Freeze-drying Technique Research Articles

Formulation, Optimization and Evaluation of Nutraceutical Effervescent Granules Containing Curcumin and Ascorbic Acid by Fusion Technique Using Full Factorial Design

Recent studies suggest that curcumin has potent immunological activity in combination with ascorbic acid. Hence, research was carried out to formulate effervescent granules of curcumin and ascorbic acid as preventive measures for COVID-19. Thirteen formulas (F1 to F13) were prepared by applying 32 full factorial designs by applying the fusion method using Stat-Ease Design-Expert v7.0.0 software. Here, a complex of hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin and curcumin was prepared by lyophilization technique to improve the solubility of curcumin. Citric acid, tartaric acid, sodium bicarbonate, polyethylene glycol, and sorbitol were used in the formulation of effervescent granules. Evaluation studies were carried out for all 13 formulas, including compatibility study, flowability study and effervescence time. The results show that granules have excellent flow property with an appropriate bulk density and tapped density for the uniting dose. The FTIR study also indicates that there is no interaction between excipients. The effervescence time is less than 3 minutes for all the batches. Formula 4 shows the best effervescence. This research article covers the development of effervescent granules containing curcumin, which has antiviral properties (both through direct movement on viruses and through modulating the immune system). With the pandemic of coronavirus that we are facing, curcumin and ascorbic acid can provide us protection against COVID-19 by keeping our immunity up and protecting against the onslaught of infections.

A Review: Optimum Conditions for Magnetite Synthesis (Fe3O4)

Magnetite, chemically represented as Fe3O4, is an opaque substance characterized by its black coloration. It possesses a significant saturation magnetization value, denoting a substantial magnetic strength compared to alternative materials. Magnetite (Fe3O4) has significant use across several domains, including its deployment as a catalyst and sensor in the medical sector, such as drug delivery, hyperthermia therapy, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The synthesis of magnetite (Fe3O4) can be achieved using several methodologies, such as solvothermal, sol-gel, solid state, reverse micelle, microwave plasma synthesis, freeze drying, ultrasound irradiation, hydrothermal, and coprecipitation techniques. The co-preparation technique is extensively employed for magnetite synthesis due to its simplicity, ease of usage, and ability to generate magnetic particles at the nanoscale scale without elevated temperatures. The outcome of the coprecipitation process is influenced by various factors such as the nature of the salt, molar ratio, pH level, stirring rate, and reaction temperature. This article aims to examine the impact of many factors, including the salt type, molar ratio, pH level, stirring rate, and reaction temperature, on the production of Magnetite (Fe3O4) through coprecipitation. It was found that Magnetite (Fe3O4) synthesis can produce nanoparticle size material with great magnetic power, namely at pH 8, temperature 70°C, and stirring rate of 10,000 rpm by using FeCl3 and FeCl2 as precursors Fe3+ and Fe2+ with a ratio of 1.5:1 and using precipitating base NH4OH.

One pot synthesis of hydrophobic nanochitin aerogel via tert-butyl alcohol/water binary solvents as antibacterial and renewable oil superabsorbent

In this study, hydrophobic nanochitin aerogels are synthesized via one-pot synthesis strategy and subsequent freeze-drying technique, employing nanochitin, hexanal and formaldehyde as primary components. The tert-butyl alcohol (TBA)/water binary solvents are found efficient for well mixing of hydrophilic nanochitin and hydrophobic hexanal, which is fundamental for fabricating hydrophobic aerogels with water contact angle as high as 105°. Schiff base reaction between amino groups in nanochitin and aldehyde groups in hexanal is believed to be the main reason for the successful hydrophobization of nanochitin aerogels. Additionally, formaldehyde is employed to enhance the mechanical properties of aerogels via ice templated crosslinking technique. Nanochitin aerogels prepared in this work possess surface area as high as 237 m2 g−1, which are believed benefiting from the TBA/water binary solvents with lower density, smaller ice crystal and convenience in freeze-drying. The ultralow density, ultrahigh porosity, and hydrophobicity nature also lead to the advanced oil adsorption (as high as 210 g g−1) of nanochitin aerogels. The simple preparation process, nature sustainability and excellent adsorption performance is believed rendering nanochitin aerogels as a viable alternative for the remediation of oil spills.

