M30 Grade Research Articles

Effect of Different Chemical Admixtures on Fresh and Hardened Properties of M30 and M40 Grade Concrete

Researchers in the field of concrete technology with the application of different admixtures are always in search of suitable admixtures to improve the workability as well as the strength of any concrete grade. An attempt was made in the present research to use chemical admixtures (superplasticizers) like sulphonated naphthalene based Apple Chemie AC-MENT-ALPHA-X5, polycarboxylic ether based Fosroc Auramix 350, sulphonated naphthalene based Fosroc Conplast SP 430, modified polycarboxylate based Du-bond DUPLAST PC P 2 and modified lignosulphate based Sika PLASTIMENT BV 40 for concrete grades M30 and M40. A literature survey revealed that all identified chemical admixtures are used for 20–25% reduced water content. A study was done to compare M30 and M40 grade concrete in both fresh and hardened states, taking water reduction into account. Experimental results showed that all admixtures demonstrate good paste-up consistency of up to 1%. As the percentage of admixtures increases, there is an increase in surface pores due to more significant air entrainment. Compressive strength results of 1% admixture content for Apple Chemie, Fosroc, and Du-bond were observed to be close to their characteristic compressive strengths for both grades, but Sika and Fosroc Auramix 350 have good compressive strength with less than 1%. As the grade of concrete improves, Conplast's effect reduces, but the Du-bond and Fosroc Auramix 350 perform excellently for split tensile strength. As the grade rises, all admixtures show increasing flexural strength levels. However, Auramix 350, with a 1.5% content for M30 grade, consistently outperforms Sika, which has a 1% content. It helped to employ up to 1% of all admixtures, but Sika reveals a cost increase of 2.5 to 7.3% for 1% and 1.5% admixture additions. The study found that Fosroc Auramix 350 could be used for both grades and still have good workability and strength.

Cost effective light weight concrete with saw dust and brick ballast

Use of conventional material such as cement, sand and gravel for the production of concrete has increased their demand and so created shortage of material and escalated the cost. In this study the locally available waste materials like Saw dust and Brick Ballast are used to partially replace the river sand and gravels respectively to produce light weight and low cost concrete with optimum strength. The different combinations of concrete with 4%, 8% and 12% Saw Dust (SD) and 8%, 16% and 24% Brick Ballast (BB) are being used and compared with normal concrete of M30 grade, where partial replacement of river sand and coarse aggregates are done by saw dust and brick ballast respectively. Concrete is tested for density, workability and compressive strength and a comparative analysis is done in terms of their physical properties and cost savings. It has been observed from the study that on increase in percentage of sawdust and brick ballast in concrete lead to a corresponding reduction in workability and compressive strength. The optimum mix founded is with 4% of sawdust and 24% of Brick ballast having compressive strength of 32.13 N/sq. mm with the weight reduction of 10.54% and the cost reduction of 5.46%. This optimum mix concrete can be used for lean concrete works like PCC in foundation, Flooring, Tile making. This research will not only enrich the domain but will also be very helpful in sustainable development of the nation.

Experimental Studies on Strength Properties of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Cement by GGBS

Abstract: Countries like India and China are facing problem of pollution due to large construction works in recent times. Ordinary Portland cement which is used in Concrete releases plethora of carbon dioxide (CO2) in atmosphere during manufacturing. This paper presents an experimental study of compressive and flexural strength of concrete prepared with Ordinary Portland Cement, partially replaced by ground granulated blast furnace slag in different proportions varying from 0% to 50% of GGBS Concrete for M25 and M40 grade of concrete at room temperature for 7 ,14 and 28 day respectively. From the experiment I was found that Compressive strength and Flexural strength of GGBS concrete increased at 40 % of GGBS and further addition of GGBS, concrete showed marginal decrease in compressive and flexural strength. Keywords: Cement, Natural Sand, GGBS and Aggregate, Portland cement, Geo polymer

Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate by Lathe Steel Scrap in Concrete

In this study we had did partial replacement of fine aggregate by metal steel scrap in different percentage in concrete. In this paper, M20 and M30 grade of concrete is used and lathe metal scrap used as a fiber and added up to 30% by weight, at a gap of 10% (i.e., 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%). In this investigation, a comparison has been made between plain cement concrete and the fiber reinforced concrete containing lathe metal scrap (metal steel scrap) in various proportions by weight. Analytical comparison is being done between the compressive strength of plain cement concrete and Lathe metal scrap reinforced concrete (LMSRC) M20 and M30. The 28 days strength of LMSRC for compressive strength is found to be increased when compared with the 28 days strength of plain cement concrete.

