.

Oil recovery from waste cutting fluid via the combination of suspension crystallization and freeze-thaw processes

A set of experiments was conducted so as to detect the influences of concerned factors including freezing temperature, stirring speed and pH adjustment on combined method of suspension crystallization and freeze-thaw technique for waste cutting fluid treatment and oil recovery. The optimal operating conditions of freezing temperature and stirring speed were confirmed by the experiment result to be −8 °C and 300 rpm respectively, while the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency was above 90% without pH adjustment. The concentrates from the suspension crystallization were further treated by freeze-thaw method, and the oil recovery rate could reach to 95%. The micrograms of concentrates from suspension crystallization showed that the size of oil droplets in concentrates was about 148 μm in diameter, which became significantly larger after the suspension crystallization process. As a consequence, higher possibility for oil droplets to gather and separate was provided by their expanded size. The results of infrared spectroscopy studies indicated that the oil recovered from waste cutting fluid precipitates was mainly composed of esters. Up to 2.85 kg fat was recovered from 1 m3 of waste cutting fluid, while the required power of the combined freezing process is theoretically 42 kW h. Based on the results, a freezing/concentration concept for oil recovery from waste cutting fluid is proposed.

Hunting for valuables from landfills and assessing their market opportunities A case study with Kudjape landfill in Estonia.

Landfill mining is an alternative technology that merges the ideas of material recycling and sustainable waste management. This paper reports a case study to estimate the value of landfilled materials and their respective market opportunities, based on a full-scale landfill mining project in Estonia. During the project, a dump site (Kudjape, Estonia) was excavated with the main objectives of extracting soil-like final cover material with the function of methane degradation. In total, about 57,777 m3 of waste was processed, particularly the uppermost 10-year layer of waste. Manual sorting was performed in four test pits to determine the detailed composition of wastes. 11,610 kg of waste was screened on site, resulting in fine (<40 mm) and coarse (>40 mm) fractions with the share of 54% and 46%, respectively. Some portion of the fine fraction was sieved further to obtain a very fine grained fraction of <10 mm and analyzed for its potential for metals recovery. The average chemical composition of the <10 mm soil-like fraction suggests that it offers opportunities for metal (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) extraction and recovery. The findings from this study highlight the importance of implementing best available site-specific technologies for on-site separation up to 10 mm grain size, and the importance of developing and implementing innovative extraction methods for materials recovery from soil-like fractions.

Freeze-thaw method for oil recovery from waste cutting fluid without chemical additions

The effective disposal of waste cutting fluid has received increasing attention in recent years. This study focuses on the treatment of waste cutting fluid by freeze-thaw method. The influences of freezing medium, freezing temperature, freezing time, NaCl content and pH on treatment efficiency were studied. The COD removal rate of waste cutting fluid was about 80% and oil recovery reached 3700 mg/L at the freezing temperature of −8 °C for 8 h without NaCl addition or pH adjustment. The micrograms of initial and treated waste cutting fluid showed that the particles of oil droplets in wastewater were significantly larger after freeze-thaw process and easier to gather and separation. Infrared spectroscopy studies indicated that the oil recovered from waste cutting fluid precipitation was mainly composed of esters. Up to 3.7 kg fat extract was recovered from 1 m3 of waste cutting fluid, while the required power of this freezing process is 42.90 kW h by theoretical calculation. Thus, freeze-thaw method appears to be effective and feasible for waste cutting fluid treatment.

Sustainable wood waste management in Nigeria

Abstract Wood industries produce large volumes of residues which must be utilized, marketed or properly disposed of. Heaps of wood residues are common features in wood industries throughout the year. In Nigeria, this residue is generally regarded as waste and this has led to open burning practices, dumping in water bodies or dumping in an open area which constitutes environmental pollution. Sawmills in Nigeria generated over 1,000,000 m3 of wood waste in 2010 while about 5000 m3 of waste was generated in plywood mills. Nigeria generates about 1.8 million tons of sawdust annually and 5.2 million tons of wood wastes. The impact of improper disposal of waste wood on the environment affects both the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Also burning of waste wood releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere causing various health issues. Reuse/recycling of these wood residues in Nigeria will reduce the pressure on our ever decreasing forests, reduce environmental pollution, create wealth and employment. The literature available on this subject was reviewed and this article, therefore, focuses on the various methods of wood waste disposal and its utilization in Nigerian wood industries, the effects of wood waste on the environment as well as on human health and the benefits of proper wood waste management practices.

Some Aspects Of Using Goafs For Locating Post-Flotation Waste In LGOM Mines

Abstract As a result of mining of deposits of mineral raw materials, spaces are formed in the rock mass, which get partially filled with roof rocks or by the backfill, most often sand. However, some voids remain in the rock mass, and can be used as a place to locate waste. The thesis analyses systems and operating conditions of mining deposits, in terms of the possible existence of spaces for filling in the LGOM mines. It was determined that the most probable option is to use goafs after mining the ore with a thickness of over 3 m in the last 5 years, with the systems of roof deflection and their partial lifting. Quantitative evaluation of the voids is based on the comparison of the subsidence over the extraction field and the volume of the extracted deposit. It has been proved that the existing voids provide the possibility of locating approximately 8 million m3 of waste in goafs. It is highly possible to locate further 11 million m3 of waste after obtaining positive results of the practical location of them and gaining relevant experience. The goafs after mining with hydraulic filling, goafs in the deposit of the thickness of up to 2 m and mined more than 20 years ago were recognized as useless for locating waste.