3D-Printed Filters for Efficient Heavy Metal Removal from Water Using PLA@CS/HAP Composites.

Chitosan/Hydroxyapatite composites, enriched with relatively active -NH2 and -OH groups, have emerged as promising adsorbents for heavy metal removal. In this study, we harnessed the potential of CS/HAP composites by developing monolithic PLA@CS/HAP filters utilizing 3D printing and freeze-drying techniques. These filters possess both macroscopic and microscopic porous structures, endowing them with exceptional capabilities for removing heavy metals from water. The adsorption properties of CS/HAP composites were explored by varying the dosage, duration, and initial concentrations of copper ions. The maximum adsorption capacity for Cu2+ was determined to be approximately 119+/-1 mg/g at the natural pH and 298 K. Notably, the monolithic PLA@CS/HAP filters demonstrated remarkable efficiency in the removal of copper ions, with 90% of copper ions effectively removed within a mere 2-h period in a cyclic adsorption experiment. Furthermore, the PLA@CS/HAP filters exhibited a robust dynamic Cu2+ removal capacity (80.8% or even better in less than 35 min) in a dynamic adsorption experiment. Importantly, all materials employed in this study were environmentally friendly. In summary, the PLA@CS/HAP filter offers advantages such as ease of preparation, eco-friendliness, versatility, and broad applicability in diverse wastewater treatment scenarios, thereby presenting a significant potential for practical implementation.

Evaluation of Zinc Concentrations in Fruit from Various Pear Strains and Cultivars in China for Establishing a Standard for Zinc-Enriched Pears

Zinc (Zn)-enriched pears, which are derived from genetically related cultivars or crops fortified using agronomic methods, have the potential to partly satisfy the human demand for Zn nutrition and diversify consumer choices. However, a standard for the Zn fortification level in pears is lacking, and the disparity in literature-reported fruit Zn concentrations can vary by substantial amounts. Before investigating the Zn concentrations in fruits of the main pear cultivars in China, common sample preparation methods were compared. Among the pre-treatment methods tested, the freeze-dry technique had a greater degree of discrete variation, whereas oven drying (fresh weight) was the optimal method for determining fruit Zn concentrations. Based on the optimal method, no significant distribution patterns of fruit Zn concentration were found among the regions and strains examined. The averaged pulp Zn concentration in all 26 cultivars was 0.72 mg kg−1, with the Hongxiangsu, Jinfeng, and 420 cultivars having the highest concentrations. Combined with the findings from our previous field experiments on Zn-fortified pears, a Zn concentration of ≥0.90 mg kg−1 is the suggested standard for pear enrichment. These results help us to better understand pear Zn nutrition levels and facilitate the marketisation of the fortified fruit.

Extending the Shelf-Life of Immunoassay-Based Microfluidic Chips through Freeze-Drying Sublimation Techniques.

Point-of-care testing (POCT) platforms utilizing immunoassay-based microfluidic chips offer a robust and specific method for detecting target antibodies, demonstrating a wide range of applications in various medical and research settings. Despite their versatility and specificity, the adoption of these immunoassay chips in POCT has been limited by their short shelf-life in liquid environments, attributed to the degradation of immobilized antibodies. This technical limitation presents a barrier, particularly for resource-limited settings where long-term storage and functionality are critical. To address this challenge, we introduce a novel freeze-dry sublimation process aimed at extending the shelf-life of these microfluidic chips without compromising their functional integrity. This study elaborates on the mechanisms by which freeze-drying preserves the bioactivity of the immobilized antibodies, thereby maintaining the chip's performance over an extended period. Our findings reveal significant shelf-life extension, making it possible for these POCT platforms to be more widely adopted and practically applied, especially in settings with limited resources. This research paves the way for more accessible, long-lasting, and effective POCT solutions, breaking down previous barriers to adoption and application.