Optimization of Rigid Pavement

Abstract: The construction of national highways nowadays is preferred by using rigid pavements as they are durable, have the high flexural strength, can withstand different heavy axle loads, higher design span and moreover they can sustain adverse environmental conditions more efficiently with better ease. Considering their remarkable qualities, the national highways should be constructed by providing the tied shoulders and dowel bars in the transverse joints because they can better resist the fatigue accumulations on the slab with minimum safe thickness which ultimately leads to reduction in the cost of making the road efficiently. In this chapter, for the two different CBR conditions (CBR-9 & CBR-10) and three concrete mix design grades namely (M40, M45, M50) along with different shoulders and dowel bars conditions, the trial methods were carried on the IRC58 Software for bottom-up cracking fatigue analysis for single and tandem axle for day-time (6 hour) traffic and positive temperature differential and top-down cracking fatigue analysis for single, tandem and tridem axle for day-time (6 hour) traffic and negative temperature differential for evaluating the flexural stresses and cumulative fatigue damage values for the slab having dimensions of (3.5m x 4.5m). For determining the safe design, different trails on the thickness parameter of the slab were being adopted so as to get the cumulative fatigue values of BUC and TDC for single, tandem and tridem axles less than one. The results obtained showed that for which grade and CBR condition, the values of flexural stresses and cumulative fatigue damage determined is maximum. It was concluded that the rigid pavements should be constructed by using higher grades like M45 and M50 as the fatigue stresses and cumulative fatigue damage values due to variable single, tandem and tridem axle load repetitions obtained are less as compared to M40 grade. Keywords: California Bearing Ratio (CBR); Bottom Up Cracking (BUC); Top Down Cracking (TDC); Mix Design Grade Value (M), Indian Road Congress (IRC); Flexural Stresses; Cumulative Fatigue Damage(CFD)

Mechanical Performance of Polymeric ARGF-Based Fly Ash-Concrete Composites: A Study for Eco-Friendly Circular Economy Application.

At present, low tensile mechanical properties and a high carbon footprint are considered the chief drawbacks of plain cement concrete (PCC). At the same time, the combination of supplementary cementitious material (SCM) and reinforcement of fiber filaments is an innovative and eco-friendly approach to overcome the tensile and environmental drawbacks of plain cement concrete (PCC). The combined and individual effect of fly ash (FA) and Alkali resistance glass fiber (ARGF) with several contents on the mechanical characteristics of M20 grade plain cement concrete was investigated in this study. A total of 20 concrete mix proportions were prepared with numerous contents of FA (i.e., 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%) and ARGF (i.e., 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5%). The curing of these concrete specimens was carried out for 7 and 28 days. For the analysis of concrete mechanical characteristics, the following flexural, split tensile, and compressive strength tests were applied to these casted specimens. The outcomes reveal that the mechanical properties increase with the addition of fibers and decrease at 30 and 40% replacement of cement with fly ash. Replacement of cement at higher percentages (i.e., 30 and 40) negatively affects the mechanical properties of concrete. On the other hand, the addition of fibers positively enhanced the flexural and tensile strength of concrete mixes with and without FA in contrast to compressive strength. In the end, it was concluded that the combined addition of these two materials enhances the strength and toughness of plain cement concrete, supportive of the application of an eco-friendly circular economy. The relationship among the mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced concrete was successfully generated at each percentage of fly ash. The R-square for general relationships varied from (0.48–0.90) to (0.68–0.96) for each percentage of FA fiber reinforced concrete. Additionally, the accumulation of fibers effectively boosts the mechanical properties of all concrete mixes.

Experimental Investigation on Production, Mechanical Properties, and Behaviour of GPC at Elevated Temperature

In the current study, concrete of M60 grade is used for both Normal Concrete (NC) and Geopolymer Concrete (GPC). Optimum mix design values for GPC are obtained by trial and error method as per Rangan’s method. Concrete specimens, such as cube, cylinder, and prism, are casted as per optimum mix design values and are tested for mechanical properties namely compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength at the age of 7, 14, and 28 days. Comparative analysis of NC and GPC is done for aforementioned strength test results. Later behaviour of GPC is checked at elevated temperatures of 200°C, 300°C, and 400°C. From the results, it is observed that GPC performed well in terms of all mechanical properties compared to NC. An overall observation confirms that GPC performed better at higher temperatures. Thus, it is effectively proved that GPC is best alternative to NC.