Silver nanoparticle incorporated calcium crosslinked hydrogel composite for reduction of methylene blue dye and nitrite sensing

The dissipative convective procedure was used, followed by the freeze-drying technique to successfully fabricate self-organized alginate/xantham gum (Alg/XG) composite materials encapsulating silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and without nanoparticles and cross-linked with CaCl2 and prepared Alg/XG/AgNPs/Dex/Ca nanocomposite. The synthesized nanocomposite was thoroughly characterized by techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), N2 adsorption Study (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDAX), and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results revealed that Alg/XG/AgNPs/Dex/Ca composites showed remarkably porous structures with ordered capillaries. These nanocomposites were assessed for catalytic reduction of methylene blue (MB) dye. The Alg/XG/AgNPs/Dex/Ca composite competently reduced the MB dye within 50 s in the presence of NaBH4 with a rate constant of 0.31907 min−1 and also showed 98 % degradation. It was established that the reduction reaction follows pseudo-first-order kinetics. The value of △H0 is −113.85 kJ mol−1 confirmed the exothermic nature and the positive values of △S0 (259.96 J k−1mol−1) suggested good affinity of the MB dye molecules toward the absorbent. The Activation energy of the reaction is 11.65 kJ mol−1. Furthermore, as-prepared Alg/XG/Dex/AgNPs/Ca was tested for the electrochemical oxidation of nitrite, which also gave good results. It sensed the nitrite with LOD and LOQ values of 0.10 ng mL−1 and 0.36 ng mL−1, respectively, and a sensitivity of 276.4451 μA/μM/cm2 was calculated. The results reveal that synthesized nanocomposite is a promising nano-catalyst in the degradation of MB dye and the electrochemical investigation of nitrite.The use of nanoparticles-incorporated composites as catalysts opens a range of new possibilities for applications in the area of catalysis.

Freeze-drying of Red Blood Cells Using Ultrafast Cooling by Spraying into a Vacuum

Abstract Ultrafast cooling inhibits the growth of ice crystals and prevents red blood cells from being damaged by ice crystals. Micro-Powder-Dry (µPD), a novel freeze-drying technique, was applied in this work. Using the µPD approach, we looked at the hemolysis and morphology of frozen/freeze-dried red blood cells. After freezing, the µPD method had a higher recovery rate than the slow freezing method. The recovery of the red blood cells was maintained after freeze-drying.

The Feasibility of Integrating Spray-Dried and Freeze-Dried Oat β-Glucans into a Synbiotic Formulation with Akkermansia muciniphila

The objective of this research was to investigate the feasibility of integrating oat (1 → 3, 1 → 4)-β-D-glucan (β-glucan) dried by two different techniques (freeze drying and spray drying) into a synbiotic formulation with Akkermansia muciniphila. The study evaluated the impact of this synbiotic formulation on the growth of A. muciniphila and its effect on the fermentation process. The extracted oat β-glucans underwent freeze-drying (FD) and spray-drying (SD) processes before being introduced as supplementary carbon sources (1%) to brain heart infusion (BHI) medium containing A. muciniphila MSCL 1582. The BHI medium containing inulin, D-glucose, and BHI without added substrates served as the control. Bacterial growth and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production were measured before and after 72 h of fermentation. A light microscope and KOVA slides were used for the A. muciniphila count, and SCFA levels were measured via gas chromatography. Our findings revealed that oat β-glucans could effectively function as prebiotic substrates in complementary synbiotic composition with A. muciniphila, without inhibiting growth and causing metabolic impairment. Both FD and SD techniques demonstrated equivalent and favorable impacts on the fermentative capacity of A. muciniphila, rendering them suitable choices for the drying of β-glucans. Incorporating oat β-glucan into synbiotic formulations offers potential benefits, contributing to A. muciniphila growth and the fermentation process.