Static Pullout Tests on Retrofitted Anchorage System in Concrete Using Supplementary Reinforcement

This paper presents experimental results of retrofitted anchorage system of structural concrete by using Post-Installation of Supplementary Anchorage (PISA) as a implicit strengthening measure and to improve the nonlinear performance of conventional anchorage system in hardened concrete. A total sixty specimens of M25 grade concrete (150x150x300mm) with two different size of rebar anchorage of 12mm, 16mm and five different configuration of conventional anchorage system was retrofitted by PISA technique is verified under direct tension pullout quasi static loads. The configuration of anchorage comprised by straight bar (A1), 90degree bend (A2), 180degree hook (A3), single head bar (A4) and double head bar (A5). The test parameters considered are bond strength, ductility, stiffness and bar-slip and test variables are configuration of anchorage, size of rebar and presence of supplementary steel. The obtained results validated by ANSYS modeling. This study concludes that a considerable improvement of nonlinear parameters such as ultimate load (3-8%), stiffness (4%-17%), ductility (16%-52%) and concrete contribution (6%-23%) by using PISA technique.

An experimental study on reinforced concrete beam with continuous spiral stirrups under pure torsion

This research investigated continuous rectangular spiral shear reinforcement as transverse reinforcement under pure torsion and compared it with conventional concrete beams. This present study tested three different continuous rectangular spiral stirrup (80°, 75°, and 45°) and one with traditional type stirrup (90°). M30 grade concrete and Fe 415 steel were used. The Test results indicate that the maximum ultimate torque at 75° is 32 kNm. Also, the maximum percentage increase in ductility is 19%. The maximum stiffness was observed at 80° stirrups is 2104 kN.m/radians.

Durability and Microstructure Characteristics of Concrete with Supplementary Cementitious Materials

Considering the environmental impact of cement manufacturing industries, this paper concerns the potential of using supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), like fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag, as being essential to replacing the existing Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). The objective of this paper is to study the microstructural characteristics of concrete with SCMs and improve the durability of the product to increase the lifespan of concrete structures. Replacement SCMs in OPC are 0, 40, 50, and 60 by percentage of cement weight, and we have taken a water-binder ratio of 0.40 for M40 grade and 0.28 for M60 grade concrete. The physical properties and chemical composition of OPC, Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag (GGBS), and fly ash were identified, and three different experiments were conducted to determine the resistance to penetration of chloride ions and corrosion processes. The rapid chloride permeability test, accelerated corrosion, and sorptivity tests were employed to measure concrete's resistance to the effects of aggressive environments and examine the durability properties. The most performed grade samples were analyzed as individual microspheres with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDXS), and X-ray diffraction. Significant improvements in various concrete properties were achieved through the partial replacement of fly ash and GGBS with cement. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-04-05 Full Text: PDF

Experimental Study on the Strength Characteristics of M25 & M30 Grades of Self-Compaction Concrete by Partial Replacement of Saw Dust in Fine Aggregates

Abstract: Self - compacting concrete (SCC) is a high - execution concrete that can stream under its own load to totally fill the structure work and self-unites with next to no mechanical vibration. Such concretes are a speed up for the placement, to lessen the work prerequisites required for combination, getting done and wipe out ecological contamination. This will guarantee that the concrete acquired has great stream capacity, self-compacting capacity and other wanted SCC properties.Self-compacting concrete is a kind of concrete that gets under its self-weight. Self-compacting concrete is a type of concrete that gets under its self-weight. It is commonly abbreviated as the concrete. Which can placed and compacted in to every corner of a formwork; purely means of its self-weight by eliminating the need of either external energy input from vibrators or any type of compacting effort. There is a current trend in all over the world to utilize the treated and untreated industrial By-products, domestic wastes etc. as raw materials in concrete. These not only help in the reduce of the waste materials but also create a cleaner and greener environment. This report demonstrates the possibilities of using saw dust as partial replacement of fine aggregate in concrete. This experimental investigation was performed to evaluate the strength and durability properties of M25 and M30 grade of self compaction concrete, in which fine aggregate was partial, replaced with saw dust waste. Fine aggregate was replaced with four percentage (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%) of saw dust waste by weight. Fresh properties of self-compacting concrete were studied. Compression test and splitting tensile strength test were carried out to evaluate the strength properties of concrete at the age of 7, 14, and 28 days. Keywords: Self-compacting concrete (SCC), Saw dust, strength and durability properties of concrete, Compression test and splitting tensile strength test.

Development of Self-Compacting Concrete using Composite Cement with Partial Replacement of Potable Water with Treated Wastewater

Abstract: Due to the rapid urbanization in the world, the groundwater level in this continent is decreasing by days. In addition, sea levels are rising due to global warming. For this reason, potable water resources are depleting at an alarming rate in many countries. This trend is observed not only in India, but all over the world. The study discusses the vitality of treated domestic and industrial wastewater that can be used for concreting at construction sites which can help to eliminate the potable water problem. Different physical and chemical properties of the industrial and domestic treated wastewater will be identified. Its effect on the properties of self-compacting concrete was examined in this study. The main objective of this research was to provide a durable and effective solution to the water scarcity. SCC can help mitigate these types of problems in such harsh jobsite environments. Preferably the development of concrete mixes, where pouring and compacting is less dependent on available labor at a particular site, can help improve the actual quality of concrete in the structure and thereby its durability. It is therefore an important driving force in the development of self-compacting concrete. This thesis demonstrates an opportunity to use treated wastewater as an alternative to potable water in concrete. This trial investigation has been carried out at SCC with composite cement having different compositions. Potable water was replaced with treated wastewater by 50% and 100%. Using these additions M30 and M35 grade SCC were casted. The properties of fresh concrete were determined using the slump flow, T500mm test, the V-funnel test and the L-Box test. In addition, this study highlights the average compressive strength of cubes, tensile strength at fracture and flexural strength of concrete. From the above results of fresh concrete and hardened concrete properties, it can be inferred that treated wastewater can be used as a substitute of potable water. Keywords: Potable water, Treated wastewater, SCC, slump flow, V-funnel, L-Box, Compressive strength, Split tensile strength, Flexural strength.

Assessment of M30 Grade Self Compaction Concrete by Partial Replacement of Bagasse Ash in Place of Cement and Glass Powder in Place of Fine Aggregate

Abstract: Self-compacting concrete (SCC), a recent innovation in concrete technology, has numerous advantages over conventional concrete. Self-compacting concrete, as the name indicates, is a type of concrete that does not require external or internal compaction, because it becomes leveled and consolidated under its self weight. SCC can spread and fill all corners of the formwork, purely by means of its self- weight, thus eliminating the need of vibration or any type of consolidating effort. This report demonstrates the possibilities of using Bagasse ash and Glass powder as partial replacement of cement and fine aggregate in concrete. This experimental investigation was performed to evaluate the strength properties of concrete, in which the cement is partially replaced by Bagasse ash and fine aggregate was partial replaced with Glass powder. Cement was replaced by weight with five percentages (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%) and fine aggregate was replaced with only one percentage (20%) of Glass powder by weight. Fresh properties of self-compacting concrete were studied. Compression test, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength test were carried out to evaluate the strength properties of concrete at the age of 7, 14, and 28 days. Keywords: Bagasse ash, Glass powder, Self-compacting concrete, splitting tensile strength, Compressive strength, flexural strength.

Experiment Program on Retrofitted Anchorage System under Impact Loads

This study aims to evaluate the strength and performance of retrofitted anchorage system in concrete under impact loads. A novel technique called “Post Installation of Supplementary Anchorage” (PISA) is introduced to retrofit five different configurations of rebar anchorage system used in concrete. The configurations of rebar are straight bar (A1), 90 degree bend (A2),180 degree hook (A3), single head (A4) and double head (A5) bars which was retrofitted by supplementary steel reinforcement. Direct tension pullout loads are applied on 60 anchorage specimens (each 30 of conventional and retrofitted) casted with M25 grade concrete. The boundaries of tested specimens were followed by strut-and-tie analogy. The rebar anchorage tested at 1.58, 1.52 impact factor using two different bars of 12mm and 16mm diameter respectively. The deterministic characteristics of test parameters are normal strength, bond strength, ductility, and slip of anchorage at ultimate load. The test variables are rebar configuration, size of anchored bar, and presence of supplementary steel. The results validated by nonlinear finite element based ANSYS modeling. A good agreement of results between experiment and model analysis was observed. Also a considerable improvement of nonlinear characteristics of retrofitted anchorage such as ultimate load (3%-6%), bond strength (1%-6%), ductility (3%-4%), concrete contribution (20%-32%), bar slip (8%-48%) and crack width (30%-42%) was obtained. This study promotes useful information to retrofit non-engineered anchorage system by PISA technique. Application of this technique may further extended to retrofit discrete regions of concrete elements such as bracket connection, corbel projection and beam-column joint subjected to impact loads.