Effective removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solution by reinforced sodium alginate/polyethyleneimine/graphene oxide composite aerogels.

A reinforced composite aerogel absorbent was synthesized using a green chemistry method and an environmentally friendly freeze-drying technique. The absorbent consisted of sodium alginate, polyethyleneimine (PEI), and graphene oxide (GO). The ability of the absorbent to remove Cr (VI) ions from aqueous solutions was studied. PEI was a nitrogen source for Cr (VI) removal and a cross-linking agent for GO sheets, while SA was a reinforcing material. The aerogel was investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, texture analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Batch studies were conducted to investigate the effect of pH and contact time on adsorption. The results indicated that the SA/PEI/GO aerogel had a maximum adsorption capacity of 174.05 mg·g-1 for Cr (VI) at pH 2. The adsorption mechanism was described using the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. Thermodynamic studies revealed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. The aerogel demonstrated good regeneration ability and satisfactory recovery for Cr (VI) even after five cycles. These findings suggest that the composite aerogel could be a promising adsorbent for efficiently removing Cr (VI) from wastewater.

Resorbable Layered Double Hydroxides‐Based Composite Implants Synergistically Accelerates Critical‐Sized Defect Closure

AbstractThe study focuses on the fabrication of a composite implant composed of MgAl layered double hydroxides (LDH), gelatin, and diosgenin and its regeneration potential in experimentally‐induced tibial defect in rabbits. The implant is fabricated by blending and lyophilization technique and eventually cross‐linked using glutaraldehyde. The implant is characterized by attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and compressive strength. A sustained release of diosgenin occurs over a period of 28 days. The osteogenic activity is analyzed by alkaline phosphatase activity and alizarin red S staining; that aid in determining the extent of biomineralization. The results also demonstrate that LGD100 implant stimulates the expression of genes associated with osteoblastic activities in MG‐63 cells, namely type I collagen, osteocalcin, and osteopontin. The bone regeneration capacity of diosgenin‐loaded gelatin‐based LDH implant is then tested by creating critical bone defects in the tibia of rabbits by using empty bone defects as controls. Periodic radiographs are taken which show promising results. Histological and immunohistochemical staining confirm that after treatment with LGD100, new bone is formed at the defect site. This study suggests that LGD100 implant aids in faster bone formation as it mimics the natural properties of bone.

Microencapsulation of bioactive compound extracts using maltodextrin and gum arabic by spray and freeze-drying techniques

Microencapsulation techniques establish a protective barrier around a sensitive compound, reducing vulnerability to external influences and offering controlled release. This work evaluates microencapsulation of Brazilian seed known as pink pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius) extract incorporated with green propolis extract, (main propolis font from the South America native plant Baccharis dracunculifolia DC) to enhancement antioxidant activity through synergic interaction, comparing to the extracts individually. Four treatments were produced using maltodextrin and combined with gum arabic as encapsulating agent, employing two different microencapsulation technique applied (spray drying and freeze drying) to assess their impact on physicochemical properties. The incorporation of gum arabic into matrix yielded higher encapsulation efficiency values, exhibiting significant differences for both encapsulation techniques. Combining the two encapsulation agents afforded greater protection of the bioactive compounds, resulting in an increase of approximately 31 % in the inhibition of the DPPH● radical. In controlled release analysis, maltodextrin exhibits the best protective effect on total phenolic compounds during intestinal release, whereas combining maltodextrin and gum arabic enhanced protection during gastric phase. Microcapsules may contribute to the protection of important bioactive compound, possessing a wide range of applications such as flavors encapsulation in food industry, lipids, antioxidants and pharmaceutical industry for controlled drug release.

Recent Developments in the Hybridization of the Freeze-Drying Technique in Food Dehydration: A Review on Chemical and Sensory Qualities.