Clariant signs agreements to divest 50% stake in Scientific Design joint venture to SABIC

Experimental work on sixteen Rectangular Concrete Filled Steel Tube (RCFST) stub columns subjected to axial compressive load are presented in this paper. The main objective of this study is to determine the effect of thickness and Length to Breadth (L/B) ratio on the strength and behavior of RCFST columns. Specimens with L/B ratio of 3, 4, 5 and 6 having Breadth (B) × Depth (D) × thickness (t) of 76 × 25 × 2 mm and 76 × 40 × 3 mm are considered for this study. The infill material used in this RCFST specimen is self-compacting concrete (SCC) with M30 grade. Failure modes, axial load – deformation behavior and ultimate axial capacities along with parameters like confinement (ξ) and strength index (SI) are studied and compared with 2 mm and 3 mm thick specimens. The ultimate axial load values obtained from the experiments (Ne) are compared with design values (Nc) predicted from codes like Eurocode – 4 (EC-4), Australian code (AS5100), Chinese code (DBJ13-51) and American Concrete Institute (ACI – 318). Results showed that, specimens with greater thickness and smaller L/B carried higher axial compressive load. Predicted load values of EC4 showed conservative results while the remaining codes showed un-conservative in predicting the results. At-last, an analytical expression is proposed to determine the axial compressive load and the predictions are near to accuracy of experimental results.

Palladium-tin shell electrocatalysts, the preparation thereof, and using the same for fuel cells

Experimental work on sixteen Rectangular Concrete Filled Steel Tube (RCFST) stub columns subjected to axial compressive load are presented in this paper. The main objective of this study is to determine the effect of thickness and Length to Breadth (L/B) ratio on the strength and behavior of RCFST columns. Specimens with L/B ratio of 3, 4, 5 and 6 having Breadth (B) × Depth (D) × thickness (t) of 76 × 25 × 2 mm and 76 × 40 × 3 mm are considered for this study. The infill material used in this RCFST specimen is self-compacting concrete (SCC) with M30 grade. Failure modes, axial load – deformation behavior and ultimate axial capacities along with parameters like confinement (ξ) and strength index (SI) are studied and compared with 2 mm and 3 mm thick specimens. The ultimate axial load values obtained from the experiments (Ne) are compared with design values (Nc) predicted from codes like Eurocode – 4 (EC-4), Australian code (AS5100), Chinese code (DBJ13-51) and American Concrete Institute (ACI – 318). Results showed that, specimens with greater thickness and smaller L/B carried higher axial compressive load. Predicted load values of EC4 showed conservative results while the remaining codes showed un-conservative in predicting the results. At-last, an analytical expression is proposed to determine the axial compressive load and the predictions are near to accuracy of experimental results.

Biodiesel Production: Feedstocks, Catalysts and Technologies

Experimental work on sixteen Rectangular Concrete Filled Steel Tube (RCFST) stub columns subjected to axial compressive load are presented in this paper. The main objective of this study is to determine the effect of thickness and Length to Breadth (L/B) ratio on the strength and behavior of RCFST columns. Specimens with L/B ratio of 3, 4, 5 and 6 having Breadth (B) × Depth (D) × thickness (t) of 76 × 25 × 2 mm and 76 × 40 × 3 mm are considered for this study. The infill material used in this RCFST specimen is self-compacting concrete (SCC) with M30 grade. Failure modes, axial load – deformation behavior and ultimate axial capacities along with parameters like confinement (ξ) and strength index (SI) are studied and compared with 2 mm and 3 mm thick specimens. The ultimate axial load values obtained from the experiments (Ne) are compared with design values (Nc) predicted from codes like Eurocode – 4 (EC-4), Australian code (AS5100), Chinese code (DBJ13-51) and American Concrete Institute (ACI – 318). Results showed that, specimens with greater thickness and smaller L/B carried higher axial compressive load. Predicted load values of EC4 showed conservative results while the remaining codes showed un-conservative in predicting the results. At-last, an analytical expression is proposed to determine the axial compressive load and the predictions are near to accuracy of experimental results.