Freeze-drying is an excellent method for dehydration due to its benefits, including increased shelf-life, unique texture, and, in particular, good nutritive quality. However, the applicability of traditional freeze-drying systems in the food industry is still challenging owing to their prolonged drying duration, extraordinary energy usage, and high process cost. Therefore, the need to upgrade or develop conventional freeze-dryers for common or sophisticated food structures is ever-increasing. Enhancements to the freeze-drying process can significantly speed up drying and reduce energy consumption while maintaining phytochemicals, physical quality, and sensory attributes in final products. To overcome the downsides of conventional freeze-drying, hybrid freeze-drying methods were introduced with a great potential to provide food products at shorter drying durations, lower costs, and environmental friendliness while resulting in the same nutritive and sensory qualities as that of conventional freeze-drying in special circumstances. An overview of the most current improvements, adaptations, and applications of hybrid freeze-drying in food dehydration is given here. In this review, comparative studies are offered to characterize the drying process from the standpoint of chemical quality and sensory attributes. All the reviewed studies confirmed that the nutritional and sensory qualities of the end product can be retained using hybrid freeze-drying almost to the same extent as using single freeze-drying. It was also inferred that hybrid freeze-drying can surpass conventional freeze-drying and allow for obtaining dried products with characteristics typical of raw material if operating parameters are optimized based on product quality and energy usage.

Cryopreservation of bioflavonoid-rich plant sources and bioflavonoid-microcapsules: emerging technologies for preserving bioactivity and enhancing nutraceutical applications.

Bioflavonoids are natural polyphenolic secondary metabolites that are medicinal. These compounds possess antitumor, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-psoriasis properties to mention a few. Plant species that contain bioflavonoids should be preserved as such. Also, the bioactivity of the bioflavonoids as neutraceutical compounds is compromised following extraction due to their sensitivity to environmental factors like light, pH, and temperature. In other words, the bioflavonoids' shelf-life is affected. Scientists noticed that bioflavonoids have low solubility properties, poor absorption, and low bioavailability following consumption. Researchers came up with methods to encapsulate bioflavonoids in order to circumvent the challenges above and also to mask the unpleasant order these chemicals may have. Besides, scientists cryopreserve plant species that contain bioflavonoids. In this review, we discuss cryopreservation and bioflavonoid microencapsulation focusing mainly on vitrification, slow freezing, and freeze-drying microencapsulation techniques. In addition, we highlight bioflavonoid extraction techniques, medicinal properties, challenges, and future perspectives of cryopreservation and microencapsulation of bioflavonoids. Regardless of the uniqueness of cryopreservation and microencapsulation as methods to preserve bioflavonoid sources and bioflavonoids' bioactivity, there are challenges reported. Freeze-drying technology is costly. Cryoprotectants damage the integrity of plant cells, to say the least. Researchers are working very hard to overcome these challenges. Encapsulating bioflavonoids via coaxial electrospray and then cryopreserving the micro/nanocapsules produced can be very interesting.

Reusable and environmentally friendly cellulose nanofiber/titanium dioxide/chitosan aerogel photocatalyst for efficient degradation of tetracycline

Tetracycline antibiotics are currently detected in most water sources. The presence of such pollutants in the environment is becoming increasingly common, and addressing this contamination is a significant challenge due to its potential threat to human health and ecosystem stability. This study successfully prepared cellulose nanofiber/titanium dioxide/chitosan (CNF/TiO2/CS) aerogels by directional freeze-drying technique for photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline-contaminated wastewater. The CNF/TiO2/CS aerogel photocatalysts have a three-dimensional mesh structure with a large specific surface area, which provides many active sites for the highly efficient photocatalytic degradation of tetracyclines. The CNF/TiO2/CS aerogel showed 99.5% tetracycline removal efficiency within 180 min. Free radical scavenging experiments investigated the adsorption and photodegradation mechanism of tetracycline by CNF/TiO2/CS aerogel. The critical participation of •O2-and h+ in the decomposition of tetracycline was verified, which provided experimental support for the photocatalytic reaction mechanism. In addition, the CNF/TiO2/CS aerogel has high stability and recyclability for photocatalytic degradation, which can be recycled 7 times, and the recycling process is environmentally friendly. An in-depth analysis of the intermediate degradation products using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) revealed two efficient photocatalytic degradation pathways. These findings strongly confirm the extensive potential of photocatalytically active aerogels for wastewater treatment.

Process optimization and characterization of physicochemical properties of freeze-dried pineapple snacks enriched with propolis

ABSTRACT The propolis (PP) and linseed oil (LO) were encapsulated into the gum Arabic (GA) matrix along with whey protein concentrate (WPC) using the freeze-drying technique to form a hydrophilic matrix for production of functional pineapple snacks. The concentrations of the components in the matrix were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) to maximize the protein content and encapsulation efficiency (EE). The encapsulation efficiency, protein content, color parameters (L*, a*, b* values), microstructure and texture properties of the snack containing optimum component concentrations were investigated. The glass transition temperature for the snack prepared with optimized ingredient concentration and components, oxidation temperature for linseed oil were estimated using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The results revealed an encapsulation efficiency of 83.15% and a protein ratio of 31.53% for the developed matrix. Gum Arabic did not increase the encapsulation efficiency. The use of WPC has increased the encapsulation efficiency and protein content. Linolenic acid (50.804%), oleic acid (22.443%), and linoleic acid (14.012%) were the major fatty acids in the snack, owing to the highly encapsulated linseed oil and propolis. These result data support the freeze-dried pineapple snacks, which may be optimized for their component ratios and then used as a functional product suitable for consumption owing to its high nutritional value.

Chitosan–Resole–Pectin Aerogel in Methylene Blue Removal: Modeling and Optimization Using an Artificial Neuron Network

In this study, a novel chitosan–resole–pectin aerogel (CS–R–P) was created from a sol–gel reaction with a solution of Cs and P with resole by a freeze-drying technique, and this adsorbent was proposed for the removal of methylene blue (MB). In addition, with the use of an artificial intelligence technique known as an artificial neural network (ANN), this material was modeled and optimized. Its physical morphology and chemical composition were also characterized with FTIR and XPS, and its adsorption properties were analyzed. For modeling the adsorption process, three main parameters were used: the chitosan–resole–pectin concentration (45–75%), thermal treatment (6–36 h), and known concentrations of methylene blue (25–50 and 100 mg/L), established on the Box–Behnken design. The ANN was coupled with the improved gray wolf optimization (IWGO) metaheuristic algorithm, achieving a correlation coefficient of R2 = 0.99. The characterization indicates that the surface of the aerogels was micro- and mesoporous, the resole gave physical stability, and the polysaccharide base delivered the functional groups necessary for dye adsorption; the aerogels were successful dye adsorbents with a qe of 12.44 mg/g. Finally, the physical and chemical sorption was ascertainable with an adsorption that followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. The MB adsorption was clearly occurring though cation exchange and hydrogen binding as observed in the chemical composition. The ANN with the gray wolf optimizer was used for the prediction of the best operating parameters for MB removal, applying the following conditions—the CS–R–P aerogel concentration (52/30/18), the thermal treatment (9.12 h), and the initial concentration of methylene blue (37 mg/L)—achieving a 94.6% removal. These conclusions suggest that using artificial intelligence such as an ANN can provide an efficient and practical model for maximizing the removal action of new aerogels based on chitosan.

Selenium- and/or copper-substituted hydroxyapatite: A bioceramic substrate for biomedical applications.