Exemplification of sustainable sodium silicate waste sediments as coarse aggregates in the performance evaluation of geopolymer concrete

This investigation presents the experimental studies on mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete (GPC) developed with the addition of sodium silicate waste sediments (SSW) as coarse aggregates. Conventional crushed granite coarse aggregate (CA) was replaced by SSW from the sodium silicate manufacturing plant. The GPC was developed by replacing the natural CA with SSW from 0% − 70% with a trend in exercising circular economy in the concrete. The GPC with 100% CA was used as the control specimen to compare the results of different replacement levels of SSW. A low calcium Fly ash (FA) and Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) were used as binder materials, along with sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solutions as activator solutions. The sodium hydroxide of 4 M and sodium hydroxide to sodium silicate ratio of 1:1.5 were used in the development of the mixes. Two types of curing conditions namely, ambient and oven curing were adopted. The M30 grade design mix was used for control and CA replaced specimens. The mechanical properties such as compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths along with the elastic modulus of GPC at the ages of 7-, and 28-day were investigated. Microstructural analysis was conducted to examine the influence of SSW on the strength characteristics of GPC. The analyses were performed to evaluate the energy requirement and CO2 emission of GPC and OPCC (Ordinary Portland Cement Concrete) in the production of 1 m3 concrete based on the previous literature. The significance of the proposed research work emphasizes the utilization of waste SSW as an aggregate material for the development of GPC. Therefore, a sustainable GPC mix can be developed with lower energy requirement and CO2 emission. The results revealed that the specimens with 40% SSW cured at 60 °C produced the targeted strength of 34.6 MPa. Meanwhile, the mixes with 40% − 70% of SSW exhibited superior performance in terms of cost and eco-efficiencies.

Effect of Fine Aggregate Sources on Compressive Strength of Cement Concrete

The cause of failure of structure made from cement concrete is due to use of low-quality ingredient which is used directly without testing its properties and without studying its suitability in production of different grade of concrete mix. The aim of this study is to presents that the effect of fine aggregates from different sources on compressive strength of cement concrete. For this study four fine aggregate sources were taken. Altogether 48 concrete cubes of M20 grade were prepared from different sixteen combinations of these four fine aggregate sources. The different properties were founded by conducting different laboratory tests for fine aggregates from different sources and the compressive strength test of 48 cubes was conducted.The test results showed that properties of fine aggregate sources such as fineness modulus, loose bulk density, specific gravity, water absorption and Materials Finer than 75 μm were founded in the range of (3.17-3.88), (1508.33-1604.17) kg/m3, (2.57-2.66) %, (1.60-1.92) % and (2.74-7.47) respectively. Compressive strength test of all 48 samples were cross the minimum strength provided by M20 grade and it is ranges from 20.64 N/ mm2 to 32.47 N/ mm2. Different value of mean compressive strength was obtained for all sixteen combinations of aggregates form each other. The fine aggregate from Chisang source achieved more value of average compressive strength when mix with other four different coarse aggregate sample than other three sources. Significance difference in mean compressive strength of concrete made from different fine aggregates source was concluded by the Two-way ANOVA test results. This research work concluded that all four fine aggregate sources used in this study and concrete made from these sources can be used for residential building construction propose and other construction work which required strength provided by M20 grade of nominal mix concrete.

Geopolymer Concrete A Ecofriendly Concrete

Concrete became most popular material due to its low cost, versatility, availability of ingredients and excellent resistance to water and played significant role in development of the world for last one and half century but cement is the main ingredient for the concrete production. There are different sources of carbon di oxide emission during cement production. The largest source is combustion of fossil fuels to operate rotary kiln and other on is de-carbonation of limestone in the kiln during manufacturing of cement. The raw materials such as lime stone, clay and other minerals are required for the manufacture of cement, but quarrying of these raw materials is also causes environmental degradation. The climate change and environmental pollution is major problem of the world is facing today also responsible to the global warming. Therefore, to preserve the global environment from the impact of cement production then reduced the amount of Portland cement and replacing it with material which has lower manufacturing temperature. Also, to produce environmental friendly concrete, we have to replace the cement with the industrial by products such as fly ash and other geo-based materials. Thus the Geopolymer concrete is a good solution for producing an environmental friendly type of concrete. The geo-polymer concrete is one of the revolutionary developments related to novel materials resulting in low-cost and environmentally friendly material as best alternative to cement concrete. In this work cement is replaced with fly ash by 50%, 75% and 100% and alkaline solution which is the combination of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate with different proportion i.e. 9M and 12M were used to determine compresive strength for M25 and M30 grade of concrete and compare with the conventional concrete. From the analysis it is observed that the Geopolymer concrete can be used under conditions similar to those suitable for ordinary portland cement concrete also, shows the good alternative to ordinary portland cement concrete.