Atomic substitution or doping of a bioceramic material hydroxyapatite (HA) with specific ions is an appealing approach for improving its biocompatibility and activity, as well as imparting antibacterial properties. In this study, selenium- and/or copper-substituted hydroxyapatite powders were synthesized by an aqueous precipitation method and using the freeze-drying technique. The molar concentrations of constituents were calculated based on the proposed mechanism whereby selenium (Se4+) ions partially substitute phosphorus (P5+) sites, and copper (Cu2+) ions partially substitute (Ca2+) sites in the HA lattice. Dried precipitated samples were characterized using Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Field-emission scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FESEM-EDX). Accordingly, substitution of Se4+ and/or Cu2+ ions took place in the crystal lattice of HA without the formation of any impurities. The presence of sulphur (S2-) ions in the hydroxyapatite was detected by ICP-OES in all samples with copper substituted in the lattice. The cytotoxicity of the powders on osteoblastic (MC3T3-E1) cells was evaluated in vitro. Selenium substituted hydroxyapatite (SeHA), at the concentration (200μg/mL), demonstrated higher populations of the live cells than that of control (cells without powders), suggesting that selenium may stimulate the proliferation of these cells. In addition, the copper substituted hydroxyapatite (CuHA) and the selenium and copper substituted hydroxyapatite (SeCuHA) at the concentrations (200 and 300μg/mL) and (200μg/mL), respectively demonstrated better results than the unsubstituted HA. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using a well-diffusion method against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans, and superior results has obtained with SeCuHA samples. Presented findings imply that selenium and/or copper substituted modified hydroxyapatite nanoparticles, may be an attractive antimicrobial and cytocompatible substrate to be considered for use in a range of translational applications.

Development of Stable Injectable Formulation by Freeze Drying Technique

Drug stability is a significant problem that affects drug quality. Freeze drying is one of the techniques that can be used to develop stable drugs. This paper presents a new technique for developing regular drugs by a freeze-drying process with the potential for various applications in and the pharmaceutical industry. This review aims to improve the current systems from unstable to stable by freeze drying technique. systems are dangerous, which leads to the degradation of the drug. The freeze-drying process can be used for sound systems. Characteristics of proteins and peptides are the primary concern of the pharmaceutical industry. Freeze drying provides a new, safe, and effective way to preserve these substances without refrigeration or freezing. In the pharmaceutical industry, many efforts have been made to improve current protein formulations for injection. A new technique called freeze drying is emerging as a potential solution. This paper will explore the characteristics of freeze-drying and its possibilities for developing stable drugs in more detail. Especially complex protein-based drugs present significant challenges to manufacturers because their stability is low, and they often have harsh conditions that need to be stored such as being kept frozen or cooled on ice at all times.

Fruit waste-derived cellulose-templated hierarchical spheres of ultrathin MoS2 nanosheets for oxygen evolution reactions

Rising interest in cleaner and sustainable energy propelled interest in 2D nanostructured materials for energy conversion and storage technologies, including electrocatalytic materials for metal-air batteries and water-splitting devices. Oxygen evolution reactions are key constraints in many energy conversion applications because of their slow kinetics. The present work addressed fruit waste-derived cellulose-templated hierarchical spheres of ultrathin MoS2 (MoCe) nanosheets, synthesized via hydrothermal and lyophilization techniques, for oxygen evolution reactions. The pristine MoS2 and MoCe are thoroughly characterized by Raman, SEM, HRTEM, BET, FTIR, XRD, and XPS analyses to reveal their chemical, structural, morphological, and crystalline features. The quantity of cellulose used for the synthesis of MoCe governs the crystallite size and number of molecular lamellae in each MoS2 nanosheet, which in turn influences the electrocatalytic activity. The MoCe possesses ‘Craspedia’, a billy flower-like hierarchical microsphere comprising well-organized ultrathin MoS2 nanosheets and furnishes excellent mesoporosity with ample surface-active sites for electrocatalytic activity. A smaller Tafel slope (97 mV.dec-1) make cellulose-templated microspheres of ultrathin MoS2 nanosheets promising electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reactions.